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18 U.S.C. § 951 — Agents of foreign governments
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever, other than a diplomatic or consular officer or attaché, acts in the United States as an agent of a foreign government without prior notification to the Attorney General if required in subsection (b), shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.
**(b)** The Attorney General shall promulgate rules and regulations establishing requirements for notification.
**(c)** The Attorney General shall, upon receipt, promptly transmit one copy of each notification statement filed under this section to the Secretary of State for such comment and use as the Secretary of State may determine to be appropriate from the point of view of the foreign relations of the United States. Failure of the Attorney General to do so shall not be a bar to prosecution under this section.
**(d)** For purposes of this section, the term “agent of a foreign government” means an individual who agrees to operate within the United States subject to the direction or control of a foreign government or official, except that such term does not include—
(1) a duly accredited diplomatic or consular officer of a foreign government, who is so recognized by the Department of State;
(2) any officially and publicly acknowledged and sponsored official or representative of a foreign government;
(3) any officially and publicly acknowledged and sponsored member of the staff of, or employee of, an officer, official, or representative described in paragraph (1) or (2), who is not a United States citizen; or
(4) any person engaged in a legal commercial transaction.
**(e)** Notwithstanding paragraph (d)(4), any person engaged in a legal commercial transaction shall be considered to be an agent of a foreign government for purposes of this section if—
(1) such person agr
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 45, § 951; chapter-045-foreign-relations.md
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**(a)** Whoever, other than a diplomatic or consular officer or attaché, acts in the United States as an agent of a foreign government without prior notification to the Attorney General if required in subsection (b), shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.
**(b)** The Attorney General shall promulgate rules and regulations establishing requirements for notification.
**(c)** The Attorney General shall, upon receipt, promptly transmit one copy of each notification statement filed under this section to the Secretary of State for such comment and use as the Secretary of State may determine to be appropriate from the point of view of the foreign relations of the United States. Failure of the Attorney General to do so shall not be a bar to prosecution under this section.
**(d)** For purposes of this section, the term “agent of a foreign government” means an individual who agrees to operate within the United States subject to the direction or control of a foreign government or official, except that such term does not include—
(1) a duly accredited diplomatic or consular officer of a foreign government, who is so recognized by the Department of State;
(2) any officially and publicly acknowledged and sponsored official or representative of a foreign government;
(3) any officially and publicly acknowledged and sponsored member of the staff of, or employee of, an officer, official, or representative described in paragraph (1) or (2), who is not a United States citizen; or
(4) any person engaged in a legal commercial transaction.
**(e)** Notwithstanding paragraph (d)(4), any person engaged in a legal commercial transaction shall be considered to be an agent of a foreign government for purposes of this section if—
(1) such person agrees to operate within the United States subject to the direction or control of a foreign government or official; and
(2) such person—
(A) is an agent of Cuba or any other country that the President determines (and so reports to the Congress) poses a threat to the national security interest of the United States for purposes of this section, unless the Attorney General, after consultation with the Secretary of State, determines and so reports to the Congress that the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States require that the provisions of this section do not apply in specific circumstances to agents of such country; or
(B) has been convicted of, or has entered a plea of nolo contendere with respect to, any offense under section 792 through 799, 831, or 2381 of this title or under section 11 11 See References in Text note below. of the Export Administration Act of 1979, except that the provisions of this subsection shall not apply to a person described in this clause for a period of more than five years beginning on the date of the conviction or the date of entry of the plea of nolo contendere, as the case may be.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Supreme Court and all courts established by Act of Congress may from time to time prescribe rules for the conduct of their business. Such rules shall be consistent with Acts of Congress and rules of practice and procedure prescribed under [section 2072 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section2072&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b)** Any rule prescribed by a court, other than the Supreme Court, under subsection (a) shall be prescribed only after giving appropriate public notice and an opportunity for comment. Such rule shall take effect upon the date specified by the prescribing court and shall have such effect on pending proceedings as the prescribing court may order.
**(c)**
(1) A rule of a district court prescribed under subsection (a) shall remain in effect unless modified or abrogated by the judicial council of the relevant circuit.
(2) Any other rule prescribed by a court other than the Supreme Court under subsection (a) shall remain in effect unless modified or abrogated by the Judicial Conference.
**(d)** Copies of rules prescribed under subsection (a) by a district court shall be furnished to the judicial council, and copies of all rules prescribed by a court other than the Supreme Court under subsection (a) shall be furnished to the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and made available to the public.
