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18 U.S.C. § 2721 — Prohibition on release and use of certain personal information from State motor vehicle records
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** A State department of motor vehicles, and any officer, employee, or contractor thereof, shall not knowingly disclose or otherwise make available to any person or entity:
(1) personal information, as defined in [18 U.S.C. 2725(3)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2725/3&num=0&edition=prelim), about any individual obtained by the department in connection with a motor vehicle record, except as provided in subsection (b) of this section; or
(2) highly restricted personal information, as defined in [18 U.S.C. 2725(4)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2725/4&num=0&edition=prelim), about any individual obtained by the department in connection with a motor vehicle record, without the express consent of the person to whom such information applies, except uses permitted in subsections (b)(1), (b)(4), (b)(6), and (b)(9): Provided, That subsection (a)(2) shall not in any way affect the use of organ donation information on an individual’s driver’s license or affect the administration of organ donation initiatives in the States.
**(b) Permissible Uses.—** Personal information referred to in subsection (a) shall be disclosed for use in connection with matters of motor vehicle or driver safety and theft, motor vehicle emissions, motor vehicle product alterations, recalls, or advisories, performance monitoring of motor vehicles and dealers by motor vehicle manufacturers, and removal of non-owner records from the original owner records of motor vehicle manufacturers to carry out the purposes of titles I and IV of the Anti Car Theft Act of 1992, the Automobile Information Disclosure Act ([15 U.S.C. 1231](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-18/section-2721-prohibition-on-release-and-use-of-certain-personal-information-from-stat--0532dbeeaf.md
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 123, § 2721; chapter-123-prohibition-on-release-and-use-of-certain-personal-information-from-state-motor-vehicle-records.md
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**(a) In General.—** A State department of motor vehicles, and any officer, employee, or contractor thereof, shall not knowingly disclose or otherwise make available to any person or entity:
(1) personal information, as defined in [18 U.S.C. 2725(3)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2725/3&num=0&edition=prelim), about any individual obtained by the department in connection with a motor vehicle record, except as provided in subsection (b) of this section; or
(2) highly restricted personal information, as defined in [18 U.S.C. 2725(4)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2725/4&num=0&edition=prelim), about any individual obtained by the department in connection with a motor vehicle record, without the express consent of the person to whom such information applies, except uses permitted in subsections (b)(1), (b)(4), (b)(6), and (b)(9): Provided, That subsection (a)(2) shall not in any way affect the use of organ donation information on an individual’s driver’s license or affect the administration of organ donation initiatives in the States.
**(b) Permissible Uses.—** Personal information referred to in subsection (a) shall be disclosed for use in connection with matters of motor vehicle or driver safety and theft, motor vehicle emissions, motor vehicle product alterations, recalls, or advisories, performance monitoring of motor vehicles and dealers by motor vehicle manufacturers, and removal of non-owner records from the original owner records of motor vehicle manufacturers to carry out the purposes of titles I and IV of the Anti Car Theft Act of 1992, the Automobile Information Disclosure Act ([15 U.S.C. 1231](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1231&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), the Clean Air Act ([42 U.S.C. 7401](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7401&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), and chapters 301, 305, and 321–331 of title 49, and, subject to subsection (a)(2), may be disclosed as follows:
(1) For use by any government agency, including any court or law enforcement agency, in carrying out its functions, or any private person or entity acting on behalf of a Federal, State, or local agency in carrying out its functions.
(2) For use in connection with matters of motor vehicle or driver safety and theft; motor vehicle emissions; motor vehicle product alterations, recalls, or advisories; performance monitoring of motor vehicles, motor vehicle parts and dealers; motor vehicle market research activities, including survey research; and removal of non-owner records from the original owner records of motor vehicle manufacturers.
(3) For use in the normal course of business by a legitimate business or its agents, employees, or contractors, but only—
(A) to verify the accuracy of personal information submitted by the individual to the business or its agents, employees, or contractors; and
(B) if such information as so submitted is not correct or is no longer correct, to obtain the correct information, but only for the purposes of preventing fraud by, pursuing legal remedies against, or recovering on a debt or security interest against, the individual.
