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22 U.S.C. § 5851 — Authorization for establishment of Democracy Corps
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment; purpose** The President is authorized to provide for the establishment of the Democracy Corps as a private nonprofit organization, incorporated in the District of Columbia, whose purpose shall be to maintain a presence in the independent states of the former Soviet Union as described in subsection (c).
**(b) Board of Directors** The Board of Directors of the Democracy Corps shall have not more than 10 members, appointed by the President. Individuals appointed to the Board—
(1) shall, individually or through the organizations they represent, have experience and expertise appropriate to carrying out the purpose of the Democracy Corps, including involvement either with activities of the type described in subsection (d) or in the independent states;
(2) shall be United States citizens; and
(3) may not be officers or employees of the United States Government or Members of Congress.
**(c) Grants to Democracy Corps; purpose** The Administrator is authorized to make an annual grant to the Democracy Corps with the funds made available pursuant to this section. The purpose of such grants shall be to enable the Democracy Corps to maintain a presence in independent states of the former Soviet Union that will assist at the local level in the development of—
(1) institutions of democratic governance (including judicial, electoral, legislative, and administrative processes), and
(2) the nongovernmental organizations of a civil society (including charitable, educational, trade union, business, professional, voluntary, community, and other civic organizations),
by mobilizing the expertise of the American people to provide practical assistance through “on the ground” person-to-person advice, technical assistance, and small grants to indigenous individuals and
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-22/section-5851-authorization-for-establishment-of-democracy-corps--8a1bb0892f.md
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 67, § 5851; chapter-067-freedom-for-russia-and-emerging-eurasian-democracies-and-open-markets-support.md
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**(a) Establishment; purpose** The President is authorized to provide for the establishment of the Democracy Corps as a private nonprofit organization, incorporated in the District of Columbia, whose purpose shall be to maintain a presence in the independent states of the former Soviet Union as described in subsection (c).
**(b) Board of Directors** The Board of Directors of the Democracy Corps shall have not more than 10 members, appointed by the President. Individuals appointed to the Board—
(1) shall, individually or through the organizations they represent, have experience and expertise appropriate to carrying out the purpose of the Democracy Corps, including involvement either with activities of the type described in subsection (d) or in the independent states;
(2) shall be United States citizens; and
(3) may not be officers or employees of the United States Government or Members of Congress.
**(c) Grants to Democracy Corps; purpose** The Administrator is authorized to make an annual grant to the Democracy Corps with the funds made available pursuant to this section. The purpose of such grants shall be to enable the Democracy Corps to maintain a presence in independent states of the former Soviet Union that will assist at the local level in the development of—
(1) institutions of democratic governance (including judicial, electoral, legislative, and administrative processes), and
(2) the nongovernmental organizations of a civil society (including charitable, educational, trade union, business, professional, voluntary, community, and other civic organizations),
by mobilizing the expertise of the American people to provide practical assistance through “on the ground” person-to-person advice, technical assistance, and small grants to indigenous individuals and indigenous entities, in accordance with subsection (d).
**(d) Activities** The Democracy Corps shall be required to carry out its purpose through the placement within the independent states of teams of United States citizens with appropriate expertise and knowledge. Under guidelines developed by the Board, these teams shall assist indigenous individuals and entities in the independent states that are involved in the development of the institutions and organizations referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (c) by—
(1) providing advice and technical assistance;
(2) making small grants (which in most cases should not exceed $5,000) to such individuals and entities to assist the development of those institutions and organizations;
(3) identifying other sources of assistance; and
(4) operating local centers to serve as information, logistical, and educational centers and otherwise encourage cooperation and effectiveness by those involved in the development of democratic institutions, a market-oriented economy, and a civil society in the independent states.
These local centers may be designated as “Democracy Houses” or given another appropriate appellation.
**(e) Grant agreement** Grants under this section shall be made pursuant to a grant agreement requiring the Democracy Corps to comply with the requirements specified in this section and with such other terms and conditions as the Administrator may require, which shall include requirements regarding consultation with the coordinator designated pursuant to [section 5812(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section5812/a&num=0&edition=prelim), conflicts of interest, and accountability for funds, including a requirement for annual independent audits.
**(f) Coordination** The Democracy Corps shall be required to—
(1) coordinate its activities pursuant to this section with the programs and activities of other entities operating in or providing assistance to the independent states of the former Soviet Union in support of the development of democratic institutions, a market-oriented economy, and a civil society; and
(2) ensure that its activities pursuant to this section are designed to avoid duplication with activities carried out under other United States Government foreign assistance and international information, educational, cultural, and exchange programs.
