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42 U.S.C. § 2153c — Renegotiation of agreements for cooperation
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Application to existing agreements of undertakings required of new agreements after March 10, 1978** The President shall initiate a program immediately to renegotiate agreements for cooperation in effect on March 10, 1978, or otherwise to obtain the agreement of parties to such agreements for cooperation to the undertakings that would be required for new agreements under the 1954 Act. To the extent that an agreement for cooperation in effect on March 10, 1978, with a cooperating party contains provisions equivalent to any or all of the criteria set forth in section 127 of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2156](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2156&num=0&edition=prelim)] with respect to materials and equipment transferred pursuant thereto or with respect to any special nuclear material used in or produced through the use of any such material or equipment, any renegotiated agreement with that cooperating party shall continue to contain an equivalent provision with respect to such transferred materials and equipment and such special nuclear material. To the extent that an agreement for cooperation in effect on March 10, 1978, with a cooperating party does not contain provisions with respect to any nuclear materials and equipment which have previously been transferred under an agreement for cooperation with the United States and which are under the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party and with respect to any special nuclear material which is used in or produced through the use thereof and which is under the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party, which are equivalent to any or all of those required for new and amended agreements for cooperation under section 123 a. of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2153(a)](https://us
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**(a) Application to existing agreements of undertakings required of new agreements after March 10, 1978** The President shall initiate a program immediately to renegotiate agreements for cooperation in effect on March 10, 1978, or otherwise to obtain the agreement of parties to such agreements for cooperation to the undertakings that would be required for new agreements under the 1954 Act. To the extent that an agreement for cooperation in effect on March 10, 1978, with a cooperating party contains provisions equivalent to any or all of the criteria set forth in section 127 of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2156](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2156&num=0&edition=prelim)] with respect to materials and equipment transferred pursuant thereto or with respect to any special nuclear material used in or produced through the use of any such material or equipment, any renegotiated agreement with that cooperating party shall continue to contain an equivalent provision with respect to such transferred materials and equipment and such special nuclear material. To the extent that an agreement for cooperation in effect on March 10, 1978, with a cooperating party does not contain provisions with respect to any nuclear materials and equipment which have previously been transferred under an agreement for cooperation with the United States and which are under the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party and with respect to any special nuclear material which is used in or produced through the use thereof and which is under the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party, which are equivalent to any or all of those required for new and amended agreements for cooperation under section 123 a. of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2153(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153/a&num=0&edition=prelim)], the President shall vigorously seek to obtain the application of such provisions with respect to such nuclear materials and equipment and such special nuclear material. Nothing in this Act or in the 1954 Act shall be deemed to relinquish any rights which the United States may have under any agreement for cooperation in force on March 10, 1978.
**(b) Presidential review of export agreement conditions and policy goals** The President shall annually review each of requirements (1) through (9) set forth for inclusion in agreements for cooperation under section 123 a. of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2153(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153/a&num=0&edition=prelim)] and the export policy goals set forth in [section 2153b of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153b&num=0&edition=prelim) to determine whether it is in the interest of United States non-proliferation objectives for any such requirements or export policies which are not already being applied as export criteria to be enacted as additional export criteria.
**(c) Presidential proposals for additional export criteria** If the President proposes enactment of any such requirements or export policies as additional export criteria or to take any other action with respect to such requirements or export policy goals for the purpose of encouraging adherence by nations and groups of nations to such requirements and policies, he shall submit such a proposal together with an explanation thereof to the Congress.
**(d) Congressional action** If the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate or the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, after reviewing the President’s annual report or any proposed legislation, determines that it is in the interest of United States non-proliferation objectives to take any action with respect to such requirements or export policy goals, it shall report a joint resolution to implement such determination. Any joint resolution so reported shall be considered in the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively, under applicable procedures provided for the consideration of resolutions pursuant to subsection 11 So in original. 130 b. through g. of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2159(b)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2159/b&num=0&edition=prelim) through (g)].
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The United States adopts the following criteria which, in addition to other requirements of law, will govern exports for peaceful nuclear uses from the United States of source material, special nuclear material, production or utilization facilities, and any sensitive nuclear technology:
(1) IAEA safeguards as required by Article III(2) of the Treaty will be applied with respect to any such material or facilities proposed to be exported, to any such material or facilities previously exported and subject to the applicable agreement for cooperation, and to any special nuclear material used in or produced through the use thereof.
