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29 U.S.C. § 402 — Definitions
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For the purposes of this chapter—
**(a)** “Commerce” means trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, transmission, or communication among the several States or between any State and any place outside thereof.
**(b)** “State” includes any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, the Canal Zone, and Outer Continental Shelf lands defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act [[43 U.S.C. 1331](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title43-section1331&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
**(c)** “Industry affecting commerce” means any activity, business, or industry in commerce or in which a labor dispute would hinder or obstruct commerce or the free flow of commerce and includes any activity or industry “affecting commerce” within the meaning of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, as amended [[29 U.S.C. 141](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section141&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], or the Railway Labor Act, as amended [[45 U.S.C. 151](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title45-section151&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
**(d)** “Person” includes one or more individuals, labor organizations, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated organizations, trustees, trustees in cases under title 11, or receivers.
**(e)** “Employer” means any employer or any group or association of employers engaged in an industry affecting commerce (1) which is, with respect to employees engaged in an industry affecting commerce, an employer within the meaning of any law of the United States relating to the employment of any employees or (2) w
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Source location: Title 29, Chapter 11, § 402; chapter-011-labor-management-reporting-and-disclosure-procedure.md
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For the purposes of this chapter—
**(a)** “Commerce” means trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, transmission, or communication among the several States or between any State and any place outside thereof.
**(b)** “State” includes any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, the Canal Zone, and Outer Continental Shelf lands defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act [[43 U.S.C. 1331](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title43-section1331&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
**(c)** “Industry affecting commerce” means any activity, business, or industry in commerce or in which a labor dispute would hinder or obstruct commerce or the free flow of commerce and includes any activity or industry “affecting commerce” within the meaning of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, as amended [[29 U.S.C. 141](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section141&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], or the Railway Labor Act, as amended [[45 U.S.C. 151](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title45-section151&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
**(d)** “Person” includes one or more individuals, labor organizations, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated organizations, trustees, trustees in cases under title 11, or receivers.
**(e)** “Employer” means any employer or any group or association of employers engaged in an industry affecting commerce (1) which is, with respect to employees engaged in an industry affecting commerce, an employer within the meaning of any law of the United States relating to the employment of any employees or (2) which may deal with any labor organization concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of employment, or conditions of work, and includes any person acting directly or indirectly as an employer or as an agent of an employer in relation to an employee but does not include the United States or any corporation wholly owned by the Government of the United States or any State or political subdivision thereof.
**(f)** “Employee” means any individual employed by an employer, and includes any individual whose work has ceased as a consequence of, or in connection with, any current labor dispute or because of any unfair labor practice or because of exclusion or expulsion from a labor organization in any manner or for any reason inconsistent with the requirements of this chapter.
**(g)** “Labor dispute” includes any controversy concerning terms, tenure, or conditions of employment, or concerning the association or representation of persons in negotiating, fixing, maintaining, changing, or seeking to arrange terms or conditions of employment, regardless of whether the disputants stand in the proximate relation of employer and employee.
**(h)** “Trusteeship” means any receivership, trusteeship, or other method of supervision or control whereby a labor organization suspends the autonomy otherwise available to a subordinate body under its constitution or bylaws.
**(i)** “Labor organization” means a labor organization engaged in an industry affecting commerce and includes any organization of any kind, any agency, or employee representation committee, group, association, or plan so engaged in which employees participate and which exists for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with employers concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours, or other terms or conditions of employment, and any conference, general committee, joint or system board, or joint council so engaged which is subordinate to a national or international labor organization, other than a State or local central body.
**(j)** A labor organization shall be deemed to be engaged in an industry affecting commerce if it—
(1) is the certified representative of employees under the provisions of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended [[29 U.S.C. 151](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section151&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], or the Railway Labor Act, as amended [[45 U.S.C. 151](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title45-section151&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.]; or
(2) although not certified, is a national or international labor organization or a local labor organization recognized or acting as the representative of employees of an employer or employers engaged in an industry affecting commerce; or
(3) has chartered a local labor organization or subsidiary body which is representing or actively seeking to represent employees of employers within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2); or
(4) has been chartered by a labor organization representing or actively seeking to represent employees within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2) as the local or subordinate body through which such employees may enjoy membership or become affiliated with such labor organization; or
(5) is a conference, general committee, joint or system board, or joint council, subordinate to a national or international labor organization, which includes a labor organization engaged in an industry affecting commerce within the meaning of any of the preceding paragraphs of this subsection, other than a State or local central body.
**(k)** “Secret ballot” means the expression by ballot, voting machine, or otherwise, but in no event by proxy, of a choice with respect to any election or vote taken upon any matter, which is cast in such a manner that the person expressing such choice cannot be identified with the choice expressed.
**(l)** “Trust in which a labor organization is interested” means a trust or other fund or organization (1) which was created or established by a labor organization, or one or more of the trustees or one or more members of the governing body of which is selected or appointed by a labor organization, and (2) a primary purpose of which is to provide benefits for the members of such labor organization or their beneficiaries.