**(g) Prohibition on campaign financing** Funds made available to the Democracy Corps under this section may not be expended by the Democracy Corps, or any recipient of a grant from the Democracy Corps, to finance the campaigns of candidates for public office.
**(h) Freedom of information**
(1) **In general** — Notwithstanding the fact that the Democracy Corps is not an agency or establishment of the United States Government, the Democracy Corps shall be required to comply fully with all of the provisions of [section 552 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section552&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Publication in Federal Register** — For purposes of complying pursuant to paragraph (1) with [section 552(a)(1) of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section552/a/1&num=0&edition=prelim), the Democracy Corps shall make available to the Administrator such records and other information as the Administrator determines may be necessary for such purposes. The Administrator shall cause such records and other information to be published in the Federal Register.
(3) **AID review** — In the event that the Democracy Corps determines not to comply with a request for records under [section 552 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section552&num=0&edition=prelim), the Democracy Corps shall submit a report to the Administrator explaining the reasons for not complying with such request. If the Administrator approves such determination, the Agency for International Development shall assume full responsibility, including financial responsibility, for defending the Democracy Corps in any litigation relating to such request. If the Administrator disapproves such determination, the Democracy Corps shall be required to comply with such request.
**(i) Annual reports** The Board shall be required to submit to the Administrator and the Congress, not later than January 31 each year, a comprehensive report on the activities of the Democracy Corps. Each such report shall list each grant made by the Democracy Corps under subsection (d)(2) during the preceding fiscal year, specifying the grantee and the amount of the grant.
**(j) Authorization of appropriations** Of the amount authorized to be appropriated to carry out chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [[22 U.S.C. 2295](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2295&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], up to $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1993 are authorized to be appropriated for grants to the Democracy Corps under this section, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose.
**(k) Sunset provision** Grants may not be made to the Democracy Corps under this section after the end of fiscal year 1997.
**(l) Definitions** As used in this section—
(1) the term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Agency for International Development; and
(2) the term “Board” means the Board of Directors of the Democracy Corps.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
(a) United States development cooperation policy
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2151
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Each agency shall make available to the public information as follows:
(1) Each agency shall separately state and currently publish in the Federal Register for the guidance of the public—
(A) descriptions of its central and field organization and the established places at which, the employees (and in the case of a uniformed service, the members) from whom, and the methods whereby, the public may obtain information, make submittals or requests, or obtain decisions;
(B) statements of the general course and method by which its functions are channeled and determined, including the nature and requirements of all formal and informal procedures available;
(C) rules of procedure, descriptions of forms available or the places at which forms may be obtained, and instructions as to the scope and contents of all papers, reports, or examinations;
(D) substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of general policy or interpretations of general applicability formulated and adopted by the agency; and
(E) each amendment, revision, or repeal of the foregoing.
Except to the extent that a person has actual and timely notice of the terms thereof, a person may not in any manner be required to resort to, or be adversely affected by, a matter required to be published in the Federal Register and not so published. For the purpose of this paragraph, matter reasonably available to the class of persons affected thereby is deemed published in the Federal Register when incorporated by reference therein with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register.
(2) Each agency, in accordance with published rules, shall make available for public inspection in an electronic format—
(A) final opinions, including concurring and dissen
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 552
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The President is authorized to provide assistance to the independent states of the former Soviet Union under this part for the following activities:
(1) **Urgent humanitarian needs** — Meeting urgent humanitarian needs (including those arising from the health effects of exposure to radiation in the Chernobyl region), in particular—
(A) meeting needs for medicine, medical supplies and equipment, and food, including the nutritional needs of infants such as processed baby food; and
(B) continuing efforts to rebuild from the earthquake in Armenia.
