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18 U.S.C. § 2333 — Civil remedies
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Action and Jurisdiction.—** Any national of the United States injured in his or her person, property, or business by reason of an act of international terrorism, or his or her estate, survivors, or heirs, may sue therefor in any appropriate district court of the United States and shall recover threefold the damages he or she sustains and the cost of the suit, including attorney’s fees.
**(b) Estoppel Under United States Law.—** A final judgment or decree rendered in favor of the United States in any criminal proceeding under section 1116, 1201, 1203, or 2332 of this title or section 46314, 46502, 46505, or 46506 of title 49 shall estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding under this section.
**(c) Estoppel Under Foreign Law.—** A final judgment or decree rendered in favor of any foreign state in any criminal proceeding shall, to the extent that such judgment or decree may be accorded full faith and credit under the law of the United States, estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding under this section.
**(d) Liability.—**
(1) **Definition.—** — In this subsection, the term “person” has the meaning given the term in [section 1 of title 1](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title1-section1&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Liability.—** — In an action under subsection (a) for an injury arising from an act of international terrorism committed, planned, or authorized by an organization that had been designated as a foreign terrorist organization under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ([8 U.S.C. 1189](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section118
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 113B, § 2333; chapter-113b-terrorism.md
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**(a) Action and Jurisdiction.—** Any national of the United States injured in his or her person, property, or business by reason of an act of international terrorism, or his or her estate, survivors, or heirs, may sue therefor in any appropriate district court of the United States and shall recover threefold the damages he or she sustains and the cost of the suit, including attorney’s fees.
**(b) Estoppel Under United States Law.—** A final judgment or decree rendered in favor of the United States in any criminal proceeding under section 1116, 1201, 1203, or 2332 of this title or section 46314, 46502, 46505, or 46506 of title 49 shall estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding under this section.
**(c) Estoppel Under Foreign Law.—** A final judgment or decree rendered in favor of any foreign state in any criminal proceeding shall, to the extent that such judgment or decree may be accorded full faith and credit under the law of the United States, estop the defendant from denying the essential allegations of the criminal offense in any subsequent civil proceeding under this section.
**(d) Liability.—**
(1) **Definition.—** — In this subsection, the term “person” has the meaning given the term in [section 1 of title 1](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title1-section1&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Liability.—** — In an action under subsection (a) for an injury arising from an act of international terrorism committed, planned, or authorized by an organization that had been designated as a foreign terrorist organization under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ([8 U.S.C. 1189](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1189&num=0&edition=prelim)), as of the date on which such act of international terrorism was committed, planned, or authorized, liability may be asserted as to any person who aids and abets, by knowingly providing substantial assistance, or who conspires with the person who committed such an act of international terrorism.
**(e) Use of Blocked Assets to Satisfy Judgments of U.S. Nationals.—** For purposes of section 201 of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 ([28 U.S.C. 1610](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1610&num=0&edition=prelim) note), in any action in which a national of the United States has obtained a judgment against a terrorist party pursuant to this section, the term “blocked asset” shall include any asset of that terrorist party (including the blocked assets of any agency or instrumentality of that party) seized or frozen by the United States under section 805(b) of the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act ([21 U.S.C. 1904(b)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title21-section1904/b&num=0&edition=prelim)).