**(m)** “Labor relations consultant” means any person who, for compensation, advises or represents an employer, employer organization, or labor organization concerning employee organizing, concerted activities, or collective bargaining activities.
**(n)** “Officer” means any constitutional officer, any person authorized to perform the functions of president, vice president, secretary, treasurer, or other executive functions of a labor organization, and any member of its executive board or similar governing body.
**(o)** “Member” or “member in good standing”, when used in reference to a labor organization, includes any person who has fulfilled the requirements for membership in such organization, and who neither has voluntarily withdrawn from membership nor has been expelled or suspended from membership after appropriate proceedings consistent with lawful provisions of the constitution and bylaws of such organization.
**(p)** “Secretary” means the Secretary of Labor.
**(q)** “Officer, agent, shop steward, or other representative”, when used with respect to a labor organization, includes elected officials and key administrative personnel, whether elected or appointed (such as business agents, heads of departments or major units, and organizers who exercise substantial independent authority), but does not include salaried nonsupervisory professional staff, stenographic, and service personnel.
**(r)** “District court of the United States” means a United States district court and a United States court of any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The denial by some employers of the right of employees to organize and the refusal by some employers to accept the procedure of collective bargaining lead to strikes and other forms of industrial strife or unrest, which have the intent or the necessary effect of burdening or obstructing commerce by (a) impairing the efficiency, safety, or operation of the instrumentalities of commerce; (b) occurring in the current of commerce; (c) materially affecting, restraining, or controlling the flow of raw materials or manufactured or processed goods from or into the channels of commerce, or the prices of such materials or goods in commerce; or (d) causing diminution of employment and wages in such volume as substantially to impair or disrupt the market for goods flowing from or into the channels of commerce.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this title the following definitions shall apply:
(1) The term “accountant” means accountant authorized under applicable law to practice public accounting, and includes professional accounting association, corporation, or partnership, if so authorized.
(2) The term “affiliate” means—
(A) entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(B) corporation 20 percent or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled, or held with power to vote, by the debtor, or by an entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(C) person whose business is operated under a lease or operating agreement by a debtor, or person substantially all of whose property is operated under an operating agreement with the debtor; or
(D) entity that operates the business or substantially all of the property of the debtor under a lease or operating agreement.
(3) The term “assisted person” means any person whose debts consist primarily of consumer debts and the value of whose nonexempt property is less than $150,000.11 See Adjustment of Dollar Amounts not
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
This subchapter may be cited as the “National Labor Relations Act”.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
When used in this subchapter and subchapter II—
**(a)** The term “lands beneath navigable waters” means—
(1) all lands within the boundaries of each of the respective States which are covered by nontidal waters that were navigable under the laws of the United States at the time such State became a member of the Union, or acquired sovereignty over such lands and waters thereafter, up to the ordinary high water mark as heretofore or hereafter modified by accretion, erosion, and reliction;
(2) all lands permanently or periodically covered by tidal waters up to but not above the line of mean high tide and seaward to a line three geographical miles distant from the coast line of each such State and to the boundary line of each such State where in any case such boundary as it existed at the time such State became a member of the Union, or as heretofore approved by Congress, extends seaward (or into the Gulf of Mexico) beyond three geographical miles,11 So in original. The comma probably should be a semicolon. and
(3) all filled in, made, or reclaimed lands which formerly were lands beneath navigable waters, as hereinabove defined;
**(b)** The term “boundaries” includes the seaward boundaries of a State or its boundaries in the Gulf of Mexico or any of the Great Lakes as they existed at the time such State became a member of the Union, or as heretofore approved by the Congress, or as extended or confirmed pursuant to [section 1312 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title43-section1312&num=0&edition=prelim) but in no event shall the term “boundaries” or the term “lands beneath navigable waters” be interpreted as extending from the coast line more than three geographical miles into the Atlantic Ocean or the Pacific Ocean, or more tha
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** This chapter may be cited as the “Labor Management Relations Act, 1947”.
**(b)** Industrial strife which interferes with the normal flow of commerce and with the full production of articles and commodities for commerce, can be avoided or substantially minimized if employers, employees, and labor organizations each recognize under law one another’s legitimate rights in their relations with each other, and above all recognize under law that neither party has any right in its relations with any other to engage in acts or practices which jeopardize the public health, safety, or interest.It is the purpose and policy of this chapter, in order to promote the full flow of commerce, to prescribe the legitimate rights of both employees and employers in their relations affecting commerce, to provide orderly and peaceful procedures for preventing the interference by either with the legitimate rights of the other, to protect the rights of individual employees in their relations with labor organizations whose activities affect commerce, to define and proscribe practices on the part of labor and management which affect commerce and are inimical to the general welfare, and to protect the rights of the public in connection with labor disputes affecting commerce.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
When used in this chapter and for the purposes of this chapter—
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this subchapter:
**(a) Outer Continental Shelf.—** The term “outer Continental Shelf” means—
(1) all submerged lands lying seaward and outside of the area of lands beneath navigable waters as defined in [section 1301 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title43-section1301&num=0&edition=prelim), and of which the subsoil and seabed appertain to the United States and are subject to its jurisdiction and control or within the exclusive economic zone of the United States and adjacent to any territory of the United States; and
(2) does not include any area conveyed by Congress to a territorial government for administration;
**(b) Secretary.—** The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Interior, except that with respect to functions under this subchapter transferred to, or vested in, the Secretary of Energy or the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission by or pursuant to the Department of Energy Organization Act ([42 U.S.C. 7101](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7101&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), the term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Energy, or the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, as the case may be.
