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42 U.S.C. § 18911 — Definitions

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 18911 — Definitions

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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_02a44387062125991d8d5b6c
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-42/section-18911-definitions--8ef944302f.md
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Source location: Title 42, Chapter 163, § 18911; chapter-163-research-and-development-competition-and-innovation.md

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In this division: (1) **Artificial intelligence** — The term “artificial intelligence” or “AI” has the meaning given such term in [section 9401 of title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section9401&num=0&edition=prelim). (2) **Awardee** — The term “awardee” means the legal entity to which Federal assistance is awarded and that is accountable to the Federal Government for the use of the funds provided. (3) **Award personnel** — The term “award personnel” means principal investigators and co-principal investigators, faculty, postdoctoral researchers, and other employees supported by a grant, cooperative agreement, or contract under Federal law. (4) **Biomanufacturing** — The term “biomanufacturing” means the utilization of biological systems to develop new and advance existing products, tools, and processes at commercial scale. (5) **Emerging research institution** — The term “emerging research institution” means an institution of higher education with an established undergraduate or graduate program that has less than $50,000,000 in Federal research expenditures. (6) **Engineering biology** — The term “engineering biology” means the application of engineering design principles and practices to biological systems, including molecular and cellular systems, to advance fundamental understanding of complex natural systems and to enable novel or optimize functions and capabilities. (7) **EPSCoR** — The term “EPSCoR” has the meaning given the term in section 502 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 ([42 U.S.C. 1862p](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1862p&num=0&edition=prelim) note). (8) **EPSCoR institution** — The term “EPSCoR institution” means an institution of higher education, nonprofit organization, or other institution located in a jurisdiction eligible to participate in the program under [section 1862g of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1862g&num=0&edition=prelim). (9) **Federal laboratory** — The term “Federal laboratory” has the meaning given such term in [section 3703 of title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section3703&num=0&edition=prelim). (10) **Federal research agency** — The term “Federal research agency” means any Federal agency with an annual extramural research expenditure of over $100,000,000 in fiscal year 2022 constant dollars. (11) **Foundation** — The term “Foundation” means the National Science Foundation. (12) **Historically Black college and university** — The term “historically Black college and university” has the meaning given the term “part B institution” in [section 1061 of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1061&num=0&edition=prelim). (13) **Institution of higher education** — The term “institution of higher education” has the meaning given the term in [section 1001(a) of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1001/a&num=0&edition=prelim). (14) **Interagency working group on inclusion in STEM** — The term “interagency working group on inclusion in STEM” means the interagency working group established by [section 6626 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section6626&num=0&edition=prelim). (15) **Labor organization** — The term “labor organization” has the meaning given the term in [section 152(5) of title 29](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section152/5&num=0&edition=prelim), except that such term shall also include— (A) any organization composed of labor organizations, such as a labor union federation or a State or municipal labor body; and (B) any organization which would be included in the definition for such term under such [section 152(5) of title 29](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section152/5&num=0&edition=prelim) but for the fact that the organization represents— (i) individuals employed by the United States, any wholly owned Government corporation, any Federal Reserve Bank, or any State or political subdivision thereof; (ii) individuals employed by persons subject to the Railway Labor Act ([45 U.S.C. 151](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title45-section151&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.); or (iii) individuals employed as agricultural laborers. (16) **Low-income individual** — The term “low-income individual” means an individual from a family whose taxable income for the preceding year did not exceed 150 percent of an amount equal to the poverty level determined by using criteria of poverty established by the Bureau of the Census. (17) **Manufacturing extension center** — The term “manufacturing extension center” has the meaning given the term “Center” in [section 278k(a) of title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section278k/a&num=0&edition=prelim). (18) **Manufacturing USA institute** — The term “Manufacturing USA institute” means a Manufacturing USA institute described in [section 278s(d) of title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section278s/d&num=0&edition=prelim). (19) **Minority-serving institution** — The term “minority-serving institution” means a Hispanic-serving institution as defined in [section 1101a(a) of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1101a/a&num=0&edition=prelim); an Alaska Native-serving institution or Native Hawaiian-serving institution as defined in [section 1059d(b) of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1059d/b&num=0&edition=prelim); or a Predominantly Black institution, Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-serving institution, or Native American-serving nontribal institution as defined in [section 1067q(c) of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1067q/c&num=0&edition=prelim). (20) **National Academies** — The term “National Academies” means the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (21) **Non-profit organization** — The term “non-profit organization” means an organization which is described in [section 501(c)(3) of title 26](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section501/c/3&num=0&edition=prelim) and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such title. (22) **PreK–12** — The term “PreK–12” means pre-kindergarten through grade 12. (23) **Quantum information science** — The term “quantum information science” has the meaning given such term in [section 8801 of title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section8801&num=0&edition=prelim). (24) **Recipient** — The term “recipient” means an entity, usually a non-Federal entity, that receives a Federal award directly from a Federal research agency. The term “recipient” does not include entities that receive subawards or individuals that are the beneficiaries of the award. (25) **Research and development award** — The term “research and development award” means support provided to an individual or entity by a Federal research agency to carry out research and development activities, which may include support in the form of a grant, contract, cooperative agreement, or other such transaction. The term does not include a grant, contract, agreement or other transaction for the procurement of goods or services to meet the administrative needs of a Federal research agency. (26) **Skilled technical work** — The term “skilled technical work” means an occupation that requires a high level of knowledge in a technical domain and does not require a bachelor’s degree for entry. (27) **STEM** — The term “STEM” means science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, including computer science. (28) **STEM education** — The term “STEM education” has the meaning given the term in section 2 of the STEM Education Act of 2015 ([42 U.S.C. 6621](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section6621&num=0&edition=prelim) note). (29) **Technical standard** — The term “technical standard” has the meaning given such term in section 12(d)(5) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 ([15 U.S.C. 272](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section272&num=0&edition=prelim) note). (30) **Tribal College or University** — The term “Tribal College or University” has the meaning given such term in [section 1059c of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1059c&num=0&edition=prelim).

