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51 U.S.C. § 20103 — Definitions
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter:
(1) **Aeronautical and space activities.—** — The term “aeronautical and space activities” means—
(A) research into, and the solution of, problems of flight within and outside the Earth’s atmosphere;
(B) the development, construction, testing, and operation for research purposes of aeronautical and space vehicles;
(C) the operation of a space transportation system including the space shuttle, upper stages, space platforms, and related equipment; and
(D) such other activities as may be required for the exploration of space.
(2) **Aeronautical and space vehicles.—** — The term “aeronautical and space vehicles” means aircraft, missiles, satellites, and other space vehicles, manned and unmanned, together with related equipment, devices, components, and parts.
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_c8b0ac86a863ebfe67a7dba5
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-51/section-20103-definitions--7186f207ce.md
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Source location: Title 51, Chapter 201, § 20103; chapter-201-national-aeronautics-and-space-program.md
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In this chapter:
(1) **Aeronautical and space activities.—** — The term “aeronautical and space activities” means—
(A) research into, and the solution of, problems of flight within and outside the Earth’s atmosphere;
(B) the development, construction, testing, and operation for research purposes of aeronautical and space vehicles;
(C) the operation of a space transportation system including the space shuttle, upper stages, space platforms, and related equipment; and
(D) such other activities as may be required for the exploration of space.
(2) **Aeronautical and space vehicles.—** — The term “aeronautical and space vehicles” means aircraft, missiles, satellites, and other space vehicles, manned and unmanned, together with related equipment, devices, components, and parts.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section 2451, Pub. L. 85–568, title I, § 102, July 29, 1958, 72 Stat. 426; Pub. L. 94–413, § 15(a), (b), Sept. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 1270; Pub. L. 95–238, title III, § 311, Feb. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 83; Pub. L. 95–401, § 7, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 860; Pub. L. 98–361, title I, § 110, July 16, 1984, 98 Stat. 426; Pub. L. 100–685, title II, § 214, Nov. 17, 1988, 102 Stat. 4093; Pub. L. 106–391, title III, § 302(a), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1591; Pub. L. 109–155, title III, § 321(d)(2), Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2923, related to congressional declaration of policy and purpose. See [section 20102 of Title 51](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section20102&num=0&edition=prelim), National and Commercial Space Programs.
Section 2452, Pub. L. 85–568, title I, § 103, July 29, 1958, 72 Stat. 427; Pub. L. 98–52, title I, § 108, July 15, 1983, 97 Stat. 285, related to definitions. See [section 20103 of Title 51](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section20103&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 2453, Pub. L. 85–568, title III, § 302, July 29, 1958, 72 Stat. 433, provided authorization to transfer related functions of other Federal agencies to Administration during a four-year period after July 29, 1958.
Section 2454, Pub. L. 85–568, title III, § 303, July 29, 1958, 72 Stat. 433; Pub. L. 102–588, title V, § 509, Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5129, related to access to information obtained or developed by the Administrator. See [section 20131 of Title 51](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section20131&num=0&edition=prelim).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2451 to 2454
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter:
(1) **Aeronautical and space activities.—** — The term “aeronautical and space activities” has the meaning given the term in [section 20103 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section20103&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Field related to space.—** — The term “field related to space” means any academic discipline or field of study (including the physical, natural, and biological sciences, and engineering, space technology, education, economics, sociology, communications, planning, law, international affairs, and public administration) which is concerned with or likely to improve the understanding, assessment, development, and utilization of space.
(3) **Panel.—** — The term “panel” means the space grant review panel established pursuant to [section 40308 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section40308&num=0&edition=prelim).
(4) **Person.—** — The term “person” means any individual, any public or private corporation, partnership, or other association or entity (including any space grant college, space grant regional consortium, institution of higher education, institute, or laboratory), or any State, political subdivision of a State, or agency or officer of a State or political subdivision of a State.
(5) **Space environment.—** — The term “space environment” means the environment beyond the sensible atmosphere of the Earth.
(6) **Space grant college.—** — The term “space grant college” means any public or private institution of higher education which is designated as such by the Administrator pursuant to [section 40306 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section40306&num=0&edition=prelim).
(7) **Space grant
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 51 U.S.C. § 40302
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 20
TITLE 51—NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS
§ 20103
11. Integrate cybersecurity into space oper-
ations and capabilities to retain positive control
of space systems and verify the integrity of crit-
ical functions, missions, and services they pro-
vide;
12. Improve, develop, integrate, demonstrate,
and proliferate in cooperation with relevant
interagency, international, intergovernmental,
and commercial entities, space domain awareness
capabilities to predict, detect, warn, characterize,
and attribute human-caused and naturally occur-
ring activities that pose threats to space systems
of United States interest;
13. Provide to the Department of Commerce and
other agencies, as necessary, SSA information
that supports national security, civil, and human
space flight activities, planetary defense from
hazardous near-Earth objects, and commercial
and allied space operations;
14. Collaborate with allies and partners actively
engaging in space security and intelligence oper-
ations to incentivize and institute mechanisms
for the exchange of relevant space, and space-re-
lated information; and
15. Collaborate with the Secretaries of Com-
merce and Energy, the Administrator of NASA,
and the heads of other relevant agencies to peri-
odically review the health and competitiveness of
the United States space industrial base to deter-
mine whether the domestic space industry can
meet the technical requirements, production, and
service of national security space programs.
(e) Department of Defense.
i. The Secretary of Defense shall:
1. Defend the use of space for United States na-
tional security purposes, the United States econ-
omy, allies, and partners;
2. Protect freedom of navigation and preserve
lines of communication that are open, safe, a
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