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22 U.S.C. § 6001 — Findings
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The government of Fidel Castro has demonstrated consistent disregard for internationally accepted standards of human rights and for democratic values. It restricts the Cuban people’s exercise of freedom of speech, press, assembly, and other rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948. It has refused to admit into Cuba the representative of the United Nations Human Rights Commission appointed to investigate human rights violations on the island.
(2) The Cuban people have demonstrated their yearning for freedom and their increasing opposition to the Castro government by risking their lives in organizing independent, democratic activities on the island and by undertaking hazardous flights for freedom to the United States and other countries.
(3) The Castro government maintains a military-dominated economy that has decreased the well-being of the Cuban people in order to enable the government to engage in military interventions and subversive activities throughout the world and, especially, in the Western Hemisphere. These have included involvement in narcotics trafficking and support for the FMLN guerrillas in El Salvador.
(4) There is no sign that the Castro regime is prepared to make any significant concessions to democracy or to undertake any form of democratic opening. Efforts to suppress dissent through intimidation, imprisonment, and exile have accelerated since the political changes that have occurred in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
(5) Events in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe have dramatically reduced Cuba’s external support and threaten Cuba’s food and oil supplies.
(6) The fall of communism i
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 69, § 6001; chapter-069-cuban-democracy.md
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The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The government of Fidel Castro has demonstrated consistent disregard for internationally accepted standards of human rights and for democratic values. It restricts the Cuban people’s exercise of freedom of speech, press, assembly, and other rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948. It has refused to admit into Cuba the representative of the United Nations Human Rights Commission appointed to investigate human rights violations on the island.
(2) The Cuban people have demonstrated their yearning for freedom and their increasing opposition to the Castro government by risking their lives in organizing independent, democratic activities on the island and by undertaking hazardous flights for freedom to the United States and other countries.
(3) The Castro government maintains a military-dominated economy that has decreased the well-being of the Cuban people in order to enable the government to engage in military interventions and subversive activities throughout the world and, especially, in the Western Hemisphere. These have included involvement in narcotics trafficking and support for the FMLN guerrillas in El Salvador.
(4) There is no sign that the Castro regime is prepared to make any significant concessions to democracy or to undertake any form of democratic opening. Efforts to suppress dissent through intimidation, imprisonment, and exile have accelerated since the political changes that have occurred in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
(5) Events in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe have dramatically reduced Cuba’s external support and threaten Cuba’s food and oil supplies.
(6) The fall of communism in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the now universal recognition in Latin America and the Caribbean that Cuba provides a failed model of government and development, and the evident inability of Cuba’s economy to survive current trends, provide the United States and the international democratic community with an unprecedented opportunity to promote a peaceful transition to democracy in Cuba.
(7) However, Castro’s intransigence increases the likelihood that there could be a collapse of the Cuban economy, social upheaval, or widespread suffering. The recently concluded Cuban Communist Party Congress has underscored Castro’s unwillingness to respond positively to increasing pressures for reform either from within the party or without.
(8) The United States cooperated with its European and other allies to assist the difficult transitions from Communist regimes in Eastern Europe. Therefore, it is appropriate for those allies to cooperate with United States policy to promote a peaceful transition in Cuba.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Cuban trading partners** The President should encourage the governments of countries that conduct trade with Cuba to restrict their trade and credit relations with Cuba in a manner consistent with the purposes of this chapter.
**(b) Sanctions against countries assisting Cuba**
(1) **Sanctions** — The President may apply the following sanctions to any country that provides assistance to Cuba:
(A) The government of such country shall not be eligible for assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [[22 U.S.C. 2151](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2151&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.] or assistance or sales under the Arms Export Control Act [[22 U.S.C. 2751](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2751&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
(B) Such country shall not be eligible, under any program, for forgiveness or reduction of debt owed to the United States Government.