(4) For use in connection with any civil, criminal, administrative, or arbitral proceeding in any Federal, State, or local court or agency or before any self-regulatory body, including the service of process, investigation in anticipation of litigation, and the execution or enforcement of judgments and orders, or pursuant to an order of a Federal, State, or local court.
(5) For use in research activities, and for use in producing statistical reports, so long as the personal information is not published, redisclosed, or used to contact individuals.
(6) For use by any insurer or insurance support organization, or by a self-insured entity, or its agents, employees, or contractors, in connection with claims investigation activities, antifraud activities, rating or underwriting.
(7) For use in providing notice to the owners of towed or impounded vehicles.
(8) For use by any licensed private investigative agency or licensed security service for any purpose permitted under this subsection.
(9) For use by an employer or its agent or insurer to obtain or verify information relating to a holder of a commercial driver’s license that is required under chapter 313 of title 49.
(10) For use in connection with the operation of private toll transportation facilities.
(11) For any other use in response to requests for individual motor vehicle records if the State has obtained the express consent of the person to whom such personal information pertains.
(12) For bulk distribution for surveys, marketing or solicitations if the State has obtained the express consent of the person to whom such personal information pertains.
(13) For use by any requester, if the requester demonstrates it has obtained the written consent of the individual to whom the information pertains.
(14) For any other use specifically authorized under the law of the State that holds the record, if such use is related to the operation of a motor vehicle or public safety.
**(c) Resale or Redisclosure.—** An authorized recipient of personal information (except a recipient under subsection (b)(11) or (12)) may resell or redisclose the information only for a use permitted under subsection (b) (but not for uses under subsection (b)(11) or (12)). An authorized recipient under subsection (b)(11) may resell or redisclose personal information for any purpose. An authorized recipient under subsection (b)(12) may resell or redisclose personal information pursuant to subsection (b)(12). Any authorized recipient (except a recipient under subsection (b)(11)) that resells or rediscloses personal information covered by this chapter must keep for a period of 5 years records identifying each person or entity that receives information and the permitted purpose for which the information will be used and must make such records available to the motor vehicle department upon request.
**(d) Waiver Procedures.—** A State motor vehicle department may establish and carry out procedures under which the department or its agents, upon receiving a request for personal information that does not fall within one of the exceptions in subsection (b), may mail a copy of the request to the individual about whom the information was requested, informing such individual of the request, together with a statement to the effect that the information will not be released unless the individual waives such individual’s right to privacy under this section.
**(e) Prohibition on Conditions.—** No State may condition or burden in any way the issuance of an individual’s motor vehicle record as defined in [18 U.S.C. 2725(1)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2725/1&num=0&edition=prelim) to obtain express consent. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prohibit a State from charging an administrative fee for issuance of a motor vehicle record.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Informed use of credit** The Congress finds that economic stabilization would be enhanced and the competition among the various financial institutions and other firms engaged in the extension of consumer credit would be strengthened by the informed use of credit. The informed use of credit results from an awareness of the cost thereof by consumers. It is the purpose of this subchapter to assure a meaningful disclosure of credit terms so that the consumer will be able to compare more readily the various credit terms available to him and avoid the uninformed use of credit, and to protect the consumer against inaccurate and unfair credit billing and credit card practices.
**(b) Terms of personal property leases** The Congress also finds that there has been a recent trend toward leasing automobiles and other durable goods for consumer use as an alternative to installment credit sales and that these leases have been offered without adequate cost disclosures. It is the purpose of this subchapter to assure a meaningful disclosure of the terms of leases of personal property for personal, family, or household purposes so as to enable the lessee to compare more readily the various lease terms available to him, limit balloon payments in consumer leasing, enable comparison of lease terms with credit terms where appropriate, and to assure meaningful and accurate disclosures of lease terms in advertisements.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 1601
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Definitions and rules of construction set forth in this section are applicable for the purposes of this subchapter.