(2) No such material, facilities, or sensitive nuclear technology proposed to be exported or previously exported and subject to the applicable agreement for cooperation, and no special nuclear material produced through the use of such materials, facilities, or sensitive nuclear technology, will be used for any nuclear explosive device or for research on or development of any nuclear explosive device.
(3) Adequate physical security measures will be maintained with respect to such material or facilities proposed to be exported and to any special nuclear material used in or produced through the use thereof. Following the effective date of any regulations promulgated by the Commission pursuant to [section 2156a of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2156a&num=0&edition=prelim), physical security measures shall be deemed adequate if such measures provide a level of protection equivalent to that required by the applicable regulations.
(4) No such materials, facilities, or sensitive nuclear technology proposed to be exported, and no special nuclear material produced through the use of such material,
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Reports by Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Department of Energy** The annual reports to the Congress by the Commission and the Department of Energy which are otherwise required by law shall also include views and recommendations regarding the policies and actions of the United States to prevent proliferation which are the statutory responsibility of those agencies. The Department’s report shall include a detailed analysis of the proliferation implications of advanced enrichment and reprocessing techniques, advanced reactors, and alternative nuclear fuel cycles. This part of the report shall include a comprehensive version which includes any relevant classified information and a summary unclassified version.
**(b) Additional reporting requirements** The reporting requirements of this subchapter are in addition to and not in lieu of any other reporting requirements under applicable law.
**(c) Committees on Foreign Relations and Governmental Affairs of Senate and Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives to be kept informed**
(1) The Department of State, the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Energy, the Commission, and, with regard to subparagraph (B), the Director of Central Intelligence, shall keep the Committees on Foreign Relations and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives fully and currently informed with respect to—
(A) their activities to carry out the purposes and policies of this chapter and to otherwise prevent proliferation, including the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons, or their means of delivery; and
(B) the current activities of foreign nations which are of significance from the prolifer
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 3203
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Energy development programs** The United States shall initiate a program, consistent with the aims of [section 3261 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3261&num=0&edition=prelim), to cooperate with developing countries for the purpose of—
(1) meeting the energy needs required for the development of such countries;
(2) reducing the dependence of such countries on petroleum fuels, with emphasis given to utilizing solar and other renewable energy resources; and
(3) expanding the energy alternatives available to such countries.
**(b) Energy assessments and cooperative projects** Such program shall include cooperation in evaluating the energy alternatives of developing countries, facilitating international trade in energy commodities, developing energy resources, and applying suitable energy technologies. The program shall include both general and country-specific energy assessments and cooperative projects in resource exploration and production, training, research and development.
**(c) Exchange of scientists, technicians, and energy experts** As an integral part of such program, the Department of Energy, under the general policy guidance of the Department of State and in cooperation with the Agency for International Development and other Federal agencies as appropriate, shall initiate, as soon as practicable, a program for the exchange of United States scientists, technicians, and energy experts with those of developing countries to implement the purposes of this section.
**(d) Authorization of appropriations** For the purposes of carrying out this section, there is authorized to be appropriated such sums as are contained in annual authorization Acts for the Department of Energy, including such sums which h
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
No cooperation with any nation, group of nations or regional defense organization pursuant to sections 2073, 2074(a), 2077, 2094, 2112, 2121, 2133, 2134, or 2164 of this title shall be undertaken until—
**(a) Terms, conditions, duration, nature, scope, and other requirements of proposed agreements for cooperation; Presidential exemptions; negotiations; Nuclear Proliferation Assessment Statement** the proposed agreement for cooperation has been submitted to the President, which proposed agreement shall include the terms, conditions, duration, nature, and scope of the cooperation; and shall include the following requirements:
(1) a guaranty by the cooperating party that safeguards as set forth in the agreement for cooperation will be maintained with respect to all nuclear materials and equipment transferred pursuant thereto, and with respect to all special nuclear material used in or produced through the use of such nuclear materials and equipment, so long as the material or equipment remains under the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party, irrespective of the duration of other provisions in the agreement or whether the agreement is terminated or suspended for any reason;
