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15 U.S.C. § 3701 — Findings
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Congress finds and declares that:
(1) Technology and industrial innovation are central to the economic, environmental, and social well-being of citizens of the United States.
(2) Technology and industrial innovation offer an improved standard of living, increased public and private sector productivity, creation of new industries and employment opportunities, improved public services and enhanced competitiveness of United States products in world markets.
(3) Many new discoveries and advances in science occur in universities and Federal laboratories, while the application of this new knowledge to commercial and useful public purposes depends largely upon actions by business and labor. Cooperation among academia, Federal laboratories, labor, and industry, in such forms as technology transfer, personnel exchange, joint research projects, and others, should be renewed, expanded, and strengthened.
(4) Small businesses have performed an important role in advancing industrial and technological innovation.
(5) Industrial and technological innovation in the United States may be lagging when compared to historical patterns and other industrialized nations.
(6) Increased industrial and technological innovation would reduce trade deficits, stabilize the dollar, increase productivity gains, increase employment, and stabilize prices.
(7) Government antitrust, economic, trade, patent, procurement, regulatory, research and development, and tax policies have significant impacts upon industrial innovation and development of technology, but there is insufficient knowledge of their effects in particular sectors of the economy.
(8) No comprehensive national policy exists to enhance technological innovation for commercial and public purposes. There is a need for such a policy, in
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Source location: Title 15, Chapter 63, § 3701; chapter-063-technology-innovation.md
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The Congress finds and declares that:
(1) Technology and industrial innovation are central to the economic, environmental, and social well-being of citizens of the United States.
(2) Technology and industrial innovation offer an improved standard of living, increased public and private sector productivity, creation of new industries and employment opportunities, improved public services and enhanced competitiveness of United States products in world markets.
(3) Many new discoveries and advances in science occur in universities and Federal laboratories, while the application of this new knowledge to commercial and useful public purposes depends largely upon actions by business and labor. Cooperation among academia, Federal laboratories, labor, and industry, in such forms as technology transfer, personnel exchange, joint research projects, and others, should be renewed, expanded, and strengthened.
(4) Small businesses have performed an important role in advancing industrial and technological innovation.
(5) Industrial and technological innovation in the United States may be lagging when compared to historical patterns and other industrialized nations.
(6) Increased industrial and technological innovation would reduce trade deficits, stabilize the dollar, increase productivity gains, increase employment, and stabilize prices.
(7) Government antitrust, economic, trade, patent, procurement, regulatory, research and development, and tax policies have significant impacts upon industrial innovation and development of technology, but there is insufficient knowledge of their effects in particular sectors of the economy.
(8) No comprehensive national policy exists to enhance technological innovation for commercial and public purposes. There is a need for such a policy, including a strong national policy supporting domestic technology transfer and utilization of the science and technology resources of the Federal Government.
(9) It is in the national interest to promote the adaptation of technological innovations to State and local government uses. Technological innovations can improve services, reduce their costs, and increase productivity in State and local governments.
(10) The Federal laboratories and other performers of federally funded research and development frequently provide scientific and technological developments of potential use to State and local governments and private industry. These developments, which include inventions, computer software, and training technologies, should be made accessible to those governments and industry. There is a need to provide means of access and to give adequate personnel and funding support to these means.
(11) The Nation should give fuller recognition to individuals and companies which have made outstanding contributions to the promotion of technology or technological manpower for the improvement of the economic, environmental, or social well-being of the United States.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
(1) The Secretary of Energy shall establish a program to facilitate and encourage the transfer of technology to small businesses and shall issue guidelines relating to the program not later than May 1, 1993.
