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18 U.S.C. § 2429 — Mandatory restitution
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Notwithstanding section 3663 or 3663A, and in addition to any other civil or criminal penalty authorized by law, the court shall order restitution for any offense under this chapter.
**(b)**
(1) The order of restitution under this section shall direct the defendant to pay the victim (through the appropriate court mechanism) the full amount of the victim’s losses, as determined by the court under paragraph (3), and shall additionally require the defendant to pay the greater of the gross income or value to the defendant of the victim’s services, if the services constitute commercial sex acts as defined under section 1591.
(2) An order of restitution under this section shall be issued and enforced in accordance with section 3664 in the same manner as an order under section 3663A.
(3) As used in this subsection, the term “full amount of the victim’s losses” has the same meaning as provided in section 2259(b)(3).
**(c)** The forfeiture of property under this section shall be governed by the provisions of section 413 (other than subsection (d) of such section) of the Controlled Substances Act ([21 U.S.C. 853](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section853&num=0&edition=prelim)).
**(d)** As used in this section, the term “victim” means the individual harmed as a result of a crime under this chapter, including, in the case of a victim who is under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased, the legal guardian of the victim or a representative of the victim’s estate, or another family member, or any other person appointed as suitable by the court, but in no event shall the defendant be named such representative or guardian.
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 117, § 2429; chapter-117-transportation-for-illegal-sexual-activity-and-related-crimes.md
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**(a)** Notwithstanding section 3663 or 3663A, and in addition to any other civil or criminal penalty authorized by law, the court shall order restitution for any offense under this chapter.
**(b)**
(1) The order of restitution under this section shall direct the defendant to pay the victim (through the appropriate court mechanism) the full amount of the victim’s losses, as determined by the court under paragraph (3), and shall additionally require the defendant to pay the greater of the gross income or value to the defendant of the victim’s services, if the services constitute commercial sex acts as defined under section 1591.
(2) An order of restitution under this section shall be issued and enforced in accordance with section 3664 in the same manner as an order under section 3663A.
(3) As used in this subsection, the term “full amount of the victim’s losses” has the same meaning as provided in section 2259(b)(3).
**(c)** The forfeiture of property under this section shall be governed by the provisions of section 413 (other than subsection (d) of such section) of the Controlled Substances Act ([21 U.S.C. 853](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section853&num=0&edition=prelim)).
**(d)** As used in this section, the term “victim” means the individual harmed as a result of a crime under this chapter, including, in the case of a victim who is under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased, the legal guardian of the victim or a representative of the victim’s estate, or another family member, or any other person appointed as suitable by the court, but in no event shall the defendant be named such representative or guardian.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Property subject to criminal forfeiture** Any person convicted of a violation of this subchapter or subchapter II punishable by imprisonment for more than one year shall forfeit to the United States, irrespective of any provision of State law—
(1) any property constituting, or derived from, any proceeds the person obtained, directly or indirectly, as the result of such violation;
(2) any of the person’s property used, or intended to be used, in any manner or part, to commit, or to facilitate the commission of, such violation; and
(3) in the case of a person convicted of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise in violation of [section 848 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section848&num=0&edition=prelim), the person shall forfeit, in addition to any property described in paragraph (1) or (2), any of his interest in, claims against, and property or contractual rights affording a source of control over, the continuing criminal enterprise.
The court, in imposing sentence on such person, shall order, in addition to any other sentence imposed pursuant to this subchapter or subchapter II, that the person forfeit to the United States all property described in this subsection. In lieu of a fine otherwise authorized by this part, a defendant who derives profits or other proceeds from an offense may be fined not more than twice the gross profits or other proceeds.
**(b) Meaning of term “property”** Property subject to criminal forfeiture under this section includes—
(1) real property, including things growing on, affixed to, and found in land; and
(2) tangible and intangible personal property, including rights, privileges, interests, claims, and securities.
**(c) Third party transfers** All right, title, and inter
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, § 8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under [section 3551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3551&num=0&edition=prelim).
#### Short Title of 2026 Amendment
Pub. L. 119–73, § 1, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2003, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 28 and 3771A of this title, amending [section 7102 of Title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7102&num=0&edition=prelim), Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under [section 28 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section28&num=0&edition=prelim) and [section 10110 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section10110&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement] may be cited as the ‘Trafficking Survivors Relief Act’.”
