18 U.S.C. § 2282B — Violence against aids to maritime navi-

Page 565 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 2282B 1 So in original. No section 2282 has been enacted. 1 See References in Text note below. or noxious substance that is not covered by clause (i), in such quantity or con- centration that causes or is likely to cause death or serious injury or damage; (B) injures or kills any person in connec- tion with the commission or the attempted commission of any of the offenses set forth in subparagraph (A); or (C) attempts or conspires to do anything prohibited under subparagraph (A) or (B), shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both; and if death re- sults to any person from conduct prohibited by this paragraph, shall be imprisoned for any term of years or for life. (2) THREAT TO SAFETY.—A person who threat- ens, with apparent determination and will to carry the threat into execution, to do any act prohibited under paragraph (1)(A), shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (b) JURISDICTION.—There is jurisdiction over the activity prohibited in subsection (a) if— (1) such activity is committed against or on board a fixed platform— (A) that is located on the continental shelf of the United States; (B) that is located on the continental shelf of another country, by a national of the United States or by a stateless person whose habitual residence is in the United States; or (C) in an attempt to compel the United States to do or abstain from doing any act; (2) during the commission of such activity against or on board a fixed platform located on a continental shelf, a national of the United States is seized, threatened, injured, or killed; or (3) such activity is committed against or on board a fixed platform located outside the United States and beyond the continental shelf of the United States and the offender is later found in the United States. (c) EXCEPTIONS.—This section does not apply to— (1) the activities of armed forces during an armed conflict, as those terms are understood under the law of war, which are governed by that law; or (2) activities undertaken by military forces of a state in the exercise of their official du- ties. (d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section— (1) ‘‘continental shelf’’ means the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond a country’s territorial sea to the limits provided by customary international law as reflected in Article 76 of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea; and (2) ‘‘fixed platform’’ means an artificial is- land, installation, or structure permanently attached to the sea-bed for the purpose of ex- ploration or exploitation of resources or for other economic purposes. (Added Pub. L. 114–23, title VIII, § 804(a), June 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 307.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries DEFINITIONS For definitions of terms used in this section, see sec- tion 2280(d) of this title. § 2282A.1 Devices or dangerous substances in wa- ters of the United States likely to destroy or damage ships or to interfere with maritime commerce (a) A person who knowingly places, or causes to be placed, in navigable waters of the United States, by any means, a device or dangerous sub- stance which is likely to destroy or cause dam- age to a vessel or its cargo, cause interference with the safe navigation of vessels, or inter- ference with maritime commerce (such as by damaging or destroying marine terminals, fa- cilities, or any other marine structure or entity used in maritime commerce) with the intent of causing such destruction or damage, inter- ference with the safe navigation of vessels, or interference with maritime commerce shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years, or for life; or both. (b) A person who causes the death of any per- son by engaging in conduct prohibited under subsection (a) may be punished by death. (c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to otherwise lawfully authorized and conducted activities of the United States Gov- ernment. (d) In this section: (1) The term ‘‘dangerous substance’’ means any solid, liquid, or gaseous material that has the capacity to cause damage to a vessel or its cargo, or cause interference with the safe navigation of a vessel. (2) The term ‘‘device’’ means any object that, because of its physical, mechanical, structural, or chemical properties, has the ca- pacity to cause damage to a vessel or its cargo, or cause interference with the safe navigation of a vessel. (Added Pub. L. 109–177, title III, § 304(a)(1), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 234.) § 2282B. Violence against aids to maritime navi- gation Whoever intentionally destroys, seriously damages, alters, moves, or tampers with any aid to maritime navigation maintained by the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Cor- poration under the authority of section 4 of the Act of May 13, 1954 (33 U.S.C. 984), by the Coast Guard pursuant to section 81 1 of title 14, United States Code, or lawfully maintained under au- thority granted by the Coast Guard pursuant to section 83 of title 14, United States Code, if such act endangers or is likely to endanger the safe navigation of a ship, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than 20 years, or both. (Added Pub. L. 109–177, title III, § 304(b)(1), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 235; Pub. L. 116–260, div. AA, title V, § 512(c)(2), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2756.) Page 566 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 2283 1 See References in Text note below. 2 So in original. No par. (7) has been enacted. Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 81 of title 14, referred to in text, was redesig- nated section 541 of title 14 by Pub. L. 115–282, title I, § 105(b), Dec. 4, 2018, 132 Stat. 4200, and references to sec- tion 81 of title 14 deemed to refer to such redesignated section, see section 123(b)(1) of Pub. L. 115–282, set out as a References to Sections of Title 14 as Redesignated by Pub. L. 115–282 note preceding section 101 of Title 14, Coast Guard. AMENDMENTS 2020—Pub. L. 116–260 substituted ‘‘Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation’’ for ‘‘Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation’’. § 2283. Transportation of explosive, biological, chemical, or radioactive or nuclear materials (a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly trans- ports aboard any vessel within the United States and on waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States or any vessel outside the United States and on the high seas or having United States nationality an explosive or incendiary device, biological agent, chemical weapon, or ra- dioactive or nuclear material, knowing that any such item is intended to be used to commit an offense listed under section 2332b(g)(5)(B), shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both. (b) CAUSING DEATH.—Any person who causes the death of a person by engaging in conduct prohibited by subsection (a) may be punished by death. (c) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: (1) BIOLOGICAL AGENT.—The term ‘‘biological agent’’ means any biological agent, toxin, or vector (as those terms are defined in section 178). (2) BY-PRODUCT MATERIAL.—The term ‘‘by- product material’’ has the meaning given that term in section 11(e) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2014(e)). (3) CHEMICAL WEAPON.—The term ‘‘chemical weapon’’ has the meaning given that term in section 229F(1). (4) EXPLOSIVE OR INCENDIARY DEVICE.—The term ‘‘explosive or incendiary device’’ has the meaning given the term in section 232(5) and includes explosive materials, as that term is defined in section 841(c) and explosive as de- fined in section 844(j). (5) NUCLEAR MATERIAL.—The term ‘‘nuclear material’’ has the meaning given that term in section 831(f)(1).1 (6) RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL.—The term ‘‘ra- dioactive material’’ means— (A) source material and special nuclear material, but does not include natural or de- pleted uranium; (B) nuclear by-product material; (C) material made radioactive by bombard- ment in an accelerator; or (D) all refined isotopes of radium. (8) 2 SOURCE MATERIAL.—The term ‘‘source material’’ has the meaning given that term in section 11(z) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2014(z)). (9) SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL.—The term ‘‘special nuclear material’’ has the meaning given that term in section 11(aa) of the Atom- ic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2014(aa)). (Added Pub. L. 109–177, title III, § 305(a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 236.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 831(f)(1), referred to in subsec. (c)(5), was re- designated section 831(g)(1) by Pub. L. 114–23, title VIII, § 812(d), June 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 312. § 2284. Transportation of terrorists (a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly and in- tentionally transports any terrorist aboard any vessel within the United States and on waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States or any vessel outside the United States and on the high seas or having United States nation- ality, knowing that the transported person is a terrorist, shall be fined under this title or im- prisoned for any term of years or for life, or both. (b) DEFINED TERM.—In this section, the term ‘‘terrorist’’ means any person who intends to commit, or is avoiding apprehension after hav- ing committed, an offense listed under section 2332b(g)(5)(B). (Added Pub. L. 109–177, title III, § 305(a), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 237.) § 2285. Operation of submersible vessel or semi- submersible vessel without nationality (a) OFFENSE.—Whoever knowingly operates, or attempts or conspires to operate, by any means, or embarks in any submersible vessel or semi- submersible vessel that is without nationality and that is navigating or has navigated into, through, or from waters beyond the outer limit of the territorial sea of a single country or a lat- eral limit of that country’s territorial sea with an adjacent country, with the intent to evade detection, shall be fined under this title, impris- oned not more than 15 years, or both. (b) EVIDENCE OF INTENT TO EVADE DETEC- TION.—For purposes of subsection (a), the pres- ence of any of the indicia described in paragraph (1)(A), (E), (F), or (G), or in paragraph (4), (5), or (6), of section 70507(b) of title 46 may be consid- ered, in the totality of the circumstances, to be prima facie evidence of intent to evade detec- tion. (c) EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION.—There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an of- fense under this section, including an attempt or conspiracy to commit such an offense. (d) CLAIM OF NATIONALITY OR REGISTRY.—A claim of nationality or registry under this sec- tion includes only— (1) possession on board the vessel and pro- duction of documents evidencing the vessel’s nationality as provided in article 5 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas; (2) flying its nation’s ensign or flag; or (3) a verbal claim of nationality or registry by the master or individual in charge of the vessel. (e) AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES.— (1) IN GENERAL.—It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution for a violation of subsection