(2) For the purposes of this section, the term “small business” means a business concern that meets the applicable size standards prescribed pursuant to [section 632(a) of title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section632/a&num=0&edition=prelim).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 7261c
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General authority** Each Federal agency may permit the director of any of its Government-operated Federal laboratories, and, to the extent provided in an agency-approved joint work statement or, if permitted by the agency, in an agency-approved annual strategic plan, the director of any of its Government-owned, contractor-operated laboratories—
(1) to enter into cooperative research and development agreements on behalf of such agency (subject to subsection (c) of this section) with other Federal agencies; units of State, local, or territorial government; industrial organizations (including corporations, partnerships, and limited partnerships, and industrial development organizations); public and private foundations; nonprofit organizations (including universities); or other persons (including licensees of inventions owned by the Federal agency); and
(2) to negotiate licensing agreements under [section 207 of title 35](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title35-section207&num=0&edition=prelim), or under other authorities (in the case of a Government-owned, contractor-operated laboratory, subject to subsection (c) of this section) for inventions made or other intellectual property developed at the laboratory and other inventions or other intellectual property that may be voluntarily assigned to the Government.
**(b) Enumerated authority**
(1) Under an agreement entered into pursuant to subsection (a)(1), the laboratory may grant, or agree to grant in advance, to a collaborating party patent licenses or assignments, or options thereto, in any invention made in whole or in part by a laboratory employee under the agreement, or, subject to [section 209 of title 35](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title35-section
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3710a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, Pub. L. 96–480, § 10, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2317, related to establishment, duties, membership, and terms of National Industrial Technology Board.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3709
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Director shall identify and provide an annual report to Congress on each major multinational science and technology project, in which the United States is not a participant, which has a total estimated cost greater than $1,000,000,000.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 6618
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment** There is hereby established the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, which shall be evidenced by a medal bearing the inscriptions “Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award” and “The Quest for Excellence”. The medal shall be of such design and materials and bear such additional inscriptions as the Secretary may prescribe.
**(b) Making and presentation of award**
(1) The President (on the basis of recommendations received from the Secretary), or the Secretary, shall periodically make the award to companies and other organizations which in the judgment of the President or the Secretary have substantially benefited the economic or social well-being of the United States through improvements in the quality of their goods or services resulting from the effective practice of quality management, and which as a consequence are deserving of special recognition.
(2) The presentation of the award shall be made by the President or the Secretary with such ceremonies as the President or the Secretary may deem proper.
(3) An organization to which an award is made under this section, and which agrees to help other American organizations improve their quality management, may publicize its receipt of such award and use the award in its advertising, but it shall be ineligible to receive another such award in the same category for a period of 5 years.
**(c) Categories in which award may be given**
(1) Subject to paragraph (2), separate awards shall be made to qualifying organizations in each of the following categories—
(A) Small businesses.
(B) Companies or their subsidiaries.
(C) Companies which primarily provide services.
(D) Health care providers.
(E) Education providers.
(F) Nonprofit organizations.
(G) Community.
(2) The Secretary ma
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3711a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Short title** This section may be cited as the “Crowdsourcing and Citizen Science Act”.
**(b) Sense of Congress** It is the sense of Congress that—
(1) the authority granted to Federal agencies under the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (Public Law 111–358; 124 Stat. 3982) to pursue the use of incentive prizes and challenges has yielded numerous benefits;
(2) crowdsourcing and citizen science projects have a number of additional unique benefits, including accelerating scientific research, increasing cost effectiveness to maximize the return on taxpayer dollars, addressing societal needs, providing hands-on learning in STEM, and connecting members of the public directly to Federal science agency missions and to each other; and
(3) granting Federal science agencies the direct, explicit authority to use crowdsourcing and citizen science will encourage its appropriate use to advance Federal science agency missions and stimulate and facilitate broader public participation in the innovation process, yielding numerous benefits to the Federal Government and citizens who participate in such projects.
**(c) Definitions** In this section:
(1) **Citizen science** — The term “citizen science” means a form of open collaboration in which individuals or organizations participate voluntarily in the scientific process in various ways, including—
(A) enabling the formulation of research questions;
(B) creating and refining project design;
(C) conducting scientific experiments;
(D) collecting and analyzing data;
(E) interpreting the results of data;
(F) developing technologies and applications;
(G) making discoveries; and
(H) solving problems.