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The property in the United States of a foreign state, as defined in section 1603(a) of this chapter, used for a commercial activity in the United States, shall not be immune from attachment in aid of execution, or from execution, upon a judgment entered by a court of the United States or of a State after the effective date of this Act, if—
(1) the foreign state has waived its immunity from attachment in aid of execution or from execution either explicitly or by implication, notwithstanding any withdrawal of the waiver the foreign state may purport to effect except in accordance with the terms of the waiver, or
(2) the property is or was used for the commercial activity upon which the claim is based, or
(3) the execution relates to a judgment establishing rights in property which has been taken in violation of international law or which has been exchanged for property taken in violation of international law, or
(4) the execution relates to a judgment establishing rights in property—
(A) which is acquired by succession or gift, or
(B) which is immovable and situated in the United States: Provided, That such property is not used for purposes of maintaining a diplomatic or consular mission or the residence of the Chief of such mission, or
(5) the property consists of any contractual obligation or any proceeds from such a contractual obligation to indemnify or hold harmless the foreign state or its employees under a policy of automobile or other liability or casualty insurance covering the claim which merged into the judgment, or
(6) the judgment is based on an order confirming an arbitral award rendered against the foreign state, provided that attachment in aid of execution, or execution, would not be inconsistent with any provision in the arbitral agree
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, § 8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under [section 3551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3551&num=0&edition=prelim).
#### Short Title of 2026 Amendment
Pub. L. 119–73, § 1, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2003, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 28 and 3771A of this title, amending [section 7102 of Title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7102&num=0&edition=prelim), Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under [section 28 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section28&num=0&edition=prelim) and [section 10110 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section10110&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement] may be cited as the ‘Trafficking Survivors Relief Act’.”
#### Short Title of 2024 Amendment
Pub. L. 118–78, § 1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1512, provided that: “This Act [enacting [section 1352 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section1352&num=0&edition=prelim) and amending [section 201 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section201&num=0&edition=prelim)] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Extortion Prevention Technical Corrections Act’.”
Pub. L. 118–77, § 1, July
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definition.—** In this section, the term “international terrorism”—
(1) has the meaning given the term in [section 2331 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2331&num=0&edition=prelim), United States Code; and
(2) does not include any act of war (as defined in that section).
**(b) Responsibility of Foreign States.—** A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States in any case in which money damages are sought against a foreign state for physical injury to person or property or death occurring in the United States and caused by—
(1) an act of international terrorism in the United States; and
(2) a tortious act or acts of the foreign state, or of any official, employee, or agent of that foreign state while acting within the scope of his or her office, employment, or agency, regardless where the tortious act or acts of the foreign state occurred.
**(c) Claims by Nationals of the United States.—** Notwithstanding [section 2337(2) of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2337/2&num=0&edition=prelim), a national of the United States may bring a claim against a foreign state in accordance with section 2333 of that title if the foreign state would not be immune under subsection (b).
**(d) Rule of Construction.—** A foreign state shall not be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States under subsection (b) on the basis of an omission or a tortious act or acts that constitute mere negligence.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Designation**
(1) **In general** — The Secretary is authorized to designate an organization as a foreign terrorist organization in accordance with this subsection if the Secretary finds that—
(A) the organization is a foreign organization;
(B) the organization engages in terrorist activity (as defined in [section 1182(a)(3)(B) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1182/a/3/B&num=0&edition=prelim) or terrorism (as defined in [section 2656f(d)(2) of title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2656f/d/2&num=0&edition=prelim)), or retains the capability and intent to engage in terrorist activity or terrorism) 11 So in original. The closing parenthesis probably should follow “[section 1182(a)(3)(B) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1182/a/3/B&num=0&edition=prelim)”.; and
(C) the terrorist activity or terrorism of the organization threatens the security of United States nationals or the national security of the United States.
(2) **Procedure**
(A) *Notice*
(i) *To congressional leaders* — Seven days before making a designation under this subsection, the Secretary shall, by classified communication, notify the Speaker and Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, the President pro tempore, Majority Leader, and Minority Leader of the Senate, and the members of the relevant committees of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in writing, of the intent to designate an organization under this subsection, together with the findings made under paragraph (1) with respect to that organization, and the factual basis therefor.
(ii) *Publication in Federal Register* — The Secretary shall publish th
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General Venue.—** Any civil action under [section 2333 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2333&num=0&edition=prelim) against any person may be instituted in the district court of the United States for any district where any plaintiff resides or where any defendant resides or is served, or has an agent. Process in such a civil action may be served in any district where the defendant resides, is found, or has an agent.