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 6626 — Working group on inclusion in STEM fields

**(a) Establishment** The Office of Science and Technology Policy, in collaboration with Federal departments and agencies, shall establish an interagency working group to compile and summarize available research and best practices on how to promote diversity and inclusions in STEM fields and examine whether barriers exist to promoting diversity and inclusion within Federal agencies employing scientists and engineers. **(b) Responsibilities** The working group shall be responsible for reviewing and assessing research, best practices, and policies across Federal science agencies related to the inclusion of individuals identified in sections 1885a and 1885b of this title in the Federal STEM workforce, including available research and best practices on how to promote diversity and inclusion in STEM fields, including— (1) policies providing flexibility for scientists and engineers that are also caregivers, particularly on the timing of research grants; (2) policies to address the proper handling of claims of sexual harassment; (3) policies to minimize the effects of implicit bias and other systemic factors in hiring, promotion, evaluation and the workplace in general; and (4) other evidence-based strategies that the working group considers effective for promoting diversity and inclusion in the STEM fields. **(c) Stakeholder input** In carrying out the responsibilities under section (b), the working group shall solicit and consider input and recommendations from non-Federal stakeholders, including— (1) the Council of Advisors on Science and Technology; (2) federally funded and non-federally funded researchers, institutions of higher education, scientific disciplinary societies, and associations; (3) nonprofit research institutions; (4) industry, including small busi

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 6626

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 6621 — Coordination of Federal STEM education

