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28 U.S.C. § 1391 — Venue generally
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Applicability of Section.—** Except as otherwise provided by law—
(1) this section shall govern the venue of all civil actions brought in district courts of the United States; and
(2) the proper venue for a civil action shall be determined without regard to whether the action is local or transitory in nature.
**(b) Venue in General.—** A civil action may be brought in—
(1) a judicial district in which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is located;
(2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated; or
(3) if there is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought as provided in this section, any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to such action.
**(c) Residency.—** For all venue purposes—
(1) a natural person, including an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, shall be deemed to reside in the judicial district in which that person is domiciled;
(2) an entity with the capacity to sue and be sued in its common name under applicable law, whether or not incorporated, shall be deemed to reside, if a defendant, in any judicial district in which such defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to the civil action in question and, if a plaintiff, only in the judicial district in which it maintains its principal place of business; and
(3) a defendant not resident in the United States may be sued in any judicial district, and the joinder of such a defendant shall be disregarded in determining where the action may be brought with respect
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_65459af0481cf231f24e46f5
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-28/section-1391-venue-generally--55d50c436c.md
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Source location: Title 28, Chapter 87, § 1391; chapter-087-district-courts-venue.md
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**(a) Applicability of Section.—** Except as otherwise provided by law—
(1) this section shall govern the venue of all civil actions brought in district courts of the United States; and
(2) the proper venue for a civil action shall be determined without regard to whether the action is local or transitory in nature.
**(b) Venue in General.—** A civil action may be brought in—
(1) a judicial district in which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is located;
(2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated; or
(3) if there is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought as provided in this section, any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to such action.
**(c) Residency.—** For all venue purposes—
(1) a natural person, including an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, shall be deemed to reside in the judicial district in which that person is domiciled;
(2) an entity with the capacity to sue and be sued in its common name under applicable law, whether or not incorporated, shall be deemed to reside, if a defendant, in any judicial district in which such defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to the civil action in question and, if a plaintiff, only in the judicial district in which it maintains its principal place of business; and
(3) a defendant not resident in the United States may be sued in any judicial district, and the joinder of such a defendant shall be disregarded in determining where the action may be brought with respect to other defendants.
**(d) Residency of Corporations in States With Multiple Districts.—** For purposes of venue under this chapter, in a State which has more than one judicial district and in which a defendant that is a corporation is subject to personal jurisdiction at the time an action is commenced, such corporation shall be deemed to reside in any district in that State within which its contacts would be sufficient to subject it to personal jurisdiction if that district were a separate State, and, if there is no such district, the corporation shall be deemed to reside in the district within which it has the most significant contacts.
**(e) Actions Where Defendant Is Officer or Employee of the United States.—**
(1) **In general.—** — A civil action in which a defendant is an officer or employee of the United States or any agency thereof acting in his official capacity or under color of legal authority, or an agency of the United States, or the United States, may, except as otherwise provided by law, be brought in any judicial district in which (A) a defendant in the action resides, (B) a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated, or (C) the plaintiff resides if no real property is involved in the action. Additional persons may be joined as parties to any such action in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and with such other venue requirements as would be applicable if the United States or one of its officers, employees, or agencies were not a party.
(2) **Service.—** — The summons and complaint in such an action shall be served as provided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure except that the delivery of the summons and complaint to the officer or agency as required by the rules may be made by certified mail beyond the territorial limits of the district in which the action is brought.
**(f) Civil Actions Against a Foreign State.—** A civil action against a foreign state as defined in [section 1603(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1603/a&num=0&edition=prelim) may be brought—
(1) in any judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated;
(2) in any judicial district in which the vessel or cargo of a foreign state is situated, if the claim is asserted under [section 1605(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1605/b&num=0&edition=prelim);
(3) in any judicial district in which the agency or instrumentality is licensed to do business or is doing business, if the action is brought against an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state as defined in [section 1603(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1603/b&num=0&edition=prelim); or
(4) in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia if the action is brought against a foreign state or political subdivision thereof.
