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18 U.S.C. § 175 — Prohibitions with respect to biological weapons

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 175 — Prohibitions with respect to biological weapons

**(a) In General.—** Whoever knowingly develops, produces, stockpiles, transfers, acquires, retains, or possesses any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for use as a weapon, or knowingly assists a foreign state or any organization to do so, or attempts, threatens, or conspires to do the same, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for life or any term of years, or both. There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section committed by or against a national of the United States. **(b) Additional Offense.—** Whoever knowingly possesses any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system of a type or in a quantity that, under the circumstances, is not reasonably justified by a prophylactic, protective, bona fide research, or other peaceful purpose, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both. In this subsection, the terms “biological agent” and “toxin” do not encompass any biological agent or toxin that is in its naturally occurring environment, if the biological agent or toxin has not been cultivated, collected, or otherwise extracted from its natural source. **(c) Definition.—** For purposes of this section, the term “for use as a weapon” includes the development, production, transfer, acquisition, retention, or possession of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for other than prophylactic, protective, bona fide research, or other peaceful purposes.

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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-18/section-175-prohibitions-with-respect-to-biological-weapons--d4a8376731.md
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 10, § 175; chapter-010-biological-weapons.md

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 2516 — Authorization for interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications

(1) The Attorney General, Deputy Attorney General, Associate Attorney General,11 See 1984 Amendment note below. or any Assistant Attorney General, any acting Assistant Attorney General, or any Deputy Assistant Attorney General or acting Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal Division or National Security Division specially designated by the Attorney General, may authorize an application to a Federal judge of competent jurisdiction for, and such judge may grant in conformity with section 2518 of this chapter an order authorizing or approving the interception of wire or oral communications by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or a Federal agency having responsibility for the investigation of the offense as to which the application is made, when such interception may provide or has provided evidence of— (a) any offense punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year under sections 2122 and 2274 through 2277 of title 42 of the United States Code (relating to the enforcement of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954), [section 2284 of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2284&num=0&edition=prelim) of the United States Code (relating to sabotage of nuclear facilities or fuel), or under the following chapters of this title: chapter 10 (relating to biological weapons), chapter 37 (relating to espionage), chapter 55 (relating to kidnapping), chapter 90 (relating to protection of trade secrets), chapter 105 (relating to sabotage), chapter 115 (relating to treason), chapter 102 (relating to riots), chapter 65 (relating to malicious mischief), chapter 111 (relating to destruction of vessels), or chapter 81 (relating to piracy); (b) a violation of section 186 or [section 501(c) of title 29](https://uscode.house.gov/

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 175a — Requests for military assistance to enforce prohibition in certain emergencies

The Attorney General may request the Secretary of Defense to provide assistance under [section 382 of title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section382&num=0&edition=prelim) 11 See References in Text note below. in support of Department of Justice activities relating to the enforcement of [section 175 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section175&num=0&edition=prelim) in an emergency situation involving a biological weapon of mass destruction. The authority to make such a request may be exercised by another official of the Department of Justice in accordance with [section 382(f)(2) of title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section382/f/2&num=0&edition=prelim).1

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 175a

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 176 — Seizure, forfeiture, and destruction

**(a) In General.—** (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Attorney General may request the issuance, in the same manner as provided for a search warrant, of a warrant authorizing the seizure of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system that— (A) pertains to conduct prohibited under [section 175 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section175&num=0&edition=prelim); or (B) is of a type or in a quantity that under the circumstances has no apparent justification for prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purposes. (2) In exigent circumstances, seizure and destruction of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) may be made upon probable cause without the necessity for a warrant. **(b) Procedure.—** Property seized pursuant to subsection (a) shall be forfeited to the United States after notice to potential claimants and an opportunity for a hearing. At such hearing, the Government shall bear the burden of persuasion by a preponderance of the evidence. Except as inconsistent herewith, the same procedures and provisions of law relating to a forfeiture under the customs laws shall extend to a seizure or forfeiture under this section. The Attorney General may provide for the destruction or other appropriate disposition of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system seized and forfeited pursuant to this section. **(c) Affirmative Defense.—** It is an affirmative defense against a forfeiture under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section that— (1) such biological agent, toxin, or delivery system is for a prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purpose; and (2) such biological agent, toxin, or delivery system, is of a type and quantity reas

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 176

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 177 — Injunctions

**(a) In General.—** The United States may obtain in a civil action an injunction against— (1) the conduct prohibited under [section 175 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section175&num=0&edition=prelim); (2) the preparation, solicitation, attempt, threat, or conspiracy to engage in conduct prohibited under [section 175 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section175&num=0&edition=prelim); or (3) the development, production, stockpiling, transferring, acquisition, retention, or possession, or the attempted development, production, stockpiling, transferring, acquisition, retention, or possession of any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system of a type or in a quantity that under the circumstances has no apparent justification for prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purposes. **(b) Affirmative Defense.—** It is an affirmative defense against an injunction under subsection (a)(3) of this section that— (1) the conduct sought to be enjoined is for a prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purpose; and (2) such biological agent, toxin, or delivery system is of a type and quantity reasonable for that purpose.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

18 U.S.C. § 175 — Prohibitions with respect to biological

Page 46 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 157 1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline. EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bank- ruptcy, before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103–394, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 101 of Title 11. § 157. Bankruptcy fraud A person who, having devised or intending to devise a scheme or artifice to defraud and for the purpose of executing or concealing such a scheme or artifice or attempting to do so— (1) files a petition under title 11, including a fraudulent involuntary petition under section 303 of such title; (2) files a document in a proceeding under title 11; or (3) makes a false or fraudulent representa- tion, claim, or promise concerning or in rela- tion to a proceeding under title 11, at any time before or after the filing of the petition, or in relation to a proceeding falsely asserted to be pending under such title, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (Added Pub. L. 103–394, title III, § 312(a)(1)(B), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4140; amended Pub. L. 109–8, title III, § 332(c), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 103; Pub. L. 111–327, § 2(b), Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3562.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2010—Par. (1). Pub. L. 111–327, § 2(b)(1), struck out ‘‘bankruptcy’’ after ‘‘involuntary’’. Pars. (2), (3). Pub. L. 111–327, § 2(b)(2), struck out ‘‘, including a fraudulent involuntary bankruptcy peti- tion under section 303 of such title’’ after ‘‘title 11’’. 2005—Pars. (1) to (3). Pub. L. 109–8, which directed in- sertion of ‘‘, including a fraudulent involuntary bank- ruptcy petition under section 303 of such title’’ after ‘‘ti

Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 18 U.S.C. § 175

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