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26 U.S.C. § 52 — Special rules
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Controlled group of corporations** For purposes of this subpart, all employees of all corporations which are members of the same controlled group of corporations shall be treated as employed by a single employer. In any such case, the credit (if any) determined under section 51(a) with respect to each such member shall be its proportionate share of the wages giving rise to such credit. For purposes of this subsection, the term “controlled group of corporations” has the meaning given to such term by section 1563(a), except that—
(1) “more than 50 percent” shall be substituted for “at least 80 percent” each place it appears in section 1563(a)(1), and
(2) the determination shall be made without regard to subsections (a)(4) and (e)(3)(C) of section 1563.
**(b) Employees of partnerships, proprietorships, etc., which are under common control** For purposes of this subpart, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary—
(1) all employees of trades or business (whether or not incorporated) which are under common control shall be treated as employed by a single employer, and
(2) the credit (if any) determined under section 51(a) with respect to each trade or business shall be its proportionate share of the wages giving rise to such credit.
The regulations prescribed under this subsection shall be based on principles similar to the principles which apply in the case of subsection (a).
**(c) Tax-exempt organizations**
(1) **In general** — No credit shall be allowed under section 38 for any work opportunity credit determined under this subpart to any organization (other than a cooperative described in section 521) which is exempt from income tax under this chapter.
(2) **Credit made available to qualified tax-exempt organizations employing qualified veterans** — For c
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Source location: Title 26, Chapter 1, § 52; chapter-001-normal-taxes-and-surtaxes.md
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**(a) Controlled group of corporations** For purposes of this subpart, all employees of all corporations which are members of the same controlled group of corporations shall be treated as employed by a single employer. In any such case, the credit (if any) determined under section 51(a) with respect to each such member shall be its proportionate share of the wages giving rise to such credit. For purposes of this subsection, the term “controlled group of corporations” has the meaning given to such term by section 1563(a), except that—
(1) “more than 50 percent” shall be substituted for “at least 80 percent” each place it appears in section 1563(a)(1), and
(2) the determination shall be made without regard to subsections (a)(4) and (e)(3)(C) of section 1563.
**(b) Employees of partnerships, proprietorships, etc., which are under common control** For purposes of this subpart, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary—
(1) all employees of trades or business (whether or not incorporated) which are under common control shall be treated as employed by a single employer, and
(2) the credit (if any) determined under section 51(a) with respect to each trade or business shall be its proportionate share of the wages giving rise to such credit.
The regulations prescribed under this subsection shall be based on principles similar to the principles which apply in the case of subsection (a).
**(c) Tax-exempt organizations**
(1) **In general** — No credit shall be allowed under section 38 for any work opportunity credit determined under this subpart to any organization (other than a cooperative described in section 521) which is exempt from income tax under this chapter.
(2) **Credit made available to qualified tax-exempt organizations employing qualified veterans** — For credit against payroll taxes for employment of qualified veterans by qualified tax-exempt organizations, see section 3111(e).
**(d) Estates and trusts** In the case of an estate or trust—
(1) the amount of the credit determined under this subpart for any taxable year shall be apportioned between the estate or trust and the beneficiaries on the basis of the income of the estate or trust allocable to each, and
(2) any beneficiary to whom any amount has been apportioned under paragraph (1) shall be allowed, subject to section 38(c), a credit under section 38(a) for such amount.
**(e) Limitations with respect to certain persons** Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, in the case of—
(1) a regulated investment company or a real estate investment trust subject to taxation under subchapter M (section 851 and following), and
(2) a cooperative organization described in section 1381(a),
rules similar to the rules provided in subsections (e) and (h) of section 46 (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990) shall apply in determining the amount of the credit under this subpart.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Allowance of credit**
(1) **In general** — In the case of an individual, there shall be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this chapter the amount of the qualified adoption expenses paid or incurred by the taxpayer.
(2) **Year credit allowed** — The credit under paragraph (1) with respect to any expense shall be allowed—
(A) in the case of any expense paid or incurred before the taxable year in which such adoption becomes final, for the taxable year following the taxable year during which such expense is paid or incurred, and
(B) in the case of an expense paid or incurred during or after the taxable year in which such adoption becomes final, for the taxable year in which such expense is paid or incurred.