**(a) Establishment** The Director shall establish a committee under the National Science and Technology Council, including the Office of Management and Budget, with the responsibility to coordinate Federal programs and activities in support of STEM education, including at the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Department of Education, and all other Federal agencies that have programs and activities in support of STEM education. **(b) Responsibilities** The committee established under subsection (a) shall— (1) coordinate the STEM education activities and programs of the Federal agencies; (2) coordinate STEM education activities and programs with the Office of Management and Budget; (3) encourage the teaching of innovation and entrepreneurship as part of STEM education activities; (4) review STEM education activities and programs to ensure they are not duplicative of similar efforts within the Federal government; (5) develop, implement through the participating agencies, and update once every 5 years a 5-year STEM education strategic plan, which shall— (A) specify and prioritize annual and long-term objectives; (B) specify the common metrics that will be used to assess progress toward achieving the objectives; (C) describe the approaches that will be taken by each participating agency to assess the effectiveness of its STEM education programs and activities; and (D) with respect to subparagraph (A), describe the role of each agency in supporting programs and activities designed to achieve the objectives; (6) establish, periodically update, and maintain an inventory of federally sponsored STEM education programs and activities,

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 6621

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 1862p — National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics

**(a) Establishment** There is established within the Foundation a National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics that shall serve as a central Federal clearinghouse for the collection, interpretation, analysis, and dissemination of objective data on science, engineering, technology, and research and development. **(b) Duties** In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, the Director, acting through the Center shall— (1) collect, acquire, analyze, report, and disseminate statistical data related to the science and engineering enterprise in the United States and other nations that is relevant and useful to practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and the public, including statistical data on— (A) research and development trends; (B) the science and engineering workforce; (C) United States competitiveness in science, engineering, technology, and research and development; and (D) the condition and progress of United States STEM education; (2) support research using the data it collects, and on methodologies in areas related to the work of the Center; and (3) support the education and training of researchers in the use of large-scale, nationally representative data sets. **(c) Statistical reports** The Director or the National Science Board, acting through the Center, shall issue regular, and as necessary, special statistical reports on topics related to the national and international science and engineering enterprise such as the biennial report required by [section 1863(j)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1863/j/1&num=0&edition=prelim) on indicators of the state of science and engineering in the United States.

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 1862p

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 1862g — Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research

**(a)** The Director shall operate a program to stimulate competitive research (known as the “Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research”), the purpose of which is to assist those States that— (1) historically have received relatively little Federal research and development funding; and (2) have demonstrated a commitment to develop their research bases and improve science and engineering research and education programs at their universities and colleges. **(b)** A State which has received an initial award under such Program, whether or not the award was received before or after October 31, 1988, shall be eligible for up to 5 years of additional support under the Program if that State provides assurances of new matching funds and submits an acceptable new plan for using Program funds and matching funds to build the research capabilities of the State.

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 1862g

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

15 U.S.C. § 3703 — Definitions

As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the term— (1) “Secretary” means the Secretary of Commerce. (2) “Centers” means the Cooperative Research Centers established under section 3705 or 3707 of this title. (3) “Nonprofit institution” means an organization owned and operated exclusively for scientific or educational purposes, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. (4) “Federal laboratory” means any laboratory, any federally funded research and development center, or any center established under section 3705 or 3707 of this title that is owned, leased, or otherwise used by a Federal agency and funded by the Federal Government, whether operated by the Government or by a contractor. (5) “Supporting agency” means either the Department of Commerce or the National Science Foundation, as appropriate. (6) “Federal agency” means any executive agency as defined in [section 105 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section105&num=0&edition=prelim) and the military departments as defined in section 102 of such title, as well as any agency of the legislative branch of the Federal Government. (7) “Invention” means any invention or discovery which is or may be patentable or otherwise protected under title 35 or any novel variety of plant which is or may be protectable under the Plant Variety Protection Act ([7 U.S.C. 2321](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section2321&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.). (8) “Made” when used in conjunction with any invention means the conception or first actual reduction to practice of such invention. (9) “Small business firm” means a small business concern as defined in [section 632 of th