**(g) Multiparty, Multiforum Litigation.—** A civil action in which jurisdiction of the district court is based upon [section 1369 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1369&num=0&edition=prelim) may be brought in any district in which any defendant resides or in which a substantial part of the accident giving rise to the action took place.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
New Mexico constitutes one judicial district.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 111
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action involving minimal diversity between adverse parties that arises from a single accident, where at least 75 natural persons have died in the accident at a discrete location, if—
(1) a defendant resides in a State and a substantial part of the accident took place in another State or other location, regardless of whether that defendant is also a resident of the State where a substantial part of the accident took place;
(2) any two defendants reside in different States, regardless of whether such defendants are also residents of the same State or States; or
(3) substantial parts of the accident took place in different States.
**(b) Limitation of Jurisdiction of District Courts.—** The district court shall abstain from hearing any civil action described in subsection (a) in which—
(1) the substantial majority of all plaintiffs are citizens of a single State of which the primary defendants are also citizens; and
(2) the claims asserted will be governed primarily by the laws of that State.
**(c) Special Rules and Definitions.—** For purposes of this section—
(1) minimal diversity exists between adverse parties if any party is a citizen of a State and any adverse party is a citizen of another State, a citizen or subject of a foreign state, or a foreign state as defined in [section 1603(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1603/a&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) a corporation is deemed to be a citizen of any State, and a citizen or subject of any foreign state, in which it is incorporated or has its principal place of business, and is deemed to be a resident of any State in which it is incorporated or licensed to do business or
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 1369
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Venue Defined.—** As used in this chapter, the term “venue” refers to the geographic specification of the proper court or courts for the litigation of a civil action that is within the subject-matter jurisdiction of the district courts in general, and does not refer to any grant or restriction of subject-matter jurisdiction providing for a civil action to be adjudicated only by the district court for a particular district or districts.
**(b) Exclusion of Certain Cases.—** Except as otherwise provided by law, this chapter shall not govern the venue of a civil action in which the district court exercises the jurisdiction conferred by section 1333, except that such civil actions may be transferred between district courts as provided in this chapter.
**(c) Clarification Regarding Cases Removed From State Courts.—** This chapter shall not determine the district court to which a civil action pending in a State court may be removed, but shall govern the transfer of an action so removed as between districts and divisions of the United States district courts.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 1390
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Congress finds that the determination by United States courts of the claims of foreign states to immunity from the jurisdiction of such courts would serve the interests of justice and would protect the rights of both foreign states and litigants in United States courts. Under international law, states are not immune from the jurisdiction of foreign courts insofar as their commercial activities are concerned, and their commercial property may be levied upon for the satisfaction of judgments rendered against them in connection with their commercial activities. Claims of foreign states to immunity should henceforth be decided by courts of the United States and of the States in conformity with the principles set forth in this chapter.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 1602
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
New York is divided into four judicial districts to be known as the Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western Districts of New York.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 112
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Social security benefits and tier I railroad retirement benefits** Benefits payable under the old-age, survivors, and disability insurance program established under title II of the Social Security Act ([42 U.S.C. 401](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section401&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), and benefits payable under sections 231b and 231c 11 See References in Text note below. of title 45, shall be exempt from reduction under any order issued under this subchapter.
**(b) Veterans programs** The following programs shall be exempt from reduction under any order issued under this subchapter: All programs administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Special benefits for certain World War II veterans (28–0401–0–1–701).
**(c) Net interest** No reduction of payments for net interest (all of major functional category 900) shall be made under any order issued under this subchapter.
**(d) Refundable income tax credits and certain elective payments**
(1) **Refundable income tax credits** — Payments to individuals made pursuant to provisions of title 26 establishing refundable tax credits shall be exempt from reduction under any order issued under this subchapter.
(2) **Certain elective payments** — Payments made to taxpayers pursuant to elections under subsection (d) of [section 48D of title 26](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section48D&num=0&edition=prelim), or amounts treated as payments which are made by taxpayers under paragraph (1) of such subsection, shall be exempt from reduction under any order issued under this subchapter.
**(e) Non-defense unobligated balances** Unobligated balances of budget authority carried over from prior fiscal years, except balances in the defense categor
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)**
(1) The Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection shall have authority to prescribe rules with respect to mortgage loans in accordance with [section 553 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section553&num=0&edition=prelim). Such rulemaking shall relate to unfair or deceptive acts or practices regarding mortgage loans, which may include unfair or deceptive acts or practices involving loan modification and foreclosure rescue services. Any violation of a rule prescribed under this paragraph shall be treated as a violation of a rule prohibiting unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices under the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 and a violation of a rule under section 18 of the Federal Trade Commission Act ([15 U.S.C. 57a](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section57a&num=0&edition=prelim)) regarding unfair or deceptive acts or practices.
