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28 U.S.C. § 1605B — Responsibility of foreign states for international terrorism against the United States
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definition.—** In this section, the term “international terrorism”—
(1) has the meaning given the term in [section 2331 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2331&num=0&edition=prelim), United States Code; and
(2) does not include any act of war (as defined in that section).
**(b) Responsibility of Foreign States.—** A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States in any case in which money damages are sought against a foreign state for physical injury to person or property or death occurring in the United States and caused by—
(1) an act of international terrorism in the United States; and
(2) a tortious act or acts of the foreign state, or of any official, employee, or agent of that foreign state while acting within the scope of his or her office, employment, or agency, regardless where the tortious act or acts of the foreign state occurred.
**(c) Claims by Nationals of the United States.—** Notwithstanding [section 2337(2) of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2337/2&num=0&edition=prelim), a national of the United States may bring a claim against a foreign state in accordance with section 2333 of that title if the foreign state would not be immune under subsection (b).
**(d) Rule of Construction.—** A foreign state shall not be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States under subsection (b) on the basis of an omission or a tortious act or acts that constitute mere negligence.
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-28/section-1605b-responsibility-of-foreign-states-for-international-terrorism-against-the--dc34c27010.md
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Source location: Title 28, Chapter 97, § 1605B; chapter-097-jurisdictional-immunities-of-foreign-states.md
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**(a) Definition.—** In this section, the term “international terrorism”—
(1) has the meaning given the term in [section 2331 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2331&num=0&edition=prelim), United States Code; and
(2) does not include any act of war (as defined in that section).
**(b) Responsibility of Foreign States.—** A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States in any case in which money damages are sought against a foreign state for physical injury to person or property or death occurring in the United States and caused by—
(1) an act of international terrorism in the United States; and
(2) a tortious act or acts of the foreign state, or of any official, employee, or agent of that foreign state while acting within the scope of his or her office, employment, or agency, regardless where the tortious act or acts of the foreign state occurred.
**(c) Claims by Nationals of the United States.—** Notwithstanding [section 2337(2) of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2337/2&num=0&edition=prelim), a national of the United States may bring a claim against a foreign state in accordance with section 2333 of that title if the foreign state would not be immune under subsection (b).
**(d) Rule of Construction.—** A foreign state shall not be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States under subsection (b) on the basis of an omission or a tortious act or acts that constitute mere negligence.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Action and Jurisdiction.—** Any national of the United States injured in his or her person, property, or business by reason of an act of international terrorism, or his or her estate, survivors, or heirs, may sue therefor in any appropriate district court of the United States and shall recover threefold the damages he or she sustains and the cost of the suit, including attorney’s fees.
**(b) Estoppel Under United States Law.—** A final judgment or decree rendered in favor of the United States in any criminal proceeding under section 1116, 1201, 1203, or 2332 of this title or section 46314, 46502, 46505, or 46506 of title 49 shall estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding under this section.
**(c) Estoppel Under Foreign Law.—** A final judgment or decree rendered in favor of any foreign state in any criminal proceeding shall, to the extent that such judgment or decree may be accorded full faith and credit under the law of the United States, estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding under this section.
**(d) Liability.—**
(1) **Definition.—** — In this subsection, the term “person” has the meaning given the term in [section 1 of title 1](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title1-section1&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Liability.—** — In an action under subsection (a) for an injury arising from an act of international terrorism committed, planned, or authorized by an organization that had been designated as a foreign terrorist organization under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ([8 U.S.C. 1189](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section118
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter—
(1) the term “international terrorism” means activities that—
(A) involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State;
(B) appear to be intended—
(i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population;
(ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or
(iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and
(C) occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum;
(2) the term “national of the United States” has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act;
(3) the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property;
(4) the term “act of war” means any act occurring in the course of—
(A) declared war;
(B) armed conflict, whether or not war has been declared, between two or more nations; or
(C) armed conflict between military forces of any origin;
(5) the term “domestic terrorism” means activities that—
(A) involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State;
(B) appear to be intended—
(i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population;
(ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or
(iii) to affect the conduct of a gover
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2331
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, § 8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under [section 3551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3551&num=0&edition=prelim).
#### Short Title of 2026 Amendment
Pub. L. 119–73, § 1, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2003, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 28 and 3771A of this title, amending [section 7102 of Title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7102&num=0&edition=prelim), Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under [section 28 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section28&num=0&edition=prelim) and [section 10110 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section10110&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement] may be cited as the ‘Trafficking Survivors Relief Act’.”
#### Short Title of 2024 Amendment
Pub. L. 118–78, § 1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1512, provided that: “This Act [enacting [section 1352 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section1352&num=0&edition=prelim) and amending [section 201 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section201&num=0&edition=prelim)] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Extortion Prevention Technical Corrections Act’.”
Pub. L. 118–77, § 1, July
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 432
TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
§ 1605B
Executive Documents
EX. ORD. NO. 13477. SETTLEMENT OF CLAIMS AGAINST
LIBYA
Ex. Ord. No. 13477, Oct. 31, 2008, 73 F.R. 65965, pro-
vided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the
Constitution and the laws of the United States of
America, and pursuant to the August 14, 2008, claims
settlement agreement between the United States of
America and Libya (Claims Settlement Agreement),
and in recognition of the October 31, 2008, certification
of the Secretary of State, pursuant to section 5(a)(2) of
the Libyan Claims Resolution Act (Public Law 110–301),
and in order to continue the process of normalizing re-
lations between the United States and Libya, it is here-
by ordered as follows:
SECTION 1. All claims within the terms of Article I of
the Claims Settlement Agreement (Article I) are set-
tled.
(a) Claims of United States nationals within the
terms of Article I are espoused by the United States
and are settled according to the terms of the Claims
Settlement Agreement.
(i) No United States national may assert or maintain
any claim within the terms of Article I in any forum,
domestic or foreign, except under the procedures pro-
vided for by the Secretary of State.
(ii) Any pending suit in any court, domestic or for-
eign, by United States nationals (including any suit
with a judgment that is still subject to appeal or other
forms of direct judicial review) coming within the
terms of Article I shall be terminated.
(iii) The Secretary of State shall provide for proce-
dures governing applications by United States nation-
als with claims within the terms of Article I for com-
pensation for those claims.
(iv) The Attorney General shall enforce this sub-
section through all appropriate m
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 28 U.S.C. § 1605B
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