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3703

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

15 U.S.C. § 8801 — Department of Energy quantum network infrastructure research and development program

**(a) In general** The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this section as the “Secretary”) shall carry out a research, development, and demonstration program to accelerate innovation in quantum network infrastructure in order to— (1) facilitate the advancement of distributed quantum computing systems through the internet and intranet; (2) improve the precision of measurements of scientific phenomena and physical imaging technologies; (3) develop secure national quantum communications technologies and strategies; (4) demonstrate quantum networking utilizing the Department of Energy’s Energy Sciences Network User Facility; and (5) advance the relevant domestic supply chains, manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations or modeling capabilities. **(b) Program** In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall— (1) coordinate with— (A) the Director of the National Science Foundation; (B) the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; (C) the Chair of the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science of the National Science and Technology Council established under [section 8813(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section8813/a&num=0&edition=prelim); and (D) the Chair of the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Science; (2) conduct cooperative research with industry, National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other research institutions to facilitate new quantum infrastructure methods and technologies, including— (A) quantum-limited detectors, ultra-low loss optical channels, space-to-ground connections, and classical networking and cybersecurity protocols; (B) entanglement and hyper-entangled state sources and transmission

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 8801

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

15 U.S.C. § 9401 — Veterans’ health initiative

**(a) Purposes** The purposes of this section are to advance Department of Energy expertise in artificial intelligence and high-performance computing in order to improve health outcomes for veteran populations by— (1) supporting basic research through the application of artificial intelligence, high-performance computing, modeling and simulation, machine learning, and large-scale data analytics to identify and solve outcome-defined challenges in the health sciences; (2) maximizing the impact of the Department of Veterans Affairs’ health and genomics data housed at the National Laboratories, as well as data from other sources, on science, innovation, and health care outcomes through the use and advancement of artificial intelligence and high-performance computing capabilities of the Department; (3) promoting collaborative research through the establishment of partnerships to improve data sharing between Federal agencies, National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and nonprofit institutions; (4) establishing multiple scientific computing user facilities to house and provision available data to foster transformational outcomes; and (5) driving the development of technology to improve artificial intelligence, high-performance computing, and networking relevant to mission applications of the Department, including modeling, simulation, machine learning, and advanced data analytics. **(b) Veterans health research and development** (1) **In general** — The Secretary of Energy (in this section referred to as the “Secretary”) shall establish and carry out a research program in artificial intelligence and high-performance computing, focused on the development of tools to solve large-scale data analytics and management challenges associated with veteran’s healt

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 9401

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

20 U.S.C. § 1059c — Goals for financial management and academic program

**(a) Goals** Any application for a grant under this part shall describe measurable goals for the institution’s financial management and academic programs, and include a plan of how the applicant intends to achieve those goals. **(b) Continuation requirements** Any continuation application shall demonstrate the progress made toward achievement of the goals described pursuant to subsection (a).

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1059c

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

20 U.S.C. § 1061 — Findings and purposes

The Congress finds that— (1) the historically Black colleges and universities have contributed significantly to the effort to attain equal opportunity through postsecondary education for Black, low-income, and educationally disadvantaged Americans; (2) States and the Federal Government have discriminated in the allocation of land and financial resources to support Black public institutions under the Morrill Act of 1862 [[7 U.S.C. 301](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section301&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.] and its progeny, and against public and private Black colleges and universities in the award of Federal grants and contracts, and the distribution of Federal resources under this chapter and other Federal programs which benefit institutions of higher education; (3) the current state of Black colleges and universities is partly attributable to the discriminatory action of the States and the Federal Government and this discriminatory action requires the remedy of enhancement of Black postsecondary institutions to ensure their continuation and participation in fulfilling the Federal mission of equality of educational opportunity; and (4) financial assistance to establish or strengthen the physical plants, financial management, academic resources, and endowments of the historically Black colleges and universities are appropriate methods to enhance these institutions and facilitate a decrease in reliance on governmental financial support and to encourage reliance on endowments and private sources.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

45 U.S.C. § 151 — Definitions; short title

When used in this chapter and for the purposes of this chapter—

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