**(b) Special Maritime or Territorial Jurisdiction.—** If the actions giving rise to the claim occurred within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, as defined in [section 7 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section7&num=0&edition=prelim), then any civil action under [section 2333 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2333&num=0&edition=prelim) against any person may be instituted in the district court of the United States for any district in which any plaintiff resides or the defendant resides, is served, or has an agent.
**(c) Service on Witnesses.—** A witness in a civil action brought under [section 2333 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2333&num=0&edition=prelim) may be served in any other district where the defendant resides, is found, or has an agent.
**(d) Convenience of the Forum.—** The district court shall not dismiss any action brought under [section 2333 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2333&num=0&edition=prelim) on the grounds of the inconvenience or inappropriateness of the forum chosen, unless—
(1) the action may be maintained in
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2334
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless the context indicates otherwise—
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of courts of the United States or of the States in any case—
(1) in which the foreign state has waived its immunity either explicitly or by implication, notwithstanding any withdrawal of the waiver which the foreign state may purport to effect except in accordance with the terms of the waiver;
(2) in which the action is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state; or upon an act performed in the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere; or upon an act outside the territory of the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere and that act causes a direct effect in the United States;
(3) in which rights in property taken in violation of international law are in issue and that property or any property exchanged for such property is present in the United States in connection with a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state; or that property or any property exchanged for such property is owned or operated by an agency or instrumentality of the foreign state and that agency or instrumentality is engaged in a commercial activity in the United States;
(4) in which rights in property in the United States acquired by succession or gift or rights in immovable property situated in the United States are in issue;
(5) not otherwise encompassed in paragraph (2) above, in which money damages are sought against a foreign state for personal injury or death, or damage to or loss of property, occurring in the United States and caused by the tortious act or omission of that foreign state or of any official or employee of that foreign state while acting within the sc
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter—
(1) the term “international terrorism” means activities that—
(A) involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State;
(B) appear to be intended—
(i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population;
(ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or
(iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and
(C) occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum;
(2) the term “national of the United States” has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act;
(3) the term “person” means any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property;
(4) the term “act of war” means any act occurring in the course of—
(A) declared war;
(B) armed conflict, whether or not war has been declared, between two or more nations; or
(C) armed conflict between military forces of any origin;
(5) the term “domestic terrorism” means activities that—
(A) involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State;
(B) appear to be intended—
(i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population;
(ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or
(iii) to affect the conduct of a gover
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2331
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** Subject to subsection (b), a suit for recovery of damages under [section 2333 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2333&num=0&edition=prelim) shall not be maintained unless commenced within 10 years after the date the cause of action accrued.
**(b) Calculation of Period.—** The time of the absence of the defendant from the United States or from any jurisdiction in which the same or a similar action arising from the same facts may be maintained by the plaintiff, or of any concealment of the defendant’s whereabouts, shall not be included in the 10-year period set forth in subsection (a).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2335
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For purposes of this chapter—
**(a)** A “foreign state”, except as used in [section 1608 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1608&num=0&edition=prelim), includes a political subdivision of a foreign state or an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state as defined in subsection (b).
**(b)** An “agency or instrumentality of a foreign state” means any entity—
(1) which is a separate legal person, corporate or otherwise, and
(2) which is an organ of a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, or a majority of whose shares or other ownership interest is owned by a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, and
(3) which is neither a citizen of a State of the United States as defined in section 1332 (c) and (e) of this title, nor created under the laws of any third country.
**(c)** The “United States” includes all territory and waters, continental or insular, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
**(d)** A “commercial activity” means either a regular course of commercial conduct or a particular commercial transaction or act. The commercial character of an activity shall be determined by reference to the nature of the course of conduct or particular transaction or act, rather than by reference to its purpose.
**(e)** A “commercial activity carried on in the United States by a foreign state” means commercial activity carried on by such state and having substantial contact with the United States.
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