(2) in the case of non-nuclear-weapon states, a requirement, as a condition of continued United States nuclear supply under the agreement for cooperation, that IAEA safeguards be maintained with respect to all nuclear materials in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such state, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere;
(3) except in the case of those agreements for cooperation arranged pursuant to [section 2121(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2121/c&num=0&edition=prelim), a guaranty b
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2153
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The President shall take immediate and vigorous steps to seek agreement from all nations and groups of nations to commit themselves to adhere to the following export policies with respect to their peaceful nuclear activities and their participation in international nuclear trade:
**(a) Undertakings by transferee nations receiving nuclear material and equipment or sensitive nuclear technology** No nuclear materials and equipment and no sensitive nuclear technology within the territory of any nation or group of nations, under its jurisdiction, or under its control anywhere will be transferred to the jurisdiction of any other nation or group of nations unless the nation or group of nations receiving such transfer commits itself to strict undertakings including, but not limited to, provisions sufficient to ensure that—
(1) no nuclear materials and equipment and no nuclear technology in, under the jurisdiction of, or under the control of any non-nuclear-weapon state, shall be used for nuclear explosive devices for any purpose or for research on or development of nuclear explosive devices for any purpose, except as permitted by Article V, the Treaty;
(2) IAEA safeguards will be applied to all peaceful nuclear activities in, under the jurisdiction of, or under the control of any non-nuclear-weapon state;
(3) adequate physical security measures will be established and maintained by any nation or group of nations on all of its nuclear activities;
(4) no nuclear materials and equipment and no nuclear technology intended for peaceful purposes in, under the jurisdiction of, or under the control of any nation or group of nations shall be transferred to the jurisdiction of any other nation or group of nations which does not agree to stringent undertakings meeting the objectives
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 5434
TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
§ 2151
ments and medical isotope production to be
conducted in the reactor without a large
percentage increase in the total cost of oper-
ating the reactor;
(3) the term ‘‘highly enriched uranium’’
means uranium enriched to 20 percent or more
in the isotope U–235; and
(4) the term ‘‘medical isotope’’ includes mo-
lybdenum-99, iodine-131, xenon-133, and other
radioactive materials used to produce a radio-
pharmaceutical for diagnostic or therapeutic
procedures or for research and development.
(Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, title I, § 112, as added Pub.
L. 112–239, div. C, title XXXI, § 3176(a), Jan. 2,
2013, 126 Stat. 2215; Pub. L. 113–66, div. C, title
XXXI, § 3144, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 1071.)
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the
original ‘‘this Act’’, meaning act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as
added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 919,
known as the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, which is clas-
sified principally to this chapter. For complete classi-
fication of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note
set out under section 2011 of this title and Tables.
AMENDMENTS
2013—Pub. L. 113–66 inserted section designation and
catchline.
SUBCHAPTER X—INTERNATIONAL
ACTIVITIES
§ 2151. Effect of international arrangements
Any provision of this chapter or any action of
the Commission to the extent and during the
time that it conflicts with the provisions of any
international arrangements made after August
30, 1954 shall be deemed to be of no force or ef-
fect.
(Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, title I, § 121, as added Aug.
30, 1954, ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 939; renumbered
title I, Pub. L. 102–486, title IX, § 902(a)(8), Oct.
24, 1992, 106 Stat. 2944.)
Editorial
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 5441
TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
§ 2153c
diction of, or under the control of any non-nu-
clear-weapon state;
(3) adequate physical security measures will
be established and maintained by any nation
or group of nations on all of its nuclear activi-
ties;
(4) no nuclear materials and equipment and
no nuclear technology intended for peaceful
purposes in, under the jurisdiction of, or under
the control of any nation or group of nations
shall be transferred to the jurisdiction of any
other nation or group of nations which does
not agree to stringent undertakings meeting
the objectives of this section; and
(5) no nation or group of nations will assist,
encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon
state to manufacture or otherwise acquire any
nuclear explosive device.
(b) Enrichment of source or special nuclear ma-
terial only under effective international aus-
pices and inspection
(1) No source or special nuclear material with-
in the territory of any nation or group of na-
tions, under its jurisdiction, or under its control
anywhere will be enriched (as described in sec-
tion 2014(aa)(2) of this title) or reprocessed, no
irradiated fuel elements containing such mate-
rial which are to be removed from a reactor will
be altered in form or content, and no fabrication
or stockpiling involving plutonium, uranium
233, or uranium enriched to greater than 20 per-
cent in the isotope 235 shall be performed except
in a facility under effective international aus-
pices and inspection, and any such irradiated
fuel elements shall be transferred to such a fa-
cility as soon as practicable after removal from
a reactor consistent with safety requirements.
