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19 U.S.C. § 2114c — Negotiating objectives with respect to trade in services, foreign direct investment, and high technology products
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Trade in services**
(1) **In general** — Principal United States negotiating objectives under [section 2112 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2112&num=0&edition=prelim) shall be—
(A) to reduce or to eliminate barriers to, or other distortions of, international trade in services (particularly United States service sector trade in foreign markets), including barriers that deny national treatment and restrictions on the establishment and operation in such markets; and
(B) to develop internationally agreed rules, including dispute settlement procedures, which—
(i) are consistent with the commercial policies of the United States, and
(ii) will reduce or eliminate such barriers or distortions and help ensure open international trade in services.
(2) **Domestic objectives** — In pursuing the objectives described in paragraph (1), United States negotiators shall take into account legitimate United States domestic objectives including, but not limited to, the protection of legitimate health or safety, essential security, environmental, consumer or employment opportunity interests and the laws and regulations related thereto.
**(b) Foreign direct investment**
(1) **In general** — Principal United States negotiating objectives under [section 2112 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2112&num=0&edition=prelim) shall be—
(A) to reduce or to eliminate artificial or trade-distorting barriers to foreign direct investment, to expand the principle of national treatment, and to reduce unreasonable barriers to establishment; and
(B) to develop internationally agreed rules, including dispute settlement procedures, which—
(i) will help ensure a f
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-19/section-2114c-negotiating-objectives-with-respect-to-trade-in-services-foreign-direct--d2dbfb6e86.md
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Source location: Title 19, Chapter 12, § 2114c; chapter-012-trade-act-of-1974.md
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**(a) Trade in services**
(1) **In general** — Principal United States negotiating objectives under [section 2112 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2112&num=0&edition=prelim) shall be—
(A) to reduce or to eliminate barriers to, or other distortions of, international trade in services (particularly United States service sector trade in foreign markets), including barriers that deny national treatment and restrictions on the establishment and operation in such markets; and
(B) to develop internationally agreed rules, including dispute settlement procedures, which—
(i) are consistent with the commercial policies of the United States, and
(ii) will reduce or eliminate such barriers or distortions and help ensure open international trade in services.
(2) **Domestic objectives** — In pursuing the objectives described in paragraph (1), United States negotiators shall take into account legitimate United States domestic objectives including, but not limited to, the protection of legitimate health or safety, essential security, environmental, consumer or employment opportunity interests and the laws and regulations related thereto.
**(b) Foreign direct investment**
(1) **In general** — Principal United States negotiating objectives under [section 2112 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2112&num=0&edition=prelim) shall be—
(A) to reduce or to eliminate artificial or trade-distorting barriers to foreign direct investment, to expand the principle of national treatment, and to reduce unreasonable barriers to establishment; and
(B) to develop internationally agreed rules, including dispute settlement procedures, which—
(i) will help ensure a free flow of foreign direct investment, and
(ii) will reduce or eliminate the trade distortive effects of certain investment related measures.
(2) **Domestic objectives** — In pursuing the objectives described in paragraph (1), United States negotiators shall take into account legitimate United States domestic objectives including, but not limited to, the protection of legitimate health or safety, essential security, environmental, consumer or employment opportunity interests and the laws and regulations related thereto.
**(c) High technology products** Principal United States negotiating objectives shall be—
(1) to obtain and preserve the maximum openness with respect to international trade and investment in high technology products and related services;
(2) to obtain the elimination or reduction of, or compensation for, the significantly distorting effects of foreign government acts, policies, or practices identified in [section 2241 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2241&num=0&edition=prelim), with particular consideration given to the nature and extent of foreign government intervention affecting United States exports of high technology products or investments in high technology industries, including—
(A) foreign industrial policies which distort international trade or investment;
(B) measures which deny national treatment or otherwise discriminate in favor of domestic high technology industries;
(C) measures which fail to provide adequate and effective means for foreign nationals to secure, exercise, and enforce exclusive rights in intellectual property (including trademarks, patents, and copyrights);
(D) measures which impair access to domestic markets for key commodity products; and
(E) measures which facilitate or encourage anticompetitive market practices or structures;
(3) to obtain commitments that official policy of foreign countries or instrumentalities will not discourage government or private procurement of foreign high technology products and related services;
(4) to obtain the reduction or elimination of all tariffs on, and other barriers to, United States exports of high technology products and related services;
(5) to obtain commitments to foster national treatment;
(6) to obtain commitments to—
(A) foster the pursuit of joint scientific cooperation between companies, institutions or governmental entities of the United States and those of the trading partners of the United States in areas of mutual interest through such measures as financial participation and technical and personnel exchanges, and
(B) ensure that access by all participants to the results of any such cooperative efforts should not be impaired; and
(7) to provide effective minimum safeguards for the acquisition and enforcement of intellectual property rights and the property value of proprietary data.
**(d) Definition of barriers and other distortions** For purposes of subsection (a), the term “barriers to, or other distortions of, international trade in services” includes, but is not limited to—
(1) barriers to establishment in foreign markets, and
(2) restrictions on the operation of enterprises in foreign markets, including—
(A) direct or indirect restrictions on the transfer of information into, or out of, the country or instrumentality concerned, and
(B) restrictions on the use of data processing facilities within or outside of such country or instrumentality.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Former United States Tariff Commission** The United States Tariff Commission (established by [section 1330 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section1330&num=0&edition=prelim)) is renamed as the United States International Trade Commission.