**(e)** If the prescribing court determines that there is an immediate need for a rule, such court may proceed under this section without public notice and opportunity for comment, but such court shall promptly thereafter afford such notice and opportunity for comment.
**(f)** No rule may be prescribed by a district court other than under this section.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** The Secretary, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Energy, and the heads of other Federal agencies as appropriate, shall conduct a review of license requirements for exports, reexports, or in-country transfers of items to countries subject to a comprehensive United States arms embargo, including, as appropriate—
(1) the scope of controls under title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, that apply to exports, reexports, and in-country transfers for military end uses and military end users in countries that are subject to a comprehensive United States arms embargo and countries that are subject to a United Nations arms embargo; and
(2) entries on the Commerce Control List maintained under title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, that are not subject to a license requirement for the export, reexport, or in-country transfer of items to countries subject to a comprehensive United States arms embargo.
**(b) Implementation of results of review** Not later than 270 days after August 13, 2018, the Secretary shall implement the results of the review conducted under subsection (a).
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, acts June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VIII, § 3, 40 Stat. 226; Mar. 28, 1940, ch. 72, § 6, 54 Stat. 80, related to acting as a foreign agent without notice to Secretary of State. See [section 951 of Title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section951&num=0&edition=prelim), Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
#### Codification
Section 233, act June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title VIII, § 3, 40 Stat. 226, as amended, which related to acting as a foreign agent without notice to Secretary of State, was transferred to [section 601 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section601&num=0&edition=prelim) and was subsequently repealed by act June 25, 1948, ch. 645, § 21, 62 Stat. 862. See [section 951 of Title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section951&num=0&edition=prelim), Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Section 233a, act June 8, 1938, ch. 327, § 1, 52 Stat. 631, as amended, which related to defining, various terms included in provisions relating to foreign agents and propaganda, was transferred to [section 611 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section611&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 233b, act June 8, 1938, ch. 327, § 2, 52 Stat. 632, as amended, which related to registration statements, was transferred to [section 612 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section612&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 233c, act June 8, 1938, ch. 327, § 3, 52 Stat. 632, as amended, which related to exemptions, was transferred to [section 613 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section613&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 233d, act June 8, 1938, ch. 327, § 4, 52 Stat. 632, as amended, which related to filing and labeling political propaganda, was transferred to [section 614 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section614&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 233e, act June 8, 1938, ch. 327, § 5, 52 Stat. 633, as amended, w
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For purposes of this Act, the terms “independent states of the former Soviet Union” and “independent states” mean the following: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 270
TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
§ 951
1 See References in Text note below.
tablishment of a Federal system of registration of fire-
arms, firearms owners, or firearms transactions or dis-
positions, see section 12004(k) of Pub. L. 117–159, set out
as a note under section 922 of this title.
CHAPTER 45—FOREIGN RELATIONS
Sec.
951.
Agents of foreign governments.
952.
Diplomatic codes and correspondence.
953.
Private correspondence with foreign govern-
ments.
954.
False statements influencing foreign govern-
ment.
955.
Financial transactions with foreign govern-
ments.
956.
Conspiracy to kill, kidnap, maim, or injure
persons or damage property in a foreign
country.
957.
Possession of property in aid of foreign gov-
ernment.
958.
Commission to serve against friendly nation.
959.
Enlistment in foreign service.
960.
Expedition against friendly nation.
961.
Strengthening armed vessel of foreign nation.
962.
Arming vessel against friendly nation.
963.
Detention of armed vessel.
964.
Delivering armed vessel to belligerent nation.
965.
Verified statements as prerequisite to vessel’s
departure.
966.
Departure of vessel forbidden for false state-
ments.
967.
Departure of vessel forbidden in aid of neu-
trality.
[968, 969. Repealed.]
970.
Protection of property occupied by foreign
governments.
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
1996—Pub. L. 104–132, title VII, § 704(b), Apr. 24, 1996,
110 Stat. 1295, substituted ‘‘Conspiracy to kill, kidnap,
maim, or injure persons or damage property in a for-
eign country’’ for ‘‘Conspiracy to injure property of for-
eign government’’ in item 956.
1990—Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, § 1207(a), title XXXV,
§ 3530, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4832, 4924, struck out item
968 ‘‘Exportation of war mater
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