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15 U.S.C. § 3703 — Definitions
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the term—
(1) “Secretary” means the Secretary of Commerce.
(2) “Centers” means the Cooperative Research Centers established under section 3705 or 3707 of this title.
(3) “Nonprofit institution” means an organization owned and operated exclusively for scientific or educational purposes, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.
(4) “Federal laboratory” means any laboratory, any federally funded research and development center, or any center established under section 3705 or 3707 of this title that is owned, leased, or otherwise used by a Federal agency and funded by the Federal Government, whether operated by the Government or by a contractor.
(5) “Supporting agency” means either the Department of Commerce or the National Science Foundation, as appropriate.
(6) “Federal agency” means any executive agency as defined in [section 105 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section105&num=0&edition=prelim) and the military departments as defined in section 102 of such title, as well as any agency of the legislative branch of the Federal Government.
(7) “Invention” means any invention or discovery which is or may be patentable or otherwise protected under title 35 or any novel variety of plant which is or may be protectable under the Plant Variety Protection Act ([7 U.S.C. 2321](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section2321&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.).
(8) “Made” when used in conjunction with any invention means the conception or first actual reduction to practice of such invention.
(9) “Small business firm” means a small business concern as defined in [section 632 of th
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3703
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_5de8eff64d511a5f73549336
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-15/section-3703-definitions--dc79e11e58.md
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Source location: Title 15, Chapter 63, § 3703; chapter-063-technology-innovation.md
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As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the term—
(1) “Secretary” means the Secretary of Commerce.
(2) “Centers” means the Cooperative Research Centers established under section 3705 or 3707 of this title.
(3) “Nonprofit institution” means an organization owned and operated exclusively for scientific or educational purposes, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.
(4) “Federal laboratory” means any laboratory, any federally funded research and development center, or any center established under section 3705 or 3707 of this title that is owned, leased, or otherwise used by a Federal agency and funded by the Federal Government, whether operated by the Government or by a contractor.
(5) “Supporting agency” means either the Department of Commerce or the National Science Foundation, as appropriate.
(6) “Federal agency” means any executive agency as defined in [section 105 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section105&num=0&edition=prelim) and the military departments as defined in section 102 of such title, as well as any agency of the legislative branch of the Federal Government.
(7) “Invention” means any invention or discovery which is or may be patentable or otherwise protected under title 35 or any novel variety of plant which is or may be protectable under the Plant Variety Protection Act ([7 U.S.C. 2321](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section2321&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.).
(8) “Made” when used in conjunction with any invention means the conception or first actual reduction to practice of such invention.
(9) “Small business firm” means a small business concern as defined in [section 632 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section632&num=0&edition=prelim) and implementing regulations of the Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
(10) “Training technology” means computer software and related materials which are developed by a Federal agency to train employees of such agency, including but not limited to software for computer-based instructional systems and for interactive video disc systems.
(11) “Clearinghouse” means the Clearinghouse for State and Local Initiatives on Productivity, Technology, and Innovation established by [section 3704a of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section3704a&num=0&edition=prelim).
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, Pub. L. 96–480, § 10, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2317, related to establishment, duties, membership, and terms of National Industrial Technology Board.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3709
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
There is hereby established in the Department of Agriculture an office to be known as the Plant Variety Protection Office, which shall have the functions set forth in this chapter.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 7 U.S.C. § 2321
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For the purpose of this title, “Executive agency” means an Executive department, a Government corporation, and an independent establishment.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 105
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Small business concerns**
(1) **In general** — For the purposes of this chapter, a small-business concern, including but not limited to enterprises that are engaged in the business of production of food and fiber, ranching and raising of livestock, aquaculture, and all other farming and agricultural related industries, shall be deemed to be one which is independently owned and operated and which is not dominant in its field of operation.
(2) **Establishment of size standards**
(A) *In general* — In addition to the criteria specified in paragraph (1) and subject to the requirements specified under subparagraph (C), the Administrator may specify detailed definitions or standards by which a business concern may be determined to be a small business concern for the purposes of this chapter or any other Act.
