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15 U.S.C. § 4001 — Congressional findings and declaration of purpose
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Congress finds that—
(1) United States exports are responsible for creating and maintaining one out of every nine manufacturing jobs in the United States and for generating one out of every seven dollars of total United States goods produced;
(2) the rapidly growing service-related industries are vital to the well-being of the United States economy inasmuch as they create jobs for seven out of every ten Americans, provide 65 per centum of the Nation’s gross national product, and offer the greatest potential for significantly increased industrial trade involving finished products;
(3) trade deficits contribute to the decline of the dollar on international currency markets and have an inflationary impact on the United States economy;
(4) tens of thousands of small- and medium-sized United States businesses produce exportable goods or services but do not engage in exporting;
(5) although the United States is the world’s leading agricultural exporting nation, many farm products are not marketed as widely and effectively abroad as they could be through export trading companies;
(6) export trade services in the United States are fragmented into a multitude of separate functions, and companies attempting to offer export trade services lack financial leverage to reach a significant number of potential United States exporters;
(7) the United States needs well-developed export trade intermediaries which can achieve economies of scale and acquire expertise enabling them to export goods and services profitably, at low per unit cost to producers;
(8) the development of export trading companies in the United States has been hampered by business attitudes and by Government regulations;
(9) those activities of State and local governmental authorities which initiate
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-15/section-4001-congressional-findings-and-declaration-of-purpose--8cb6eeaacf.md
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Source location: Title 15, Chapter 66, § 4001; chapter-066-promotion-of-export-trade.md
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**(a)** The Congress finds that—
(1) United States exports are responsible for creating and maintaining one out of every nine manufacturing jobs in the United States and for generating one out of every seven dollars of total United States goods produced;
(2) the rapidly growing service-related industries are vital to the well-being of the United States economy inasmuch as they create jobs for seven out of every ten Americans, provide 65 per centum of the Nation’s gross national product, and offer the greatest potential for significantly increased industrial trade involving finished products;
(3) trade deficits contribute to the decline of the dollar on international currency markets and have an inflationary impact on the United States economy;
(4) tens of thousands of small- and medium-sized United States businesses produce exportable goods or services but do not engage in exporting;
(5) although the United States is the world’s leading agricultural exporting nation, many farm products are not marketed as widely and effectively abroad as they could be through export trading companies;
(6) export trade services in the United States are fragmented into a multitude of separate functions, and companies attempting to offer export trade services lack financial leverage to reach a significant number of potential United States exporters;
(7) the United States needs well-developed export trade intermediaries which can achieve economies of scale and acquire expertise enabling them to export goods and services profitably, at low per unit cost to producers;
(8) the development of export trading companies in the United States has been hampered by business attitudes and by Government regulations;
(9) those activities of State and local governmental authorities which initiate, facilitate, or expand exports of goods and services can be an important source for expansion of total United States exports, as well as for experimentation in the development of innovative export programs keyed to local, State, and regional economic needs;
(10) if United States trading companies are to be successful in promoting United States exports and in competing with foreign trading companies, they should be able to draw on the resources, expertise, and knowledge of the United States banking system, both in the United States and abroad; and
(11) the Department of Commerce is responsible for the development and promotion of United States exports, and especially for facilitating the export of finished products by United States manufacturers.
**(b)** It is the purpose of this chapter to increase United States exports of products and services by encouraging more efficient provision of export trade services to United States producers and suppliers, in particular by establishing an office within the Department of Commerce to promote the formation of export trade associations and export trading companies, by permitting bank holding companies, bankers’ banks, and Edge Act corporations and agreement corporations that are subsidiaries of bank holding companies to invest in export trading companies, by reducing restrictions on trade financing provided by financial institutions, and by modifying the application of the antitrust laws to certain export trade.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Sections 1 to 7 of this title shall not apply to conduct involving trade or commerce (other than import trade or import commerce) with foreign nations unless—
(1) such conduct has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect—
(A) on trade or commerce which is not trade or commerce with foreign nations, or on import trade or import commerce with foreign nations; or
(B) on export trade or export commerce with foreign nations, of a person engaged in such trade or commerce in the United States; and
(2) such effect gives rise to a claim under the provisions of sections 1 to 7 of this title, other than this section.
