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17 U.S.C. § 121A — Limitations on exclusive rights: reproduction for blind or other people with disabilities in Marrakesh Treaty countries
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 602, it is not an infringement of copyright for an authorized entity, acting pursuant to this section, to export copies or phonorecords of a previously published literary work or of a previously published musical work that has been fixed in the form of text or notation in accessible formats to another country when the exportation is made either to—
(1) an authorized entity located in a country that is a Party to the Marrakesh Treaty; or
(2) an eligible person in a country that is a Party to the Marrakesh Treaty,
if prior to the exportation of such copies or phonorecords, the authorized entity engaged in the exportation did not know or have reasonable grounds to know that the copies or phonorecords would be used other than by eligible persons.
**(b)** Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 602, it is not an infringement of copyright for an authorized entity or an eligible person, or someone acting on behalf of an eligible person, acting pursuant to this section, to import copies or phonorecords of a previously published literary work or of a previously published musical work that has been fixed in the form of text or notation in accessible formats.
**(c)** In conducting activities under subsection (a) or (b), an authorized entity shall establish and follow its own practices, in keeping with its particular circumstances, to—
(1) establish that the persons the authorized entity serves are eligible persons;
(2) limit to eligible persons and authorized entities the distribution of accessible format copies by the authorized entity;
(3) discourage the reproduction and distribution of unauthorized copies;
(4) maintain due care in, and records of, the handling of copies of works by the authorized enti
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-17/section-121a-limitations-on-exclusive-rights-reproduction-for-blind-or-other-people-w--8289e0fc8c.md
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Source location: Title 17, Chapter 1, § 121A; chapter-001-subject-matter-and-scope-of-copyright.md
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**(a)** Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 602, it is not an infringement of copyright for an authorized entity, acting pursuant to this section, to export copies or phonorecords of a previously published literary work or of a previously published musical work that has been fixed in the form of text or notation in accessible formats to another country when the exportation is made either to—
(1) an authorized entity located in a country that is a Party to the Marrakesh Treaty; or
(2) an eligible person in a country that is a Party to the Marrakesh Treaty,
if prior to the exportation of such copies or phonorecords, the authorized entity engaged in the exportation did not know or have reasonable grounds to know that the copies or phonorecords would be used other than by eligible persons.
**(b)** Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 602, it is not an infringement of copyright for an authorized entity or an eligible person, or someone acting on behalf of an eligible person, acting pursuant to this section, to import copies or phonorecords of a previously published literary work or of a previously published musical work that has been fixed in the form of text or notation in accessible formats.
**(c)** In conducting activities under subsection (a) or (b), an authorized entity shall establish and follow its own practices, in keeping with its particular circumstances, to—
(1) establish that the persons the authorized entity serves are eligible persons;
(2) limit to eligible persons and authorized entities the distribution of accessible format copies by the authorized entity;
(3) discourage the reproduction and distribution of unauthorized copies;
(4) maintain due care in, and records of, the handling of copies of works by the authorized entity, while respecting the privacy of eligible persons on an equal basis with others; and
(5) facilitate effective cross-border exchange of accessible format copies by making publicly available—
(A) the titles of works for which the authorized entity has accessible format copies or phonorecords and the specific accessible formats in which they are available; and
(B) information on the policies, practices, and authorized entity partners of the authorized entity for the cross-border exchange of accessible format copies.
**(d)** Nothing in this section shall be construed to establish—
(1) a cause of action under this title; or
(2) a basis for regulation by any Federal agency.
**(e)** Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the ability to engage in any activity otherwise permitted under this title.
**(f)** For purposes of this section—
(1) the terms “accessible format”, “authorized entity”, and “eligible person” have the meanings given those terms in section 121; and
(2) the term “Marrakesh Treaty” means the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works by Visually Impaired Persons and Persons with Print Disabilities concluded at Marrakesh, Morocco, on June 28, 2013.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Accessible materials and reproducers**
(1) **In general** — The Librarian of Congress is authorized to provide to eligible persons who are residents of the United States (including residents of the several States, insular possessions, and the District of Columbia) and to eligible persons who are United States citizens residing outside the United States the following items:
(A) Literary works published in raised characters, on sound-reproduction recordings, or in any other accessible format.
(B) Musical scores, instructional texts, and other specialized materials used in furthering educational, vocational, and cultural opportunities in the field of music published in any accessible format.
(C) Reproducers for such formats.
(2) **Ownership** — Any item provided under paragraph (1) shall be provided on a loan basis and shall remain the property of the Library of Congress.
**(b) Lending preference** In the lending of items under subsection (a), the Librarian shall at all times give preference to—
(1) the needs of the blind and visually disabled; and
(2) the needs of eligible persons who have been honorably discharged from the Armed Forces of the United States.
**(c) Network** The Librarian of Congress may contract or otherwise arrange with such public or other nonprofit libraries, agencies, or organizations as the Librarian may determine appropriate to serve as local or regional centers for the circulation of items described in subsection (a)(1).
**(d) International service** The Librarian of Congress is authorized to provide items described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of subsection (a)(1) to authorized entities located in a country that is a party to the Marrakesh Treaty, if any such items are delivered to authorized entities through online, not phys
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 128
TITLE 17—COPYRIGHTS
§ 121A
adaptive reading or information access needs
of blind or other persons with disabilities;
(3) ‘‘eligible person’’ means an individual
who, regardless of any other disability—
(A) is blind;
(B) has a visual impairment or perceptual
or reading disability that cannot be im-
proved to give visual function substantially
equivalent to that of a person who has no
such impairment or disability and so is un-
able to read printed works to substantially
the same degree as a person without an im-
pairment or disability; or
(C) is otherwise unable, through physical
disability, to hold or manipulate a book or
to focus or move the eyes to the extent that
would be normally acceptable for reading;
and
(4) ‘‘print instructional materials’’ has the
meaning given under section 674(e)(3)(C) of the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
(Added Pub. L. 104–197, title III, § 316(a), Sept. 16,
1996, 110 Stat. 2416; amended Pub. L. 106–379,
§ 3(b), Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1445; Pub. L. 107–273,
div. C, title III, § 13210(3)(A), Nov. 2, 2002, 116
Stat. 1909; Pub. L. 108–446, title III, § 306, Dec. 3,
2004, 118 Stat. 2807; Pub. L. 115–261, § 2(a)(1), Oct.
9, 2018, 132 Stat. 3667.)
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT
Sections 612, 613, and 674 of the Individuals with Dis-
abilities Education Act, referred to in subsecs. (c) and
(d)(4), are classified to sections 1412, 1413, and 1474, re-
spectively, of Title 20, Education.
AMENDMENTS
2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–261, § 2(a)(1)(A), inserted
‘‘in the United States’’ after ‘‘distribute’’ and ‘‘or of a
previously published musical work that has been fixed
in the form of text or notation’’ after ‘‘literary work’’,
struck out ‘‘, nondramatic’’ after ‘‘previously pub-
lished’’, and
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