(3) **$10,000 credit for adoption of child with special needs regardless of expenses** — In the case of an adoption of a child with special needs which becomes final during a taxable year, the taxpayer shall be treated as having paid during such year qualified adoption expenses with respect to such adoption in an amount equal to the excess (if any) of $10,000 over the aggregate qualified adoption expenses actually paid or incurred by the taxpayer with respect to such adoption during such taxable year and all prior taxable years.
(4) **Portion of credit refundable** — So much of the credit allowed under paragraph (1) as does not exceed $5,000 shall be treated as a credit allowed under subpart C and not as a credit allowed under this subpart.
**(b) Limitations**
(1) **Dollar limitation** — The aggregate amount of qualified adoption expenses which may be taken into account under subsection (a) for all taxable years with respect to the adoption of a child by the taxpayer shall not exceed $10,000.
(2) **Income limitation**
(A) *In general* —
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Allowance of credit**
(1) **In general** — In the case of an eligible individual, there shall be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this subtitle for the taxable year an amount equal to the credit percentage of so much of the taxpayer’s earned income for the taxable year as does not exceed the earned income amount.
(2) **Limitation** — The amount of the credit allowable to a taxpayer under paragraph (1) for any taxable year shall not exceed the excess (if any) of—
(A) the credit percentage of the earned income amount, over
(B) the phaseout percentage of so much of the adjusted gross income (or, if greater, the earned income) of the taxpayer for the taxable year as exceeds the phaseout amount.
**(b) Percentages and amounts** For purposes of subsection (a)—
(1) **Percentages** — The credit percentage and the phaseout percentage shall be determined as follows: In the case of an eligible individual with:The credit percentage is:Thephaseoutpercentageis: 1 qualifying child3415.98 2 qualifying children4021.06 3 or more qualifying children4521.06 No qualifying children7.65 7.65
(2) **Amounts**
(A) *In general* — Subject to subparagraph (B), the earned income amount and the phaseout amount shall be determined as follows: In the case of an eligible individual with:The earned income amount is:Thephaseoutamount is: 1 qualifying child$6,330$11,610 2 or more qualifying children$8,890$11,610 No qualifying children$4,220 $5,280
(B) *Joint returns* — In the case of a joint return filed by an eligible individual and such individual’s spouse, the phaseout amount determined under subparagraph (A) shall be increased by $5,000.
**(c) Definitions and special rules** For purposes of this section—
(1) **Eligible individual**
(A) *In general* — The term “e
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Determination of amount** For purposes of section 38, the amount of the work opportunity credit determined under this section for the taxable year shall be equal to 40 percent of the qualified first-year wages for such year.
**(b) Qualified wages defined** For purposes of this subpart—
(1) **In general** — The term “qualified wages” means the wages paid or incurred by the employer during the taxable year to individuals who are members of a targeted group.
(2) **Qualified first-year wages** — The term “qualified first-year wages” means, with respect to any individual, qualified wages attributable to service rendered during the 1-year period beginning with the day the individual begins work for the employer.
(3) **Limitation on wages per year taken into account** — The amount of the qualified first-year wages which may be taken into account with respect to any individual shall not exceed $6,000 per year ($12,000 per year in the case of any individual who is a qualified veteran by reason of subsection (d)(3)(A)(ii)(I), $14,000 per year in the case of any individual who is a qualified veteran by reason of subsection (d)(3)(A)(iv), and $24,000 per year in the case of any individual who is a qualified veteran by reason of subsection (d)(3)(A)(ii)(II)).
**(c) Wages defined** For purposes of this subpart—
(1) **In general** — Except as otherwise provided in this subsection and subsection (h)(2), the term “wages” has the meaning given to such term by subsection (b) of section 3306 (determined without regard to any dollar limitation contained in such section).
(2) **On-the-job training and work supplementation payments**
(A) *Exclusion for employers receiving on-the-job training payments* — The term “wages” shall not include any amounts paid or incurred by an empl
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Allowance of credit**
(1) **In general** — In the case of an individual for which there are 1 or more qualifying individuals (as defined in subsection (b)(1)) with respect to such individual, there shall be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year an amount equal to the applicable percentage of the employment-related expenses (as defined in subsection (b)(2)) paid by such individual during the taxable year.
