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19 U.S.C. § 2581 — Definitions
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Notwithstanding [section 2571 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2571&num=0&edition=prelim), for purposes of this part—
(1) **NAFTA** — The term “NAFTA” means the North American Free Trade Agreement.
(2) **State** — The term “State” means any of the several States, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_5494232d9c1a5784e72a7321
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-19/section-2581-definitions--8ec42f1a8f.md
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Source location: Title 19, Chapter 13, § 2581; chapter-013-trade-agreements-act-of-1979.md
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Notwithstanding [section 2571 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2571&num=0&edition=prelim), for purposes of this part—
(1) **NAFTA** — The term “NAFTA” means the North American Free Trade Agreement.
(2) **State** — The term “State” means any of the several States, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Review** Upon receipt of any representation made under [section 2552 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2552&num=0&edition=prelim), the Trade Representative shall review the issues concerned in consultation with—
(1) the agency or person alleged to be engaging in violations under the Agreement;
(2) the member agencies of the interagency trade organization established under [section 1872(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section1872/a&num=0&edition=prelim);
(3) other appropriate Federal agencies; and
(4) appropriate representatives referred to in [section 2547 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2547&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Resolution** The Trade Representative shall undertake to resolve, on a mutually satisfactory basis, the issues set forth in the representation through consultation with the parties concerned.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2571
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Unlawful activities; covered industries; definitions**
(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the following are unlawful, and when found by the Commission to exist shall be dealt with, in addition to any other provision of law, as provided in this section:
(A) Unfair methods of competition and unfair acts in the importation of articles (other than articles provided for in subparagraphs (B), (C), (D), and (E)) into the United States, or in the sale of such articles by the owner, importer, or consignee, the threat or effect of which is—
(i) to destroy or substantially injure an industry in the United States;
(ii) to prevent the establishment of such an industry; or
(iii) to restrain or monopolize trade and commerce in the United States.
(B) The importation into the United States, the sale for importation, or the sale within the United States after importation by the owner, importer, or consignee, of articles that—
(i) infringe a valid and enforceable United States patent or a valid and enforceable United States copyright registered under title 17; or
(ii) are made, produced, processed, or mined under, or by means of, a process covered by the claims of a valid and enforceable United States patent.
(C) The importation into the United States, the sale for importation, or the sale within the United States after importation by the owner, importer, or consignee, of articles that infringe a valid and enforceable United States trademark registered under the Trademark Act of 1946 [[15 U.S.C. 1051](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1051&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
(D) The importation into the United States, the sale for importation, or the sale within the United States after importation by the owner, i
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 1337
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Congressional findings; directives; disavowal of prior approval of legislation** The Congress finds that barriers to (and other distortions of) international trade are reducing the growth of foreign markets for the products of United States agriculture, industry, mining, and commerce, diminishing the intended mutual benefits of reciprocal trade concessions, adversely affecting the United States economy, preventing fair and equitable access to supplies, and preventing the development of open and nondiscriminatory trade among nations. The President is urged to take all appropriate and feasible steps within his power (including the full exercise of the rights of the United States under international agreements) to harmonize, reduce, or eliminate such barriers to (and other distortions of) international trade. The President is further urged to utilize the authority granted by subsection (b) to negotiate trade agreements with other countries and instrumentalities providing on a basis of mutuality for the harmonization, reduction, or elimination of such barriers to (and other distortions of) international trade. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as prior approval of any legislation which may be necessary to implement an agreement concerning barriers to (or other distortions of) international trade.
**(b) Presidential determinations prerequisite to entry into trade agreements; trade with Israel**
(1) Whenever the President determines that any barriers to (or other distortions of) international trade of any foreign country or the United States unduly burden and restrict the foreign trade of the United States or adversely affect the United States economy, or that the imposition of such barriers is likely to result in such a burden, restriction, or effect, and
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2114
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Maximum aggregate reductions in rates of duty** Except as otherwise provided in this section, the aggregate reduction in the rate of duty on any article which is in effect on any day pursuant to a trade agreement under [section 2111 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2111&num=0&edition=prelim) shall not exceed the aggregate reduction which would have been in effect on such day if—
(1) a reduction of 3 percent ad valorem or a reduction of one-tenth of the total reduction, whichever is greater, had taken effect on the effective date of the first reduction proclaimed pursuant to [section 2111(a)(2) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2111/a/2&num=0&edition=prelim) to carry out such agreement with respect to such article, and
(2) a reduction equal to the amount applicable under paragraph (1) had taken effect at 1-year intervals after the effective date of such first reduction.
This subsection shall not apply in any case where the total reduction in the rate of duty does not exceed 10 percent of the rate before the reduction.
**(b) Simplification of computation** If the President determines that such action will simplify the computation of the amount of duty imposed with respect to an article, he may exceed the limitation provided by [section 2111(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2111/b&num=0&edition=prelim) or subsection (a) of this section by not more than whichever of the following is lesser:
(1) the difference between the limitation and the next lower whole number, or
(2) one-half of 1 percent ad valorem.
**(c) Ten-year period for commencement of reductions in rates of duty**
(1) No reduct
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2132
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
There are authorized to be appropriated annually such sums as may be necessary for the payment by the United States of its share of the expenses of the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This authorization does not imply approval or disapproval by the Congress of all articles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2133
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general**
(1) The President shall seek information and advice from representative elements of the private sector and the non-Federal governmental sector with respect to—
(A) negotiating objectives and bargaining positions before entering into a trade agreement under this subchapter or [section 4202 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section4202&num=0&edition=prelim);
(B) the operation of any trade agreement once entered into, including preparation for dispute settlement panel proceedings to which the United States is a party; and
(C) other matters arising in connection with the development, implementation, and administration of the trade policy of the United States, including those matters referred to in Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1979 and Executive Order Numbered 12188, and the priorities for actions thereunder.