**(b)** The term “person” means any individual, partnership, corporation, trust, estate, cooperative, association, government or governmental subdivision or agency, or other entity.
**(c)** The term “consumer” means an individual.
**(d) Consumer Report.—**
(1) **In general.—** — The term “consumer report” means any written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer reporting agency bearing on a consumer’s credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer’s eligibility for—
(A) credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes;
(B) employment purposes; or
(C) any other purpose authorized under [section 1681b of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Exclusions.—** — Except as provided in paragraph (3), the term “consumer report” does not include—
(A) subject to [section 1681s–3 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681s-3&num=0&edition=prelim), any—
(i) report containing information solely as to transactions or experiences between the consumer and the person making the report;
(ii) communication of that information among persons related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control; or
(iii) communication of other information among persons related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control, if it
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 1681a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For purposes of this chapter—
**(a)** The term “manufacturer” shall mean any person engaged in the manufacturing or assembling of new automobiles, including any person importing new automobiles for resale and any person who acts for and is under the control of such manufacturer, assembler, or importer in connection with the distribution of new automobiles.
**(b)** The term “person” means an individual, partnership, corporation, business trust, or any organized group of persons.
**(c)** The term “automobile” includes any passenger car or station wagon.
**(d)** The term “new automobile” means an automobile the equitable or legal title to which has never been transferred by a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer to an ultimate purchaser.
**(e)** The term “dealer” shall mean any person resident or located in the United States or any Territory thereof or in the District of Columbia engaged in the sale or the distribution of new automobiles to the ultimate purchaser.
**(f)** The term “final assembly point” means—
(1) in the case of a new automobile manufactured or assembled in the United States, or in any Territory of the United States, the plant, factory, or other place at which a new automobile is produced or assembled by a manufacturer and from which such automobile is delivered to a dealer in such a condition that all component parts necessary to the mechanical operation of such automobile are included with such automobile, whether or not such component parts are permanently installed in or on such automobile; and
(2) in the case of a new automobile imported into the United States, the port of importation.
**(g)** The term “ultimate purchaser” means, with respect to any new automobile, the first person, other than a dealer purchasing in his capacity as a dealer,
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 1231
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Findings** The Congress finds—
(1) that the predominant part of the Nation’s population is located in its rapidly expanding metropolitan and other urban areas, which generally cross the boundary lines of local jurisdictions and often extend into two or more States;
(2) that the growth in the amount and complexity of air pollution brought about by urbanization, industrial development, and the increasing use of motor vehicles, has resulted in mounting dangers to the public health and welfare, including injury to agricultural crops and livestock, damage to and the deterioration of property, and hazards to air and ground transportation;
(3) that air pollution prevention (that is, the reduction or elimination, through any measures, of the amount of pollutants produced or created at the source) and air pollution control at its source is the primary responsibility of States and local governments; and
(4) that Federal financial assistance and leadership is essential for the development of cooperative Federal, State, regional, and local programs to prevent and control air pollution.
**(b) Declaration** The purposes of this subchapter are—
(1) to protect and enhance the quality of the Nation’s air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare and the productive capacity of its population;
(2) to initiate and accelerate a national research and development program to achieve the prevention and control of air pollution;
(3) to provide technical and financial assistance to State and local governments in connection with the development and execution of their air pollution prevention and control programs; and
(4) to encourage and assist the development and operation of regional air pollution prevention and control programs.
**(c) Pollution prevention** A prim
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 7401
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever within or upon any of the places now existing or hereafter reserved or acquired as provided in [section 7 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section7&num=0&edition=prelim), or on, above, or below any portion of the territorial sea of the United States not within the jurisdiction of any State, Commonwealth, territory, possession, or district is guilty of any act or omission which, although not made punishable by any enactment of Congress, would be punishable if committed or omitted within the jurisdiction of the State, Territory, Possession, or District in which such place is situated, by the laws thereof in force at the time of such act or omission, shall be guilty of a like offense and subject to a like punishment.
