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19 U.S.C. § 2437 — Commercial agreements
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Presidential authority** Subject to the provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the President may authorize the entry into force of bilateral commercial agreements providing nondiscriminatory treatment to the products of countries heretofore denied such treatment whenever he determines that such agreements with such countries will promote the purposes of this chapter and are in the national interest.
**(b) Terms of agreements** Any such bilateral commercial agreement shall—
(1) be limited to an initial period specified in the agreement which shall be no more than 3 years from the date the agreement enters into force; except that it may be renewable for additional periods, each not to exceed 3 years; if—
(A) a satisfactory balance of concessions in trade and services has been maintained during the life of such agreement, and
(B) the President determines that actual or foreseeable reductions in United States tariffs and nontariff barriers to trade resulting from multilateral negotiations are satisfactorily reciprocated by the other party to the bilateral agreement;
(2) provide that it is subject to suspension or termination at any time for national security reasons, or that the other provisions of such agreement shall not limit the rights of any party to take any action for the protection of its security interests;
(3) include safeguard arrangements (A) providing for prompt consultations whenever either actual or prospective imports cause or threaten to cause, or significantly contribute to, market disruption and (B) authorizing the imposition of such import restrictions as may be appropriate to prevent such market disruption;
(4) if the other party to the bilateral agreement is not a party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Indu
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-19/section-2437-commercial-agreements--30cfd3fb7a.md
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Source location: Title 19, Chapter 12, § 2437; chapter-012-trade-act-of-1974.md
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**(a) Presidential authority** Subject to the provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the President may authorize the entry into force of bilateral commercial agreements providing nondiscriminatory treatment to the products of countries heretofore denied such treatment whenever he determines that such agreements with such countries will promote the purposes of this chapter and are in the national interest.
**(b) Terms of agreements** Any such bilateral commercial agreement shall—
(1) be limited to an initial period specified in the agreement which shall be no more than 3 years from the date the agreement enters into force; except that it may be renewable for additional periods, each not to exceed 3 years; if—
(A) a satisfactory balance of concessions in trade and services has been maintained during the life of such agreement, and
(B) the President determines that actual or foreseeable reductions in United States tariffs and nontariff barriers to trade resulting from multilateral negotiations are satisfactorily reciprocated by the other party to the bilateral agreement;
(2) provide that it is subject to suspension or termination at any time for national security reasons, or that the other provisions of such agreement shall not limit the rights of any party to take any action for the protection of its security interests;
(3) include safeguard arrangements (A) providing for prompt consultations whenever either actual or prospective imports cause or threaten to cause, or significantly contribute to, market disruption and (B) authorizing the imposition of such import restrictions as may be appropriate to prevent such market disruption;
(4) if the other party to the bilateral agreement is not a party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, provide rights for United States nationals with respect to patents and trademarks in such country not less than the rights specified in such convention;
(5) if the other party to the bilateral agreement is not a party to the Universal Copyright Convention, provide rights for United States nationals with respect to copyrights in such country not less than the rights specified in such convention;
(6) in the case of an agreement entered into or renewed after January 3, 1975, provide arrangements for the protection of industrial rights and processes;
(7) provide arrangements for the settlement of commercial differences and disputes;
(8) in the case of an agreement entered into or renewed after January 3, 1975, provide arrangements for the promotion of trade, which may include arrangements for the establishment or expansion of trade and tourist promotion offices, for facilitation of activities of governmental commercial officers, participation in trade fairs and exhibits, and the sending of trade missions, and for facilitation of entry, establishment, and travel of commercial representatives;
(9) provide for consultations for the purpose of reviewing the operation of the agreement and relevant aspects of relations between the United States and the other party; and
(10) provide such other arrangements of a commercial nature as will promote the purposes of this chapter.
**(c) Congressional action** An agreement referred to in subsection (a), and a proclamation referred to in [section 2434(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2434/a&num=0&edition=prelim) implementing such agreement, shall take effect only if a joint resolution described in [section 2191(b)(3) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2191/b/3&num=0&edition=prelim) that approves of the agreement referred to in subsection (a) is enacted into law.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general**
(1) The President shall seek information and advice from representative elements of the private sector and the non-Federal governmental sector with respect to—
(A) negotiating objectives and bargaining positions before entering into a trade agreement under this subchapter or [section 4202 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section4202&num=0&edition=prelim);
(B) the operation of any trade agreement once entered into, including preparation for dispute settlement panel proceedings to which the United States is a party; and
(C) other matters arising in connection with the development, implementation, and administration of the trade policy of the United States, including those matters referred to in Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1979 and Executive Order Numbered 12188, and the priorities for actions thereunder.
To the maximum extent feasible, such information and advice on negotiating objectives shall be sought and considered before the commencement of negotiations.