(B) *Additional criteria* — The standards described in paragraph (1) may utilize number of employees, dollar volume of business, net worth, net income, a combination thereof, or other appropriate factors.
(C) *Requirements* — Unless specifically authorized by statute, no Federal department (including the Administration when acting pursuant to subparagraph (A)) or agency may prescribe a size standard for categorizing a business concern as a small business concern, unless such proposed size standard—
(i) is proposed after an opportunity for public notice and comment;
(ii) provides for determining—
(I) the size of a manufacturing concern as measured by the manufacturing concern’s average employment based upon employment during each of the manufacturing concern’s pay periods for the preceding 24 months;
(II) the size of a business concern providing services on the basis of the annual average gross receipts of the business concern over
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 632
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment** There is established within the Office of Productivity, Technology, and Innovation a Clearinghouse for State and Local Initiatives on Productivity, Technology, and Innovation. The Clearinghouse shall serve as a central repository of information on initiatives by State and local governments to enhance the competitiveness of American business through the stimulation of productivity, technology, and innovation and Federal efforts to assist State and local governments to enhance competitiveness.
**(b) Responsibilities** The Clearinghouse may—
(1) establish relationships with State and local governments, and regional and multistate organizations of such governments, which carry out such initiatives;
(2) collect information on the nature, extent, and effects of such initiatives, particularly information useful to the Congress, Federal agencies, State and local governments, regional and multistate organizations of such governments, businesses, and the public throughout the United States;
(3) disseminate information collected under paragraph (2) through reports, directories, handbooks, conferences, and seminars;
(4) provide technical assistance and advice to such governments with respect to such initiatives, including assistance in determining sources of assistance from Federal agencies which may be available to support such initiatives;
(5) study ways in which Federal agencies, including Federal laboratories, are able to use their existing policies and programs to assist State and local governments, and regional and multistate organizations of such governments, to enhance the competitiveness of American business;
(6) make periodic recommendations to the Secretary, and to other Federal agencies upon their request, concerning modifications in Federal
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3704a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment** The Director shall establish a research initiative to support the development of emergency communication and tracking technologies for use in locating trapped individuals in confined spaces, such as underground mines, and other shielded environments, such as high-rise buildings or collapsed structures, where conventional radio communication is limited.
**(b) Activities** In order to carry out this section, the Director shall work with the private sector and appropriate Federal agencies to—
(1) perform a needs assessment to identify and evaluate the measurement, technical standards, and conformity assessment needs required to improve the operation and reliability of such emergency communication and tracking technologies;
(2) support the development of technical standards and conformance architecture to improve the operation and reliability of such emergency communication and tracking technologies; and
(3) incorporate and build upon existing reports and studies on improving emergency communications.
**(c) Report** Not later than 18 months after January 4, 2011, the Director shall submit to Congress and make publicly available a report describing the assessment performed under subsection (b)(1) and making recommendations about research priorities to address gaps in the measurement, technical standards, and conformity assessment needs identified by the assessment.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 278n–1
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions** In this section:
(1) **Director** — The term “Director” means the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
(2) **Federal laboratory** — The term “Federal laboratory” has the meaning given such term in [section 3703 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section3703&num=0&edition=prelim).
(3) **Institute** — The term “Institute” means the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
(4) **Institution of higher education** — The term “institution of higher education” has the meaning given such term in [section 1001 of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1001&num=0&edition=prelim).
(5) **Nonprofit organization** — The term “nonprofit organization” means an organization described in [section 501(c)(3) of title 26](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section501/c/3&num=0&edition=prelim) and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such title.
(6) **Xylazine** — The term “xylazine” means the nonopioid tranquilizer methyl benzene compound frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.
**(b) In general** The Director shall—
(1) support intramural basic measurement science and research of the Institute to advance—
(A) analytical methods to identify, understand, differentiate, and categorize substances containing xylazine, novel synthetic opioids, or other new psychoactive substances;
(B) measurement technologies to shorten analysis timelines and enhance narcotic and opioid detection and analysis capabilities;
(C) new data tools, techniques, and processes to identify and publicly disclose relevant information concerning substance
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 278u
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions** In this section:
(1) **Agency** — The term “agency” means a Federal agency.