(2) The Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection shall enforce the rules issued under paragraph (1) in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties, as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 were incorporated into and made part of this subsection.
(3) Subject to subtitle B of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 [[12 U.S.C. 5511](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section5511&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Federal Trade Commission shall enforce the rules issued under paragraph (1), in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act [[15 U.S.C. 41](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-p
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 12 U.S.C. § 5561
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** If any person violates section 2101(a) or (b) of this title or a rule under [section 2101(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section2101/c&num=0&edition=prelim), any interested person may commence a civil action for injunctive relief restraining such violation, and for damages, in any United States District Court for a district in which the defendant resides, has an agent, transacts business, or wherever venue is proper under [section 1391 of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1391&num=0&edition=prelim). In any such action, the court may award the costs of the suit, including reasonable attorneys’ fees.
**(b) Trademark violations** If the violation of section 2101(a) or (b) of this title or a rule under [section 2101(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section2101/c&num=0&edition=prelim) also involves unauthorized use of registered trademarks belonging to a collectibles certification service, the owner of such trademarks shall have, in addition to the remedies provided in subsection (a), all rights provided under sections 34, 35, and 36 of the Trademark Act of 1946 ([15 U.S.C. 1116](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1116&num=0&edition=prelim), 1117, and 1118) for violations of such Act.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions** In this section:
(1) **Commission** — The term “Commission” means the Federal Trade Commission.
(2) **Covered communication** — The term “covered communication” means a written, oral, or pictorial review, performance assessment of, or other similar analysis of, including by electronic means, the goods, services, or conduct of a person by an individual who is party to a form contract with respect to which such person is also a party.
(3) **Form contract**
(A) *In general* — Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term “form contract” means a contract with standardized terms—
(i) used by a person in the course of selling or leasing the person’s goods or services; and
(ii) imposed on an individual without a meaningful opportunity for such individual to negotiate the standardized terms.
(B) *Exception* — The term “form contract” does not include an employer-employee or independent contractor contract.
(4) **Pictorial** — The term “pictorial” includes pictures, photographs, video, illustrations, and symbols.
**(b) Invalidity of contracts that impede consumer reviews**
(1) **In general** — Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), a provision of a form contract is void from the inception of such contract if such provision—
(A) prohibits or restricts the ability of an individual who is a party to the form contract to engage in a covered communication;
(B) imposes a penalty or fee against an individual who is a party to the form contract for engaging in a covered communication; or
(C) transfers or requires an individual who is a party to the form contract to transfer to any person any intellectual property rights in review or feedback content, with the exception of a non-exclusive license to use the content, that the in
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 45b
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Conduct prohibited**
(1) **In general** — Except as provided in paragraph (2), it shall be unlawful for any person—
(A) to circumvent a security measure, access control system, or other technological control or measure on an Internet website or online service that is used by the ticket issuer to enforce posted event ticket purchasing limits or to maintain the integrity of posted online ticket purchasing order rules; or
(B) to sell or offer to sell any event ticket in interstate commerce obtained in violation of subparagraph (A) if the person selling or offering to sell the ticket either—
(i) participated directly in or had the ability to control the conduct in violation of subparagraph (A); or
(ii) knew or should have known that the event ticket was acquired in violation of subparagraph (A).
(2) **Exception** — It shall not be unlawful under this section for a person to create or use any computer software or system—
(A) to investigate, or further the enforcement or defense, of any alleged violation of this section or other statute or regulation; or
(B) to engage in research necessary to identify and analyze flaws and vulnerabilities of measures, systems, or controls described in paragraph (1)(A), if these research activities are conducted to advance the state of knowledge in the field of computer system security or to assist in the development of computer security product.
**(b) Enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission**
(1) **Unfair or deceptive acts or practices** — A violation of subsection (a) shall be treated as a violation of a rule defining an unfair or a deceptive act or practice under section 18(a)(1)(B) of the Federal Trade Commission Act ([15 U.S.C. 57a(a)(1)(B)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-t
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