(2) **“Assistance to Cuba” defined** — For purposes of paragraph (1), the term “assistance to Cuba”—
(A) means assistance to or for the benefit of the Government of Cuba that is provided by grant, concessional sale, guaranty, or insurance, or by any other means on terms more favorable than that generally available in the applicable market, whether in the form of a loan, lease, credit, or otherwise, and such term includes subsidies for exports to Cuba and favorable tariff treatment of articles that are the growth, product, or manufacture of Cuba;
(B) includes an exchange, reduction, or forgiveness of Cuban debt owed to a foreign country in return for a grant of an equity interest in a property, investment, or operation of the Government of Cuba (including the government of any political subdivision of Cuba, a
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6003
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
This chapter shall be known as the “Trading with the enemy 11 So in original. Act.”
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The President of the United States is authorized to designate and empower the head of any department or agency in the executive branch, or any official thereof who is required to be appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to perform without approval, ratification, or other action by the President (1) any function which is vested in the President by law, or (2) any function which such officer is required or authorized by law to perform only with or subject to the approval, ratification, or other action of the President: Provided, That nothing contained herein shall relieve the President of his responsibility in office for the acts of any such head or other official designated by him to perform such functions. Such designation and authorization shall be in writing, shall be published in the Federal Register, shall be subject to such terms, conditions, and limitations as the President may deem advisable, and shall be revocable at any time by the President in whole or in part.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Criminal liability** Whoever shall willfully violate any of the provisions of this chapter or of any license, rule, or regulation issued thereunder, and whoever shall willfully violate, neglect, or refuse to comply with any order of the President issued in compliance with the provisions of the chapter shall, upon conviction, be fined not more than $1,000,000, or if a natural person, be imprisoned for not more than 20 years, or both.
**(b) Civil liability; hearing; judicial review**
(1) A civil penalty of not to exceed $50,000 may be imposed by the Secretary of the Treasury on any person who violates any license, order, rule, or regulation issued in compliance with the provisions of this chapter.
(2) Any property, funds, securities, papers, or other articles or documents, or any vessel, together with its tackle, apparel, furniture, and equipment, that is the subject of a violation under paragraph (1) shall, at the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, be forfeited to the United States Government.
(3) The penalties provided under this subsection may be imposed only on the record after opportunity for an agency hearing in accordance with sections 554 through 557 of title 5, with the right to prehearing discovery.
(4) Judicial review of any penalty imposed under this subsection may be had to the extent provided in [section 702 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section702&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(c) Forfeiture** Upon conviction, any property, funds, securities, papers, or other articles or documents, or any vessel, together with tackle, apparel, furniture, and equipment, concerned in any violation of subsection (a) may be forfeited to the United States.
**(d) Statute of limitations**
(1) **Time for commencing
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 50 U.S.C. § 4315
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The economy of Cuba has experienced a decline of at least 60 percent in the last 5 years as a result of—
(A) the end of its subsidization by the former Soviet Union of between 5 billion and 6 billion dollars annually;
(B) 36 years of communist tyranny and economic mismanagement by the Castro government;
(C) the extreme decline in trade between Cuba and the countries of the former Soviet bloc; and
(D) the stated policy of the Russian Government and the countries of the former Soviet bloc to conduct economic relations with Cuba on strictly commercial terms.
(2) At the same time, the welfare and health of the Cuban people have substantially deteriorated as a result of this economic decline and the refusal of the Castro regime to permit free and fair democratic elections in Cuba.
(3) The Castro regime has made it abundantly clear that it will not engage in any substantive political reforms that would lead to democracy, a market economy, or an economic recovery.
(4) The repression of the Cuban people, including a ban on free and fair democratic elections, and continuing violations of fundamental human rights, have isolated the Cuban regime as the only completely nondemocratic government in the Western Hemisphere.
(5) As long as free elections are not held in Cuba, the economic condition of the country and the welfare of the Cuban people will not improve in any significant way.
(6) The totalitarian nature of the Castro regime has deprived the Cuban people of any peaceful means to improve their condition and has led thousands of Cuban citizens to risk or lose their lives in dangerous attempts to escape from Cuba to freedom.