To the maximum extent feasible, such information and advice on negotiating objectives shall be sought and considered before the commencement of negotiations.
(2) The President shall consult with representative elements of the private sector and the non-Federal governmental sector on the overall current trade policy of the United States. The consultations shall include, but are not limited to, the following elements of such policy:
(A) The principal multilateral and bilateral trade negotiating objectives and the progress being made toward their achievement.
(B) The implementation, operation, and effectiveness of recently concluded multilateral and bilateral trade agreements and resolution of trade disputes.
(C) The actions taken under the trade laws of the United States and the effectiveness of such actions in achieving trade policy objectives.
(D) Important developments in o
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2191
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general**
(1)
(A) After receiving a report under [section 2252(f) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2252/f&num=0&edition=prelim) containing an affirmative finding regarding serious injury, or the threat thereof, to a domestic industry, the President shall take all appropriate and feasible action within his power which the President determines will facilitate efforts by the domestic industry to make a positive adjustment to import competition and provide greater economic and social benefits than costs.
(B) The action taken by the President under subparagraph (A) shall be to such extent, and for such duration, subject to subsection (e)(1), that the President determines to be appropriate and feasible under such subparagraph.
(C) The interagency trade organization established under [section 1872(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section1872/a&num=0&edition=prelim) shall, with respect to each affirmative determination reported under [section 2252(f) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2252/f&num=0&edition=prelim), make a recommendation to the President as to what action the President should take under subparagraph (A).
(2) In determining what action to take under paragraph (1), the President shall take into account—
(A) the recommendation and report of the Commission;
(B) the extent to which workers and firms in the domestic industry are—
(i) benefitting from adjustment assistance and other manpower programs, and
(ii) engaged in worker retraining efforts;
(C) the efforts being made, or to be implemented, by the domestic industry (including the efforts included in any adjustm
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2255
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Actions of nonmarket economy countries making them ineligible for normal trade relations, programs of credits, credit guarantees, or investment guarantees, or commercial agreements** To assure the continued dedication of the United States to fundamental human rights, and notwithstanding any other provision of law, on or after January 3, 1975, products from any nonmarket economy country shall not be eligible to receive nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations), such country shall not participate in any program of the Government of the United States which extends credits or credit guarantees or investment guarantees, directly or indirectly, and the President of the United States shall not conclude any commercial agreement with any such country, during the period beginning with the date on which the President determines that such country—
(1) denies its citizens the right or opportunity to emigrate;
(2) imposes more than a nominal tax on emigration or on the visas or other documents required for emigration, for any purpose or cause whatsoever; or
(3) imposes more than a nominal tax, levy, fine, fee, or other charge on any citizen as a consequence of the desire of such citizen to emigrate to the country of his choice,
and ending on the date on which the President determines that such country is no longer in violation of paragraph (1), (2), or (3).
**(b) Presidential determination and report to Congress that nation is not violating freedom of emigration** After January 3, 1975, (A) products of a nonmarket economy country may be eligible to receive nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations), (B) such country may participate in any program of the Government of the United States which extends credits or credit guarantees or investment guarantees,
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2434
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Presidential proclamation** Subject to the provisions of [section 2435(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2435/c&num=0&edition=prelim), the President may by proclamation extend nondiscriminatory treatment to the products of a foreign country which has entered into a bilateral commercial agreement referred to in [section 2435 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2435&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Limitation on period of effectiveness** The application of nondiscriminatory treatment shall be limited to the period of effectiveness of the obligations of the United States to such country under such bilateral commercial agreement. In addition, in the case of any foreign country receiving nondiscriminatory treatment pursuant to this subchapter which has entered into an agreement with the United States regarding the settlement of lendlease reciprocal aid and claims, the application of such nondiscriminatory treatment shall be limited to periods during which such country is not in arrears on its obligations under such agreement.
**(c) Suspension or withdrawal of extensions of nondiscriminatory treatment** The President may at any time suspend or withdraw any extension of nondiscriminatory treatment to any country pursuant to subsection (a) and thereby cause all products of such country to be dutiable at the rates set forth in rate column numbered 2 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2436
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Presidential authority** Subject to the provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the President may authorize the entry into force of bilateral commercial agreements providing nondiscriminatory treatment to the products of countries heretofore denied such treatment whenever he determines that such agreements with such countries will promote the purposes of this chapter and are in the national interest.
**(b) Terms of agreements** Any such bilateral commercial agreement shall—
(1) be limited to an initial period specified in the agreement which shall be no more than 3 years from the date the agreement enters into force; except that it may be renewable for additional periods, each not to exceed 3 years; if—
(A) a satisfactory balance of concessions in trade and services has been maintained during the life of such agreement, and
(B) the President determines that actual or foreseeable reductions in United States tariffs and nontariff barriers to trade resulting from multilateral negotiations are satisfactorily reciprocated by the other party to the bilateral agreement;
(2) provide that it is subject to suspension or termination at any time for national security reasons, or that the other provisions of such agreement shall not limit the rights of any party to take any action for the protection of its security interests;
(3) include safeguard arrangements (A) providing for prompt consultations whenever either actual or prospective imports cause or threaten to cause, or significantly contribute to, market disruption and (B) authorizing the imposition of such import restrictions as may be appropriate to prevent such market disruption;
(4) if the other party to the bilateral agreement is not a party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Indu
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2437
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