If sections 1 to 7 of this title apply to such conduct only because of the operation of paragraph (1)(B), then sections 1 to 7 of this title shall apply to such conduct only for injury to export business in the United States.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 6a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Corporations to be organized for the purpose of engaging in international or foreign banking or other international or foreign financial operations, or in banking or other financial operations in a dependency or insular possession of the United States, either directly or through the agency, ownership or control of local institutions in foreign countries, or in such dependencies or insular possessions as provided by this subchapter and to act when required by the Secretary of the Treasury as fiscal agents of the United States, may be formed by any number of natural persons, not less in any case than five: Provided, That nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to deny the right of the Secretary of the Treasury to use any corporation organized under this subchapter as depositaries in Panama and the Panama Canal Zone, or other insular possessions and dependencies of the United States.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 12 U.S.C. § 611
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Any person who violates any national security export control imposed under section 4604 11 See References in Text note below. of title 50 or any regulation, order, or license issued under that section, may be subject to such controls on the importing of goods or technology into the United States as the President may prescribe.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 1864
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Level III of the Executive Schedule applies to the following positions, for which the annual rate of basic pay shall be the rate determined with respect to such level under chapter 11 of title 2, as adjusted by [section 5318 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5318&num=0&edition=prelim):
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 5314
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Grant of authority** Rights-of-way through any Federal lands may be granted by the Secretary of the Interior or appropriate agency head for pipeline purposes for the transportation of oil, natural gas, synthetic liquid or gaseous fuels, or any refined product produced therefrom to any applicant possessing the qualifications provided in [section 181 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title30-section181&num=0&edition=prelim) in accordance with the provisions of this section.
**(b) Definitions**
(1) For the purposes of this section “Federal lands” means all lands owned by the United States except lands in the National Park System, lands held in trust for an Indian or Indian tribe, and lands on the Outer Continental Shelf. A right-of-way through a Federal reservation shall not be granted if the Secretary or agency head determines that it would be inconsistent with the purposes of the reservation.
(2) “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Interior.
(3) “Agency head” means the head of any Federal department or independent Federal office or agency, other than the Secretary of the Interior, which has jurisdiction over Federal lands.
**(c) Inter-agency coordination**
(1) Where the surface of all of the Federal lands involved in a proposed right-of-way or permit is under the jurisdiction of one Federal agency, the agency head, rather than the Secretary, is authorized to grant or renew the right-of-way or permit for the purposes set forth in this section.
(2) Where the surface of the Federal lands involved is administered by the Secretary or by two or more Federal agencies, the Secretary is authorized, after consultation with the agencies involved, to grant or renew rights-of-way or permits through the Federal lands involved.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 30 U.S.C. § 185
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Declaration of unlawfulness; power to prohibit unfair practices; inapplicability to foreign trade**
(1) Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are hereby declared unlawful.
(2) The Commission is hereby empowered and directed to prevent persons, partnerships, or corporations, except banks, savings and loan institutions described in [section 57a(f)(3) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section57a/f/3&num=0&edition=prelim), Federal credit unions described in [section 57a(f)(4) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section57a/f/4&num=0&edition=prelim), common carriers subject to the Acts to regulate commerce, air carriers and foreign air carriers subject to part A of subtitle VII of title 49, and persons, partnerships, or corporations insofar as they are subject to the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, as amended [[7 U.S.C. 181](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section181&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], except as provided in section 406(b) of said Act [[7 U.S.C. 227(b)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section227/b&num=0&edition=prelim)], from using unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce.