**(b)**
(1) Subject to paragraph (2) and for purposes of subsection (a) of this section, that which may or shall be imposed through judicial or administrative action under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, for a conviction for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol, shall be considered to be a punishment provided by that law. Any limitation on the right or privilege to operate a motor vehicle imposed under this subsection shall apply only to the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States.
(2)
(A) In addition to any term of imprisonment provided for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a drug or alcohol imposed under the law of a State, territory, possession, or district, the punishment for such an offense under this section shall include an additional term of imprisonment of not more than 1 year, or if serious bodily injury of a minor is caused, not more than 5 years, or if death of a minor is caused, no
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 13
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Procurement for Unlawful Purpose.—** It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly to obtain or disclose personal information, from a motor vehicle record, for any use not permitted under [section 2721(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2721/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) False Representation.—** It shall be unlawful for any person to make false representation to obtain any personal information from an individual’s motor vehicle record.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2722
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Criminal Fine.—** A person who knowingly violates this chapter shall be fined under this title.
**(b) Violations by State Department of Motor Vehicles.—** Any State department of motor vehicles that has a policy or practice of substantial noncompliance with this chapter shall be subject to a civil penalty imposed by the Attorney General of not more than $5,000 a day for each day of substantial noncompliance.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2723
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Cause of Action.—** A person who knowingly obtains, discloses or uses personal information, from a motor vehicle record, for a purpose not permitted under this chapter shall be liable to the individual to whom the information pertains, who may bring a civil action in a United States district court.
**(b) Remedies.—** The court may award—
(1) actual damages, but not less than liquidated damages in the amount of $2,500;
(2) punitive damages upon proof of willful or reckless disregard of the law;
(3) reasonable attorneys’ fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred; and
(4) such other preliminary and equitable relief as the court determines to be appropriate.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2724
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter—
(1) “motor vehicle record” means any record that pertains to a motor vehicle operator’s permit, motor vehicle title, motor vehicle registration, or identification card issued by a department of motor vehicles;
(2) “person” means an individual, organization or entity, but does not include a State or agency thereof;
(3) “personal information” means information that identifies an individual, including an individual’s photograph, social security number, driver identification number, name, address (but not the 5-digit zip code), telephone number, and medical or disability information, but does not include information on vehicular accidents, driving violations, and driver’s status.11 So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
(4) “highly restricted personal information” means an individual’s photograph or image, social security number, medical or disability information; and
(5) “express consent” means consent in writing, including consent conveyed electronically that bears an electronic signature as defined in section 106(5) of Public Law 106–229.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2725
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Information Systems and Data Analysis.—**
(1) **In general.—** — Subject to the provisions of this section, the Secretary shall establish and operate motor carrier, commercial motor vehicle, and driver information systems and data analysis programs to support safety regulatory and enforcement activities required under this title.
(2) **Network coordination.—** — In cooperation with the States, the information systems under this section shall be coordinated into a network providing accurate identification of motor carriers and drivers, commercial motor vehicle registration and license tracking, and motor carrier, commercial motor vehicle, and driver safety performance data.
(3) **Data analysis capacity and programs.—** — The Secretary shall develop and maintain under this section data analysis capacity and programs that provide the means to—
(A) identify and collect necessary motor carrier, commercial motor vehicle, and driver data;
(B) evaluate the safety fitness of motor carriers and drivers;
(C) develop strategies to mitigate safety problems and to use data analysis to address and measure the effectiveness of such strategies and related programs;
(D) determine the cost-effectiveness of Federal and State safety compliance and enforcement programs and other countermeasures;
(E) adapt, improve, and incorporate other information and information systems as the Secretary determines appropriate;
(F) ensure, to the maximum extent practical, all the data is complete, timely, and accurate across all information systems and initiatives;
(G) establish and implement a national motor carrier safety data correction system; and
(H) determine whether a person or employer is or was related, through common ownership, common management, common control, or
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 31106
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