(2) **Applicable percentage defined** — For purposes of paragraph (1), the term “applicable percentage” means 50 percent—
(A) reduced (but not below 35 percent) by 1 percentage point for each $2,000 or fraction thereof by which the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds $15,000, and
(B) further reduced (but not below 20 percent) by 1 percentage point for each $2,000 ($4,000 in the case of a joint return) or fraction thereof by which the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income for the taxable year exceeds $75,000 ($150,000 in the case of a joint return).
**(b) Definitions of qualifying individual and employment-related expenses** For purposes of this section—
(1) **Qualifying individual** — The term “qualifying individual” means—
(A) a dependent of the taxpayer (as defined in section 152(a)(1)) who has not attained age 13,
(B) a dependent of the taxpayer (as defined in section 152, determined without regard to subsections (b)(1), (b)(2), and (d)(1)(B)) who is physically or mentally incapable of caring for himself or herself and who has the same principal place of abode as the taxpayer for more than one-half of such taxable year, or
(C) the spouse of the taxpayer, if the spouse is physically or mentally incapable of caring for himself or herself and who has the same principal place of abod
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) S corporation defined**
(1) **In general** — For purposes of this title, the term “S corporation” means, with respect to any taxable year, a small business corporation for which an election under section 1362(a) is in effect for such year.
(2) **C corporation** — For purposes of this title, the term “C corporation” means, with respect to any taxable year, a corporation which is not an S corporation for such year.
**(b) Small business corporation**
(1) **In general** — For purposes of this subchapter, the term “small business corporation” means a domestic corporation which is not an ineligible corporation and which does not—
(A) have more than 100 shareholders,
(B) have as a shareholder a person (other than an estate, a trust described in subsection (c)(2), or an organization described in subsection (c)(6)) who is not an individual,
(C) have a nonresident alien as a shareholder, and
(D) have more than 1 class of stock.
(2) **Ineligible corporation defined** — For purposes of paragraph (1), the term “ineligible corporation” means any corporation which is—
(A) a financial institution which uses the reserve method of accounting for bad debts described in section 585,
(B) an insurance company subject to tax under subchapter L, or
(C) a DISC or former DISC.
(3) **Treatment of certain wholly owned subsidiaries**
(A) *In general* — Except as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, for purposes of this title—
(i) a corporation which is a qualified subchapter S subsidiary shall not be treated as a separate corporation, and
(ii) all assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of a qualified subchapter S subsidiary shall be treated as assets, liabilities, and such items (as the case may be) of the S corp
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Reserve for bad debts**
(1) **In general** — Except as provided in paragraph (2), in the case of—
(A) any domestic building and loan association,
(B) any mutual savings bank, or
(C) any cooperative bank without capital stock organized and operated for mutual purposes and without profit,
there shall be allowed a deduction for a reasonable addition to a reserve for bad debts. Such deduction shall be in lieu of any deduction under section 166(a).
(2) **Organization must meet 60-percent asset test of section 7701(a)(19)** — This section shall apply to an association or bank referred to in paragraph (1) only if it meets the requirements of section 7701(a)(19)(C).
**(b) Addition to reserves for bad debts**
(1) **In general** — For purposes of subsection (a), the reasonable addition for the taxable year to the reserve for bad debts of any taxpayer described in subsection (a) shall be an amount equal to the sum of—
(A) the amount determined to be a reasonable addition to the reserve for losses on nonqualifying loans, computed in the same manner as is provided with respect to additions to the reserves for losses on loans of banks under section 585(b)(2), plus
(B) the amount determined by the taxpayer to be a reasonable addition to the reserve for losses on qualifying real property loans, but such amount shall not exceed the amount determined under paragraph (2) or (3), whichever is the larger, but the amount determined under this subparagraph shall in no case be greater than the larger of—
(i) the amount determined under paragraph (3), or
(ii) the amount which, when added to the amount determined under subparagraph (A), equals the amount by which 12 percent of the total deposits or withdrawable accounts of depositors of the taxpayer at the cl
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** The plan sponsor of each group health plan shall provide, in accordance with this part, that each qualified beneficiary who would lose coverage under the plan as a result of a qualifying event is entitled, under the plan, to elect, within the election period, continuation coverage under the plan.