#### Short Title of 2024 Amendment
Pub. L. 118–78, § 1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1512, provided that: “This Act [enacting [section 1352 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section1352&num=0&edition=prelim) and amending [section 201 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section201&num=0&edition=prelim)] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Extortion Prevention Technical Corrections Act’.”
Pub. L. 118–77, § 1, July
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** The Attorney General shall implement and maintain a National Strategy for Combating Human Trafficking (referred to in this section as the “National Strategy”) in accordance with this section.
**(b) Required contents of National Strategy** The National Strategy shall include the following:
(1) Integrated Federal, State, local, and tribal efforts to investigate and prosecute human trafficking cases, including—
(A) the development by each United States attorney, in consultation with State, local, and tribal government agencies, of a district-specific strategic plan to coordinate the identification of victims and the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking crimes;
(B) the participation in any Federal, State, local, or tribal human trafficking task force operating in the district of the United States attorney; and
(C) any other efforts intended to enhance the level of coordination and cooperation, as determined by the Attorney General.
(2) Case coordination within the Department of Justice, including specific integration, coordination, and collaboration, as appropriate, on human trafficking investigations between and among the United States attorneys, the Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit, the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
(3) Annual budget priorities and Federal efforts dedicated to preventing and combating human trafficking, including resources dedicated to the Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit, the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and all other entities that receive Federal support that have a goal or mission to combat the exploitation of adults and children.
(4) An ongoing assessment of the future trends, challenges, and opportu
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 625
TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
§ 2441
(Added Pub. L. 105–314, title I, § 105(a), Oct. 30,
1998, 112 Stat. 2977; amended Pub. L. 118–31, div.
E, title LI, § 5102(e), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 935.)
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
2023—Pub. L. 118–31 inserted ‘‘does not require inter-
personal physical contact, and’’ before ‘‘includes’’.
§ 2428. Forfeitures
(a) IN GENERAL.—The court, in imposing sen-
tence on any person convicted of a violation of
this chapter, shall order, in addition to any
other sentence imposed and irrespective of any
provision of State law, that such person shall
forfeit to the United States—
(1) such person’s interest in any property,
real or personal, that was used or intended to
be used to commit or to facilitate the commis-
sion of such violation; and
(2) any property, real or personal, consti-
tuting or derived from any proceeds that such
person obtained, directly or indirectly, as a re-
sult of such violation.
(b) PROPERTY SUBJECT TO FORFEITURE.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The following shall be sub-
ject to forfeiture to the United States and no
property right shall exist in them:
(A) Any property, real or personal, used or
intended to be used to commit or to facili-
tate the commission of any violation of this
chapter.
(B) Any property, real or personal, that
constitutes or is derived from proceeds
traceable to any violation of this chapter.
(2) APPLICABILITY OF CHAPTER 46.—The provi-
sions of chapter 46 of this title relating to civil
forfeitures shall apply to any seizure or civil
forfeiture under this subsection.
(Added Pub. L. 109–164, title I, § 103(d)(1), Jan. 10,
2006, 119 Stat. 3563.)
§ 2429. Mandatory restitution
(a) Notwithstanding section 3663 or 3663A, and
in addition to any other civil or criminal pen-
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 860
TITLE 21—FOOD AND DRUGS
§ 852
which occurred more than five years before the
date of the information alleging such prior con-
viction.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 411, Oct. 27, 1970, 84
Stat. 1269.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective on first day of seventh calendar
month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 704 of
Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 801 of
this title.
§ 852. Application of treaties and other inter-
national agreements
Nothing in the Single Convention on Narcotic
Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Sub-
stances, or other treaties or international agree-
ments shall be construed to limit the provision
of treatment, education, or rehabilitation as al-
ternatives to conviction or criminal penalty for
offenses involving any drug or other substance
subject to control under any such treaty or
agreement.
(Pub. L. 91–513, title II, § 412, as added Pub. L.
95–633, title I, § 107(a), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3773.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective on date the Convention on Psycho-
tropic Substances enters into force in the United
States [July 15, 1980], see section 112 of Pub. L. 95–633,
set out as a note under section 801a of this title.
§ 853. Criminal forfeitures
(a) Property subject to criminal forfeiture
Any person convicted of a violation of this
subchapter or subchapter II punishable by im-
prisonment for more than one year shall forfeit
to the United States, irrespective of any provi-
sion of State law—
(1) any property constituting, or derived
from, any proceeds the person obtained, di-
rectly or indirectly, as the result of such vio-
lation;
(2) any of the person’s property used, or in-
tended to be used, in any mann
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