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45 U.S.C. § 181 — Application of subchapter I to carriers by air
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
All of the provisions of subchapter I of this chapter except [section 153 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title45-section153&num=0&edition=prelim) are extended to and shall cover every common carrier by air engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, and every carrier by air transporting mail for or under contract with the United States Government, and every air pilot or other person who performs any work as an employee or subordinate official of such carrier or carriers, subject to its or their continuing authority to supervise and direct the manner of rendition of his service.
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-45/section-181-application-of-subchapter-i-to-carriers-by-air--6851e81c86.md
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Source location: Title 45, Chapter 8, § 181; chapter-008-railway-labor.md
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All of the provisions of subchapter I of this chapter except [section 153 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title45-section153&num=0&edition=prelim) are extended to and shall cover every common carrier by air engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, and every carrier by air transporting mail for or under contract with the United States Government, and every air pilot or other person who performs any work as an employee or subordinate official of such carrier or carriers, subject to its or their continuing authority to supervise and direct the manner of rendition of his service.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
First. Establishment; composition; powers and duties; divisions; hearings and awards; judicial review
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 45 U.S.C. § 153
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Minimum wage and maximum hour requirements** The provisions of sections 206 (except subsection (d) in the case of paragraph (1) of this subsection) and 207 of this title shall not apply with respect to—
(1) any employee employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity (including any employee employed in the capacity of academic administrative personnel or teacher in elementary or secondary schools), or in the capacity of outside salesman (as such terms are defined and delimited from time to time by regulations of the Secretary, subject to the provisions of subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5, except that an employee of a retail or service establishment shall not be excluded from the definition of employee employed in a bona fide executive or administrative capacity because of the number of hours in his workweek which he devotes to activities not directly or closely related to the performance of executive or administrative activities, if less than 40 per centum of his hours worked in the workweek are devoted to such activities); or
(2) Repealed. Pub. L. 101–157, § 3(c)(1), Nov. 17, 1989, 103 Stat. 939.
(3) any employee employed by an establishment which is an amusement or recreational establishment, organized camp, or religious or non-profit educational conference center, if (A) it does not operate for more than seven months in any calendar year, or (B) during the preceding calendar year, its average receipts for any six months of such year were not more than 33⅓ per centum of its average receipts for the other six months of such year, except that the exemption from sections 206 and 207 of this title provided by this paragraph does not apply with respect to any employee of a private entity engaged in providing services or facilities
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions.—** In this section—
(1) “copilot” means an employee whose duties include assisting or relieving the pilot in manipulating an aircraft and who is qualified to serve as, and has in effect an airman certificate authorizing the employee to serve as, a copilot.
(2) “pilot” means an employee who is—
(A) responsible for manipulating or who manipulates the flight controls of an aircraft when under way, including the landing and takeoff of an aircraft; and
(B) qualified to serve as, and has in effect an airman certificate authorizing the employee to serve as, a pilot.
**(b) Duties of Air Carriers.—** An air carrier shall—
(1) maintain rates of compensation, maximum hours, and other working conditions and relations for its pilots and copilots who are providing interstate air transportation in the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia to conform with decision number 83, May 10, 1934, National Labor Board, notwithstanding any limitation in that decision on the period of its effectiveness;
(2) maintain rates of compensation for its pilots and copilots who are providing foreign air transportation or air transportation only in one territory or possession of the United States; and
(3) comply with title II of the Railway Labor Act ([45 U.S.C. 181](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title45-section181&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.) as long as it holds its certificate.
**(c) Minimum Annual Rate of Compensation.—** A minimum annual rate under subsection (b)(2) of this section may not be less than the annual rate required to be paid for comparable service to a pilot or copilot under subsection (b)(1) of this section.
**(d) Collective Bargaining.—** This section does not prevent pilots or copilots of an air carrier from o
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 42112
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 27
TITLE 45—RAILROADS
§ 185
Transportation and Infrastructure of the House
of Representatives, the Committee on Com-
merce, Science, and Transportation of the Sen-
ate, and the Committee on Health, Education,
Labor, and Pensions of the Senate.
(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 15, as added Pub. L.
112–95, title X, § 1004, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 147.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
BIANNUAL GAO AUDIT
Pub. L. 118–63, title II, § 218(o), May 16, 2024, 138 Stat.
1057, provided that: ‘‘Any provision of the FAA Mod-
ernization and Reform Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–95)
[see Short Title of 2012 Amendment note set out under
section 40101 of Title 49, Transportation], including any
amendment made by such Act, that requires the Comp-
troller General [of the United States] to conduct an
audit (including a recurring audit) shall have no force
or effect.’’
SUBCHAPTER II—CARRIERS BY AIR
§ 181. Application of subchapter I to carriers by
air
All of the provisions of subchapter I of this
chapter except section 153 of this title are ex-
tended to and shall cover every common carrier
by air engaged in interstate or foreign com-
merce, and every carrier by air transporting
mail for or under contract with the United
States Government, and every air pilot or other
person who performs any work as an employee
or subordinate official of such carrier or car-
riers, subject to its or their continuing author-
ity to supervise and direct the manner of ren-
dition of his service.
(May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 201, as added Apr. 10, 1936,
ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1189.)
§ 182. Duties, penalties, benefits, and privileges
of subchapter I applicable
The duties, requirements, penalties, benefits,
and privileges prescribed and established by the
provisions of subchapter I of this
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 45 U.S.C. § 181
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