**(b) Exception for certain plans** Subsection (a) shall not apply to any group health plan for any calendar year if all employers maintaining such plan normally employed fewer than 20 employees on a typical business day during the preceding calendar year.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** Not later than the selected drug publication date with respect to an initial price applicability year, in accordance with subsection (b), the Secretary shall select and publish a list of—
(1) with respect to the initial price applicability year 2026, 10 negotiation-eligible drugs described in subparagraph (A) of subsection (d)(1), but not subparagraph (B) of such subsection, with respect to such year (or, all (if such number is less than 10) such negotiation-eligible drugs with respect to such year);
(2) with respect to the initial price applicability year 2027, 15 negotiation-eligible drugs described in subparagraph (A) of subsection (d)(1), but not subparagraph (B) of such subsection, with respect to such year (or, all (if such number is less than 15) such negotiation-eligible drugs with respect to such year);
(3) with respect to the initial price applicability year 2028, 15 negotiation-eligible drugs described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (d)(1) with respect to such year (or, all (if such number is less than 15) such negotiation-eligible drugs with respect to such year); and
(4) with respect to the initial price applicability year 2029 or a subsequent year, 20 negotiation-eligible drugs described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (d)(1), with respect to such year (or, all (if such number is less than 20) such negotiation-eligible drugs with respect to such year).
Subject to subsection (c)(2) and [section 1320f–3(f)(5) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1320f–3/f/5&num=0&edition=prelim), each drug published on the list pursuant to the previous sentence and subsection (b)(3) shall be subject to the negotiation process under [section 1320f–3 of this title](https://uscode.ho
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment** The Secretary shall establish a manufacturer discount program (in this section referred to as the “program”). Under the program, the Secretary shall enter into agreements described in subsection (b) with manufacturers and provide for the performance of the duties described in subsection (c).
**(b) Terms of agreement**
(1) **In general**
(A) *Agreement* — An agreement under this section shall require the manufacturer to provide, in accordance with this section, discounted prices for applicable drugs of the manufacturer that are dispensed to applicable beneficiaries on or after January 1, 2025.
(B) *Clarification* — Nothing in this section shall be construed as affecting—
(i) the application of a coinsurance of 25 percent of the negotiated price, as applied under paragraph (2)(A) of [section 1395w–102(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1395w–102/b&num=0&edition=prelim), for costs described in such paragraph; or
(ii) the application of the copayment amount described in paragraph (4)(A) of such section, with respect to costs described in such paragraph.
(C) *Timing of agreement*
(i) *Special rule for 2025* — In order for an agreement with a manufacturer to be in effect under this section with respect to the period beginning on January 1, 2025, and ending on December 31, 2025, the manufacturer shall enter into such agreement not later than March 1, 2024.
(ii) *2026 and subsequent years* — In order for an agreement with a manufacturer to be in effect under this section with respect to plan year 2026 or a subsequent plan year, the manufacturer shall enter into such agreement not later than a calendar quarter or semi-annual deadline established by the Secretary.
(2)
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Assistance to States to establish American Health Benefit Exchanges**
(1) **Planning and establishment grants** — There shall be appropriated to the Secretary, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, an amount necessary to enable the Secretary to make awards, not later than 1 year after March 23, 2010, to States in the amount specified in paragraph (2) for the uses described in paragraph (3).
(2) **Amount specified** — For each fiscal year, the Secretary shall determine the total amount that the Secretary will make available to each State for grants under this subsection.
(3) **Use of funds** — A State shall use amounts awarded under this subsection for activities (including planning activities) related to establishing an American Health Benefit Exchange, as described in subsection (b).
(4) **Renewability of grant**
(A) *In general* — Subject to subsection (d)(4), the Secretary may renew a grant awarded under paragraph (1) if the State recipient of such grant—
(i) is making progress, as determined by the Secretary, toward—
(I) establishing an Exchange; and
(II) implementing the reforms described in subtitles A and C (and the amendments made by such subtitles); and
(ii) is meeting such other benchmarks as the Secretary may establish.
(B) *Limitation* — No grant shall be awarded under this subsection after January 1, 2015.
(5) **Technical assistance to facilitate participation in SHOP Exchanges** — The Secretary shall provide technical assistance to States to facilitate the participation of qualified small businesses in such States in SHOP Exchanges.
**(b) American Health Benefit Exchanges**
(1) **In general** — Each State shall, not later than January 1, 2014, establish an American Health Benefit Exchange (
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