**(c) Lease.—** The term “lease” means any form of authorization which is issued under [section 1337 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title43-section1337&num=0&edition=prelim) or maintained under [section 1335 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title43-section1335&num=0&edition=prelim) and which authorizes exploration for, and development and production of, minerals.
**(d) Person.—** The term “person” includes, in addition to a natural person, an association, a State, a political subdivision o
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Standards for labor-management relations** The Congress finds that, in the public interest, it continues to be the responsibility of the Federal Government to protect employees’ rights to organize, choose their own representatives, bargain collectively, and otherwise engage in concerted activities for their mutual aid or protection; that the relations between employers and labor organizations and the millions of workers they represent have a substantial impact on the commerce of the Nation; and that in order to accomplish the objective of a free flow of commerce it is essential that labor organizations, employers, and their officials adhere to the highest standards of responsibility and ethical conduct in administering the affairs of their organizations, particularly as they affect labor-management relations.
**(b) Protection of rights of employees and the public** The Congress further finds, from recent investigations in the labor and management fields, that there have been a number of instances of breach of trust, corruption, disregard of the rights of individual employees, and other failures to observe high standards of responsibility and ethical conduct which require further and supplementary legislation that will afford necessary protection of the rights and interests of employees and the public generally as they relate to the activities of labor organizations, employers, labor relations consultants, and their officers and representatives.
**(c) Necessity to eliminate or prevent improper practices** The Congress, therefore, further finds and declares that the enactment of this chapter is necessary to eliminate or prevent improper practices on the part of labor organizations, employers, labor relations consultants, and their officers and representatives whic
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Employee-management relations shall, to the extent not inconsistent with provisions of this title, be subject to the provisions of subchapter II of chapter 7 of title 29.
**(b)** The provisions of chapter 11 of title 29 shall be applicable to labor organizations that have or are seeking to attain recognition under [section 1203 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title39-section1203&num=0&edition=prelim), and to such organizations, officers, agents, shop stewards, other representatives, and members to the extent to which such provisions would be applicable if the Postal Service were an employer under [section 402 of title 29](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section402&num=0&edition=prelim). In addition to the authority conferred on him under [section 438 of title 29](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section438&num=0&edition=prelim), the Secretary of Labor shall have authority, by regulation issued with the written concurrence of the Postal Service, to prescribe simplified reports for any such labor organization. The Secretary of Labor may revoke such provision for simplified forms of any such labor organization if he determines, after such investigation as he deems proper and after due notice and opportunity for a hearing, that the purposes of this chapter and of chapter 11 of title 29 would be served thereby.
**(c)** Each employee of the Postal Service shall have the right, freely and without fear of penalty or reprisal, to form, join, and assist a labor organization or to refrain from any such activity, and each employee shall be protected in the exercise of this right.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 34
TITLE 29—LABOR
§ 141
Sec.
152.
Definitions.
153.
National Labor Relations Board.
154.
National Labor Relations Board; eligibility
for reappointment; officers and employees;
payment of expenses.
155.
National Labor Relations Board; principal of-
fice, conducting inquiries throughout coun-
try; participation in decisions or inquiries
conducted by member.
156.
Rules and regulations.
157.
Right of employees as to organization, collec-
tive bargaining, etc.
158.
Unfair labor practices.
158a.
Providing facilities for operations of Federal
Credit Unions.
159.
Representatives and elections.
160.
Prevention of unfair labor practices.
161.
Investigatory powers of Board.
162.
Offenses and penalties.
163.
Right to strike preserved.
164.
Construction of provisions.
165.
Conflict of laws.
166.
Separability.
167.
Short title of subchapter.
168.
Validation of certificates and other Board ac-
tions.
169.
Employees with religious convictions; pay-
ment of dues and fees.
SUBCHAPTER III—CONCILIATION OF LABOR
DISPUTES; NATIONAL EMERGENCIES
171.
Declaration of purpose and policy.
172.
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service.
173.
Functions of Service.
174.
Co-equal obligations of employees, their rep-
resentatives, and management to minimize
labor disputes.
175.
National Labor-Management Panel; creation
and composition; appointment, tenure, and
compensation; duties.
175a.
Assistance to plant, area, and industrywide
labor management committees.
176.
National emergencies; appointment of board
of inquiry by President; report; contents;
filing with Service.
177.
Board of inquiry.
178.
Injunctions during national emergency.
179.
Injunctions during national emergency; ad-
justment efforts by parties during injunc-
tio
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 29 U.S.C. § 141
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