(7) Radio Marti and Television Marti have both been effective vehicles for providing the
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6031
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter, the following terms have the following meanings:
(1) **Agency or instrumentality of a foreign state** — The term “agency or instrumentality of a foreign state” has the meaning given that term in [section 1603(b) of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1603/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Appropriate congressional committees** — The term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.
(3) **Commercial activity** — The term “commercial activity” has the meaning given that term in [section 1603(d) of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1603/d&num=0&edition=prelim).
(4) **Confiscated** — As used in subchapters I and III, the term “confiscated” refers to—
(A) the nationalization, expropriation, or other seizure by the Cuban Government of ownership or control of property, on or after January 1, 1959—
(i) without the property having been returned or adequate and effective compensation provided; or
(ii) without the claim to the property having been settled pursuant to an international claims settlement agreement or other mutually accepted settlement procedure; and
(B) the repudiation by the Cuban Government of, the default by the Cuban Government on, or the failure of the Cuban Government to pay, on or after January 1, 1959—
(i) a debt of any enterprise which has been nationalized, expropriated, or otherwise taken by the Cuban Government;
(ii) a debt which is a charge on property nationalized, expropriated, or otherwise taken by the Cu
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6033
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Policy**
(1) **Restrictions by other countries** — The Congress hereby reaffirms section 1704(a) of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 [[22 U.S.C. 6003(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6003/a&num=0&edition=prelim)], which states that the President should encourage foreign countries to restrict trade and credit relations with Cuba in a manner consistent with the purposes of that Act [[22 U.S.C. 6001](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6001&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
(2) **Sanctions on other countries** — The Congress further urges the President to take immediate steps to apply the sanctions described in section 1704(b)(1) of that Act [[22 U.S.C. 6003(b)(1)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6003/b/1&num=0&edition=prelim)] against countries assisting Cuba.
**(b) Diplomatic efforts** The Secretary of State should ensure that United States diplomatic personnel abroad understand and, in their contacts with foreign officials, are communicating the reasons for the United States economic embargo of Cuba, and are urging foreign governments to cooperate more effectively with the embargo.
**(c) Existing regulations** The President shall instruct the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General to enforce fully the Cuban Assets Control Regulations set forth in part 515 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations.
**(d) Omitted**
**(e) Denial of visas to certain Cuban nationals** It is the sense of the Congress that the President should instruct the Secretary of State and the Attorney General to enforce fully existing regulations to deny visas to Cuban nationals considered by the Secretary of State to be officers or employees of the Cuban
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6036
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1734
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§§ 5960, 5961
§§ 5960, 5961. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–291, div. A,
title XIII, § 1351(11), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat.
3607
Section 5960, Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title XIII, § 1303,
Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1659, related to limitation on use
of funds for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs
until certain permits obtained.
Section 5961, Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title XIII, § 1305,
Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1660, related to requirement to
appoint on-site managers before obligating any Cooper-
ative Threat Reduction funds for certain projects.
§ 5961a. Requirement for on-site managers
(a) On-site manager requirement
Before obligating any defense nuclear non-
proliferation funds for a project described in
subsection (b), the Secretary of Energy shall ap-
point one on-site manager for that project. The
manager shall be appointed from among employ-
ees of the Federal Government.
(b) Projects covered
Subsection (a) applies to a project—
(1) to be located in a state of the former So-
viet Union;
(2) which involves dismantlement, destruc-
tion, or storage facilities, or construction of a
facility; and
(3) with respect to which the total contribu-
tion by the Department of Energy is expected
to exceed $50,000,000.
(c) Duties of on-site manager
The on-site manager appointed under sub-
section (a) shall—
(1) develop, in cooperation with representa-
tives from governments of countries partici-
pating in the project, a list of those steps or
activities critical to achieving the project’s
disarmament or nonproliferation goals;
(2) establish a schedule for completing those
steps or activities;
(3) meet with all participants to seek assur-
ances that those steps or activities are being
completed on schedule; and
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 6001
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