**(b) References in law and other documents** Any reference in any law of the United States, or in any order, rule, regulation, or other document, to the United States Tariff Commission (or the Tariff Commission) shall be considered to refer to the United States International Trade Commission.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2241
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The purposes of this chapter are, through trade agreements affording mutual benefits—
(1) to foster the economic growth of and full employment in the United States and to strengthen economic relations between the United States and foreign countries through open and nondiscriminatory world trade;
(2) to harmonize, reduce, and eliminate barriers to trade on a basis which assures substantially equivalent competitive opportunities for the commerce of the United States;
(3) to establish fairness and equity in international trading relations, including reform of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;
(4) to provide adequate procedures to safeguard American industry and labor against unfair or injurious import competition, and to assist industries, firm,11 So in original. workers, and communities to adjust to changes in international trade flows;
(5) to open up market opportunities for United States commerce in nonmarket economies; and
(6) to provide fair and reasonable access to products of less developed countries in the United States market.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2112
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Congressional findings; directives; disavowal of prior approval of legislation** The Congress finds that barriers to (and other distortions of) international trade are reducing the growth of foreign markets for the products of United States agriculture, industry, mining, and commerce, diminishing the intended mutual benefits of reciprocal trade concessions, adversely affecting the United States economy, preventing fair and equitable access to supplies, and preventing the development of open and nondiscriminatory trade among nations. The President is urged to take all appropriate and feasible steps within his power (including the full exercise of the rights of the United States under international agreements) to harmonize, reduce, or eliminate such barriers to (and other distortions of) international trade. The President is further urged to utilize the authority granted by subsection (b) to negotiate trade agreements with other countries and instrumentalities providing on a basis of mutuality for the harmonization, reduction, or elimination of such barriers to (and other distortions of) international trade. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as prior approval of any legislation which may be necessary to implement an agreement concerning barriers to (or other distortions of) international trade.
**(b) Presidential determinations prerequisite to entry into trade agreements; trade with Israel**
(1) Whenever the President determines that any barriers to (or other distortions of) international trade of any foreign country or the United States unduly burden and restrict the foreign trade of the United States or adversely affect the United States economy, or that the imposition of such barriers is likely to result in such a burden, restriction, or effect, and
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2114
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
(1) The Secretary of Commerce shall establish a service industries development program designed to—
(A) develop, in consultation with other Federal agencies as appropriate, policies regarding services that are designed to increase the competitiveness of United States service industries in foreign commerce;
(B) develop a data base for assessing the adequacy of Government policies and actions pertaining to services, including, but not limited to, data on trade, both aggregate and pertaining to individual service industries;
(C) collect and analyze, in consultation with appropriate agencies, information pertaining to the international operations and competitiveness of United States service industries, including information with respect to—
(i) policies of foreign governments toward foreign and United States service industries;
(ii) Federal, State, and local regulation of both foreign and United States suppliers of services, and the effect of such regulation on trade;
(iii) the adequacy of current United States policies to strengthen the competitiveness of United States service industries in foreign commerce, including export promotion activities in the service sector;
(iv) tax treatment of services, with particular emphasis on the effect of United States taxation on the international competitiveness of United States firms and exports;
(v) treatment of services under international agreements of the United States;
(vi) antitrust policies as such policies affect the competitiveness of United States firms; and
(vii) treatment of services in international agreements of the United States;
(D) conduct a program of research and analysis of service-related issues and problems, including forecasts and industrial strategies; and
(E) c
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2114d
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 512
TITLE 19—CUSTOMS DUTIES
§ 2114c
1 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘Representative’’.
2 See Codification note below.
(iii) the adequacy of current United States
policies to strengthen the competitiveness of
United States service industries in foreign
commerce, including export promotion ac-
tivities in the service sector;
(iv) tax treatment of services, with par-
ticular emphasis on the effect of United
States taxation on the international com-
petitiveness of United States firms and ex-
ports;
(v) treatment of services under inter-
national agreements of the United States;
(vi) antitrust policies as such policies af-
fect the competitiveness of United States
firms; and
(vii) treatment of services in international
agreements of the United States;
(D) conduct a program of research and anal-
ysis of service-related issues and problems, in-
cluding forecasts and industrial strategies;
and
(E) conduct sectoral studies of domestic
service industries.
(2) For purposes of the collection and analysis
required by paragraph (1), and for the purpose of
any reporting the Department of Commerce
makes under paragraph (3), such collection and
reporting shall distinguish between income from
investment and income from noninvestment
services.
(3) On not less than a biennial basis beginning
in 1986, the Secretary shall prepare a report
which analyzes the information collected under
paragraph (1). Such report shall be submitted to
the Congress and to the President by not later
than the date that is 120 days after the close of
the period covered by the report.
(4) The Secretary of Commerce shall carry out
the provisions of this subsection from funds oth-
erwise made available to him which may be used
for such purposes.
(5) For purposes of this sec
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 19 U.S.C. § 2114c
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