(2) **Democracy and rule of law** — Establishing a democratic and free society by fostering—
(A) political, social, and economic pluralism;
(B) respect for internationally recognized human rights and the rule of law;
(C) the development of institutions of democratic governance, including electoral and legislative processes;
(D) the institution and improvement of public administration at the national, intergovernmental, regional, and local level;
(E) development and support of grass-roots and nongovernmental organizations promoting democracy, the rule of law, transparency, and accountability in the political process, including grants in small amounts to such organizations;
(F) international exchanges and other forms of public diplomacy to promote greater understanding on how democracy, the public policy process, market institutions, and an independent judiciary function in Western societies;
(G) political parties and coalitions committed to promoting democracy, human rights, and economic reforms;
(H) support for civic organizations committed to promoting human rights;
(I) the development of effective control by elected civilian officials over, and the development of a nonpolitical officer corps in
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2295
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Coordination** The President shall designate, within the Department of State, a coordinator who shall be responsible for—
(1) designing an overall assistance and economic cooperation strategy for the independent states of the former Soviet Union;
(2) ensuring program and policy coordination among agencies of the United States Government in carrying out the policies set forth in this Act (including the amendments made by this Act and chapter 12 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [[22 U.S.C. 2296](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2296&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.]);
(3) pursuing coordination with other countries and international organizations with respect to assistance to independent states;
(4) ensuring that United States assistance programs for the independent states are consistent with this Act (including the amendments made by this Act and chapter 12 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [[22 U.S.C. 2296](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2296&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.]);
(5) ensuring proper management, implementation, and oversight by agencies responsible for assistance programs for the independent states; and
(6) resolving policy and program disputes among United States Government agencies with respect to United States assistance for the independent states.
**(b) Export promotion activities** Consistent with subsection (a), coordination of activities related to the promotion of exports of United States goods and services to the independent states of the former Soviet Union shall continue to be primarily the responsibility of the Secretary of Commerce, in the Secretary’s role as Chair of the Trade Promotion Coordination Committee.
**(c) Inte
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 5813
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 763
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§ 2295
PART
XI—SUPPORT
FOR
ECONOMIC
AND
DEMO-
CRATIC
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
INDEPENDENT
STATES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION
§ 2295. Assistance for the independent states
The President is authorized to provide assist-
ance to the independent states of the former So-
viet Union under this part for the following ac-
tivities:
(1) Urgent humanitarian needs
Meeting urgent humanitarian needs (includ-
ing those arising from the health effects of ex-
posure to radiation in the Chernobyl region),
in particular—
(A) meeting needs for medicine, medical
supplies and equipment, and food, including
the nutritional needs of infants such as proc-
essed baby food; and
(B) continuing efforts to rebuild from the
earthquake in Armenia.
(2) Democracy and rule of law
Establishing a democratic and free society
by fostering—
(A) political, social, and economic plu-
ralism;
(B) respect for internationally recognized
human rights and the rule of law;
(C) the development of institutions of
democratic governance, including electoral
and legislative processes;
(D) the institution and improvement of
public administration at the national, inter-
governmental, regional, and local level;
(E) development and support of grass-roots
and nongovernmental organizations pro-
moting democracy, the rule of law, trans-
parency, and accountability in the political
process, including grants in small amounts
to such organizations;
(F) international exchanges and other
forms of public diplomacy to promote great-
er understanding on how democracy, the
public policy process, market institutions,
and an independent judiciary function in
Western societies;
(G) political parties and coalitions com-
mitted to promoting democracy, human
rights, an
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 2295
Stored review status: historical_2024_not_currentness_verified. The source passage cites 22 U.S.C. § 2295. This identifies an authority to review, not proof of applicability.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1715
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§ 5852
be necessary for such purposes. The Adminis-
trator shall cause such records and other in-
formation to be published in the Federal Reg-
ister.
(3) AID review
In the event that the Democracy Corps de-
termines not to comply with a request for
records under section 552 of title 5, the Democ-
racy Corps shall submit a report to the Admin-
istrator explaining the reasons for not com-
plying with such request. If the Administrator
approves such determination, the Agency for
International Development shall assume full
responsibility, including financial responsi-
bility, for defending the Democracy Corps in
any litigation relating to such request. If the
Administrator disapproves such determina-
tion, the Democracy Corps shall be required to
comply with such request.
(i) Annual reports
The Board shall be required to submit to the
Administrator and the Congress, not later than
January 31 each year, a comprehensive report on
the activities of the Democracy Corps. Each
such report shall list each grant made by the
Democracy Corps under subsection (d)(2) during
the preceding fiscal year, specifying the grantee
and the amount of the grant.
(j) Authorization of appropriations
Of the amount authorized to be appropriated
to carry out chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.], up
to $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1993 are authorized
to be appropriated for grants to the Democracy
Corps under this section, in addition to amounts
otherwise available for such purpose.
(k) Sunset provision
Grants may not be made to the Democracy
Corps under this section after the end of fiscal
year 1997.
(l) Definitions
As used in this section—
(1) the term ‘‘Administrator’’ m
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 5851
Stored review status: historical_2024_not_currentness_verified. Same stored citation; legal effect and authority still require review.