(2) **Director** — The term “Director” means the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy.
(3) **Federal agency** — The term “Federal agency” has the meaning given under [section 3703 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section3703&num=0&edition=prelim), except that term shall not include any agency of the legislative branch of the Federal Government.
(4) **Head of an agency** — The term “head of an agency” means the head of a Federal agency.
**(b) In general** Each head of an agency, or the heads of multiple agencies in cooperation, may carry out a program to award prizes competitively to stimulate innovation that has the potential to advance the mission of the respective agency.
**(c) Prize competitions** For purposes of this section, a prize competition may be 1 or more of the following types of activities:
(1) A point solution prize that rewards and spurs the development of solutions for a particular, well-defined problem.
(2) An exposition prize competition that helps identify and promote a broad range of ideas and practices that may not otherwise attract attention, facilitating further development of the idea or practice by third parties.
(3) Participation prize competitions that create value during and after the competition by encouraging contestants to change their behavior or develop new skills that may have beneficial effects during and after the competition.
(4) Such other types of prize competitions as each head of an agency considers appropriate to stimulate innovation that has the potential to advance the mission of the respective agency.
**(d) Topics** In selecting topics for prize compet
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3719
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Applicability** Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in carrying out a research, development, demonstration, or commercial application program or activity that is initiated after August 8, 2005, the Secretary shall require cost-sharing in accordance with this section.
**(b) Research and development**
(1) **In general** — Except as provided in paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) and subsection (f), the Secretary shall require not less than 20 percent of the cost of a research or development activity described in subsection (a) to be provided by a non-Federal source.
(2) **Exclusion** — Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a research or development activity described in subsection (a) that is of a basic or fundamental nature, as determined by the appropriate officer of the Department.
(3) **Reduction** — The Secretary may reduce or eliminate the requirement of paragraph (1) for a research and development activity of an applied nature if the Secretary determines that the reduction is necessary and appropriate.
(4) **Exemption for institutions of higher education and other nonprofit institutions**
(A) *In general* — Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a research or development activity performed by an institution of higher education or nonprofit institution (as defined in section 4 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 ([15 U.S.C. 3703](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section3703&num=0&edition=prelim))).
(B) *Termination date* — The exemption under subparagraph (A) shall apply during the 2-year period beginning on August 9, 2022.
**(c) Demonstration and commercial application**
(1) **In general** — Except as provided in paragraph (2) and subsection (f), the Secretary shall require that not less than 50 per
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 16356
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this division:
(1) **Artificial intelligence** — The term “artificial intelligence” or “AI” has the meaning given such term in [section 9401 of title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section9401&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Awardee** — The term “awardee” means the legal entity to which Federal assistance is awarded and that is accountable to the Federal Government for the use of the funds provided.
(3) **Award personnel** — The term “award personnel” means principal investigators and co-principal investigators, faculty, postdoctoral researchers, and other employees supported by a grant, cooperative agreement, or contract under Federal law.
(4) **Biomanufacturing** — The term “biomanufacturing” means the utilization of biological systems to develop new and advance existing products, tools, and processes at commercial scale.
(5) **Emerging research institution** — The term “emerging research institution” means an institution of higher education with an established undergraduate or graduate program that has less than $50,000,000 in Federal research expenditures.
(6) **Engineering biology** — The term “engineering biology” means the application of engineering design principles and practices to biological systems, including molecular and cellular systems, to advance fundamental understanding of complex natural systems and to enable novel or optimize functions and capabilities.
(7) **EPSCoR** — The term “EPSCoR” has the meaning given the term in section 502 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 ([42 U.S.C. 1862p](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1862p&num=0&edition=prelim) note).
(8) **EPSCoR institution** — The term “EPSCoR institution” means an institution of higher e
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 18911
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