(2) The President shall consult with representative elements of the private sector and the non-Federal governmental sector on the overall current trade policy of the United States. The consultations shall include, but are not limited to, the following elements of such policy:
(A) The principal multilateral and bilateral trade negotiating objectives and the progress being made toward their achievement.
(B) The implementation, operation, and effectiveness of recently concluded multilateral and bilateral trade agreements and resolution of trade disputes.
(C) The actions taken under the trade laws of the United States and the effectiveness of such actions in achieving trade policy objectives.
(D) Important developments in o
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2191
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Notwithstanding [section 2571 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2571&num=0&edition=prelim), for purposes of this part—
(1) **NAFTA** — The term “NAFTA” means the North American Free Trade Agreement.
(2) **State** — The term “State” means any of the several States, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2581
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Creation of Trust Fund** There is established in the Treasury of the United States a trust fund to be known as the “Agricultural Disaster Relief Trust Fund”, consisting of such amounts as may be appropriated or credited to such Trust Fund as provided in this section.
**(b) Transfer to Trust Fund**
(1) **In general** — There are appropriated to the Agricultural Disaster Relief Trust Fund amounts equivalent to 3.08 percent of the amounts received in the general fund of the Treasury of the United States during fiscal years 2008 through 2011 attributable to the duties collected on articles entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States.
(2) **Amounts based on estimates** — The amounts appropriated under this section shall be transferred at least monthly from the general fund of the Treasury of the United States to the Agricultural Disaster Relief Trust Fund on the basis of estimates made by the Secretary of the Treasury. Proper adjustments shall be made in the amounts subsequently transferred to the extent prior estimates were in excess of or less than the amounts required to be transferred.
(3) **Limitation on transfers to Agricultural Disaster Relief Trust Fund** — No amount may be appropriated to the Agricultural Disaster Relief Trust Fund on and after the date of any expenditure from the Agricultural Disaster Relief Trust Fund which is not permitted by this section. The determination of whether an expenditure is so permitted shall be made without regard to—
(A) any provision of law which is not contained or referenced in this subchapter or in a revenue Act, and
(B) whether such provision of law is a subsequently enacted provision or directly or indirectly seeks to waive the application of t
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2101
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment within Executive Office of the President** There is established within the Executive Office of the President the Office of the United States Trade Representative (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Office”).
**(b) United States Trade Representative; Deputy United States Trade Representatives**
(1) The Office shall be headed by the United States Trade Representative who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. As an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate, any nomination of the United States Trade Representative submitted to the Senate for confirmation, and referred to a committee, shall be referred to the Committee on Finance. The United States Trade Representative shall hold office at the pleasure of the President, shall be entitled to receive the same allowances as a chief of mission, and shall have the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
(2) There shall be in the Office three Deputy United States Trade Representatives, one Chief Agricultural Negotiator, and one Chief Innovation and Intellectual Property Negotiator, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. As an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate, any nomination of a Deputy United States Trade Representative, the Chief Agricultural Negotiator, or the Chief Innovation and Intellectual Property Negotiator submitted to the Senate for its advice and consent, and referred to a committee, shall be referred to the Committee on Finance. Each Deputy United States Trade Representative, the Chief Agricultural Negotiator, and the Chief Innovation and Intellectual Property Negotiator shall hold office at the pleasure of the President and shall have the rank of Amba
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2192
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 692
TITLE 19—CUSTOMS DUTIES
§ 2437
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT
Subsection (b)(4) of section 2252 of this title, referred
to in subsec. (a)(2), was repealed by Pub. L. 103–465,
title III, § 301(c), Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 4932. See section
2252(b)(3) of this title.
The date of the enactment of the Omnibus Trade and
Competitiveness Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (b),
is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 100–418, which was
approved Aug. 23, 1988.
Section 1401 of such Act of 1988, referred to in subsec.
(b)(2), is section 1401 of Pub. L. 100–418, known as the
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, which
enacted section 2254 of this title, amended sections 1330,
2133, 2251 to 2253, 2274, 2354, and 2703 of this title, en-
acted a provision set out as a note under section 2251 of
this title, and amended a provision set out as a note
under section 2112 of this title.
AMENDMENTS
1999—Subsec. (e)(2)(B), (C). Pub. L. 106–36 realigned
margins.
1988—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(1), sub-
stituted ‘‘section 2252(a)’’ for ‘‘section 2251(a)(1)’’.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(b)(2), substituted
‘‘subsections (a)(3), (b)(4), and (c)(4) of section 2252’’ for
‘‘subsections (a)(2), (b)(3), and (c) of section 2251’’.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–418, § 1411(a)(1), amended sub-
sec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read
as follows: ‘‘For purposes of sections 2252 and 2253 of
this title, an affirmative determination of the Commis-
sion under subsection (a) of this section shall be treat-
ed as an affirmative determination under section
2251(b) of this title, except that—
‘‘(1) the President may take action under sections
2252 and 2253 of this title only with respect to imports
from the country or countries i
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 19 U.S.C. § 2437
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