(2) **Crowdsourcing** — The term “crowdsourcing” means a method to obtain needed services, ideas, o
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3724
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Coordination** The Secretary and the National Science Foundation shall, on a continuing basis, obtain the advice and cooperation of departments and agencies whose missions contribute to or are affected by the programs established under this chapter, including the development of an agenda for research and policy experimentation. These departments and agencies shall include but not be limited to the Departments of Defense, Energy, Education, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, the Environmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Small Business Administration, Council of Economic Advisers, Council on Environmental Quality, and Office of Science and Technology Policy.
**(b) Cooperation** It is the sense of the Congress that departments and agencies, including the Federal laboratories, whose missions are affected by, or could contribute to, the programs established under this chapter, should, within the limits of budgetary authorizations and appropriations, support or participate in activities or projects authorized by this chapter.
**(c) Administrative authorization**
(1) Departments and agencies described in subsection (b) are authorized to participate in, contribute to, and serve as resources for the Centers and for any other activities authorized under this chapter.
(2) The Secretary and the National Science Foundation are authorized to receive moneys and to receive other forms of assistance from other departments or agencies to support activities of the Centers and any other activities authorized under this chapter.
**(d) Cooperative efforts** The Secretary and the National Science Foundation shall, on a continuing basis, provide each other the opportunity to comment on any proposed program of activity unde
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3708
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Policy**
(1) It is the continuing responsibility of the Federal Government to ensure the full use of the results of the Nation’s Federal investment in research and development. To this end the Federal Government shall strive where appropriate to transfer federally owned or originated technology to State and local governments and to the private sector.
(2) Technology transfer, consistent with mission responsibilities, is a responsibility of each laboratory science and engineering professional.
(3) Each laboratory director shall ensure that efforts to transfer technology are considered positively in laboratory job descriptions, employee promotion policies, and evaluation of the job performance of scientists and engineers in the laboratory.
**(b) Establishment of Research and Technology Applications Offices** Each Federal laboratory shall establish an Office of Research and technology Applications. Laboratories having existing organizational structures which perform the functions of this section may elect to combine the Office of Research and Technology Applications within the existing organization. The staffing and funding levels for these offices shall be determined between each Federal laboratory and the Federal agency operating or directing the laboratory, except that (1) each laboratory having 200 or more full-time equivalent scientific, engineering, and related technical positions shall provide one or more full-time equivalent positions as staff for its Office of Research and Technology Applications, and (2) each Federal agency which operates or directs one or more Federal laboratories shall make available sufficient funding, either as a separate line item or from the agency’s research and development budget, to support the technology transfer function at t
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3710
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** This chapter shall take precedence over any other Act which would require a disposition of rights in subject inventions of small business firms or nonprofit organizations contractors in a manner that is inconsistent with this chapter, including but not necessarily limited to the following:
(1) section 10(a) of the Act of June 29, 1935, as added by title I of the Act of August 14, 1946 ([7 U.S.C. 427i(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section427i/a&num=0&edition=prelim); 60 Stat. 1085); 11 See References in Text note below.
(2) section 205(a) of the Act of August 14, 1946 ([7 U.S.C. 1624(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section1624/a&num=0&edition=prelim); 60 Stat. 1090);
(3) section 501(c) of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 ([30 U.S.C. 951(c)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title30-section951/c&num=0&edition=prelim); 83 Stat. 742);
(4) section 30168(e) 1 of title 49;
(5) section 12 of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 ([42 U.S.C. 1871(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1871/a&num=0&edition=prelim); 1 82 Stat. 360);
(6) section 152 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 ([42 U.S.C. 2182](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2182&num=0&edition=prelim); 68 Stat. 943);
(7) [section 20135 of title 51](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section20135&num=0&edition=prelim);
(8) section 6 of the Coal Research and Development Act of 1960 ([30 U.S.C. 666](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title30-section666&num=0&edition=prelim); 74 Stat. 337);
(9) section 4 of the Helium Act Amendments of 1960 ([5
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 35 U.S.C. § 210
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
There is established in the Executive Office of the President an Office of Science and Technology Policy (hereinafter referred to in this subchapter as the “Office”).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 6611
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