Such facilities shall be limited in number to the
greatest extent feasible and shall be carefu
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 2153c
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 5450
TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
§ 2156
known as the ‘‘International Nuclear Export and
Innovation Branch’’, to carry out the inter-
national nuclear export and innovation activi-
ties described in subsection (a) as the Commis-
sion determines to be appropriate and within
the mission of the Commission.
(c) Omitted
(d) Interagency coordination
The Commission shall coordinate all inter-
national activities under this section with the
Secretary of State, the Secretary of Energy, and
other applicable agencies, as appropriate.
(e) Savings clause
Nothing in this section alters the authority of
the Commission to license and regulate the ci-
vilian use of radioactive materials.
(Pub. L. 118–67, div. B, title I, § 101, July 9, 2024,
138 Stat. 1450.)
Editorial Notes
CODIFICATION
Section was enacted as part of the Accelerating De-
ployment of Versatile, Advanced Nuclear for Clean En-
ergy Act of 2024, also known as the ADVANCE Act of
2024, and not as part of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954
which comprises this chapter.
Section is comprised of section 101 of div. B of Pub.
L. 118–67. Subsec. (c) of section 101 of div. B of Pub. L.
118–67 amended section 2215 of this title and enacted
provisions set out as a note under section 2215 of this
title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
DEFINITIONS
For definitions of terms used in this section, see sec-
tion 2 of div. B of Pub. L. 118–67, set out as a note under
section 2011 of this title.
§ 2156. Criteria governing United States nuclear
exports
The United States adopts the following cri-
teria which, in addition to other requirements of
law, will govern exports for peaceful nuclear
uses from the United States of source material,
special nuclear material, production or utiliza-
tion facili
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 2156
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Committee consideration of Presidential submissions; reports** Not later than forty-five days of continuous session of Congress after the date of transmittal to the Congress of any submission of the President required by section 2155(a)(2), 2155(b)(2), 2157(b), 2158, 2160(a)(3), or 2160(f)(1)(A) of this title, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives shall each submit a report to its respective House on its views and recommendations respecting such Presidential submission together with a resolution, as defined in subsection (f), stating in substance that the Congress approves or disapproves such submission, as the case may be: Provided, That if any such committee has not reported such a resolution at the end of such forty-five day period, such committee shall be deemed to be discharged from further consideration of such submission. If no such resolution has been reported at the end of such period, the first resolution, as defined in subsection (f), which is introduced within five days thereafter within such House shall be placed on the appropriate calendar of such House.
**(b) Consideration of resolution by respective Houses of Congress** When the relevant committee or committees have reported such a resolution (or have been discharged from further consideration of such a resolution pursuant to subsection (a)) or when a resolution has been introduced and placed on the appropriate calendar pursuant to subsection (a), as the case may be, it is at any time thereafter in order (even though a previous motion to the same effect has been disagreed to) for any Member of the respective House to move to proceed to the consideration of the resolution. The motion is highly privileged and is not deba
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2159
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 5453
TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
§ 2159
1 See References in Text note below.
sensitive nuclear technology, including items
and assistance authorized by section 2077(b) of
this title and regulated under part 810 of title 10,
Code of Federal Regulations, and nuclear-re-
lated items on the Commerce Control List main-
tained under part 774 of title 15 of the Code of
Federal Regulations, shall be exported or reex-
ported, or transferred or retransferred whether
directly or indirectly, and no Federal agency
shall issue any license, approval, or authoriza-
tion for the export or reexport, or transfer, or
retransfer, whether directly or indirectly, of
these items or assistance (as defined in this
paragraph) to any country whose government
has been identified by the Secretary of State as
engaged in state sponsorship of terrorist activi-
ties (specifically including any country the gov-
ernment of which has been determined by the
Secretary of State under section 2371(a) of title
22, section 4605(j)(1) 1 of title 50, or section 2780(d)
of title 22 to have repeatedly provided support
for acts of international terrorism).
(2) This subsection shall not apply to exports,
reexports, transfers, or retransfers of radiation
monitoring technologies, surveillance equip-
ment, seals, cameras, tamper-indication devices,
nuclear detectors, monitoring systems, or equip-
ment necessary to safely store, transport, or re-
move hazardous materials, whether such items,
services, or information are regulated by the De-
partment of Energy, the Department of Com-
merce, or the Commission, except to the extent
that such technologies, equipment, seals, cam-
eras, devices, detectors, or systems are available
for use in the design or construction of nuclear
reactors
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 2159
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