(3) This subsection shall not apply to unfair methods of competition involving commerce with foreign nations (other than import commerce) unless—
(A) such methods of competition have a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect—
(i) on commerce which is not commerce with foreign nations, or on import commerce with foreign nations; or
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 45
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Export-Import Bank of the United States is authorized and directed to establish a program to provide guarantees for loans extended by financial institutions or other public or private creditors to export trading companies as defined in [section 1843(c)(14)(F)(i) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section1843/c/14/F/i&num=0&edition=prelim), or to other exporters, when such loans are secured by export accounts receivable, inventories of exportable goods, accounts receivable from leases, performance contracts, grant commitments, participation fees, member dues, revenue from publications, or such other collateral as the Board of Directors may deem appropriate, and when in the judgment of the Board of Directors—
(1) the private credit market is not providing adequate financing to enable otherwise creditworthy export trading companies or exporters to consummate export transactions; and
(2) such guarantees would facilitate expansion of exports which would not otherwise occur.
The Board of Directors shall attempt to insure that a major share of any loan guarantees ultimately serves to promote exports from small, medium-size, and minority businesses or agricultural concerns. Guarantees provided under the authority of this section shall be subject to limitations contained in annual appropriations Acts.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 12 U.S.C. § 635a–4
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Secretary of Agriculture shall, consistent with the obligations of the United States as a member of the World Trade Organization, provide such advice and assistance to the United States dairy industry as may be necessary to enable that industry to establish and maintain one or more export trading companies under the Export Trading Company Act of 1982 ([15 U.S.C. 4001](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section4001&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.) for the purpose of facilitating the international market development for and exportation of dairy products produced in the United States.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 7 U.S.C. § 7257
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Indication of entity best suited to assist international market development for and export of United States dairy products** The Secretary of Agriculture shall indicate which entity or entities autonomous of the Government of the United States, which seeks such a designation, is best suited to facilitate the international market development for and exportation of United States dairy products, if the Secretary determines that—
(1) the United States dairy industry has not established an export trading company under the Export Trading Company Act of 1982 ([15 U.S.C. 4001](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section4001&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.) for the purpose of facilitating the international market development for an exportation of dairy products produced in the United States on or before June 30, 1997; or
(2) the quantity of exports of United States dairy products during the 12-month period preceding July 1, 1998 does not exceed the quantity of exports of United States dairy products during the 12-month period preceding July 1, 1997 by 1.5 billion pounds (milk equivalent, total solids basis).
**(b) Funding of export activities** The Secretary shall assist the entity or entities identified under subsection (a) in identifying sources of funding for the activities specified in subsection (a) from within the dairy industry and elsewhere.
**(c) Application of section** This section shall apply only during the period beginning on July 1, 1997 and ending on September 30, 2000.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 7 U.S.C. § 7258
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 2094
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 3906
(d) State authority to specify acceptable means
of demonstrating financial responsibility
Subject to the provisions of section 3902(a)(4)
of this title relating to discrimination, nothing
in this chapter shall be construed to preempt
the authority of a State to specify acceptable
means of demonstrating financial responsibility
where the State has required a demonstration of
financial responsibility as a condition for ob-
taining a license or permit to undertake speci-
fied activities. Such means may include or ex-
clude insurance coverage obtained from an ad-
mitted insurance company, an excess lines com-
pany, a risk retention group, or any other
source regardless of whether coverage is ob-
tained directly from an insurance company or
through a broker, agent, purchasing group, or
any other person.
(Pub. L. 97–45, § 6, as added Pub. L. 99–563, § 8(c),
Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3175.)
§ 3906. Injunctive orders issued by United States
district courts
Any district court of the United States may
issue an order enjoining a risk retention group
from soliciting or selling insurance, or oper-
ating, in any State (or in all States) or in any
territory or possession of the United States
upon a finding of such court that such group is
in hazardous financial condition. Such order
shall be binding on such group, its officers,
agents, and employees, and on any other person
acting in active concert with any such officer,
agent, or employee, if such other person has ac-
tual notice of such order.
(Pub. L. 97–45, § 7, as added Pub. L. 99–563, § 9,
Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3176.)
CHAPTER 66—PROMOTION OF EXPORT
TRADE
SUBCHAPTER I—EXPORT TRADING COMPANIES
AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS
Sec.
4001.
Congressional findings an
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 15 U.S.C. § 4001
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