28 U.S.C. § 133 — Appointment and number of district judges

Page 58 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 in the same capacity under the appropriate provisions of this title pursuant to his prior appointment. § 133. Appointment and number of district judges (a) The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, district judges for the several judicial districts, as fol- lows: Districts Judges Alabama: Northern ......................................... 8 Middle ............................................. 3 Southern ......................................... 3 Alaska ................................................... 3 Arizona .................................................. 13 Arkansas: Eastern ............................................ 5 Western ........................................... 3 California: Northern ......................................... 14 Eastern ............................................ 6 Central ............................................ 28 Southern ......................................... 13 Colorado ................................................ 7 Connecticut ........................................... 8 Delaware ............................................... 4 District of Columbia ............................. 15 Florida: Northern ......................................... 4 Middle ............................................. 15 Southern ......................................... 18 Georgia: Northern ......................................... 11 Middle ............................................. 4 Southern ......................................... 3 Hawaii ................................................... 4 Idaho ..................................................... 2 Illinois: Northern ......................................... 22 Central ............................................ 4 Southern ......................................... 4 Indiana: Northern ......................................... 5 Southern ......................................... 5 Iowa: Northern ......................................... 2 Southern ......................................... 3 Kansas ................................................... 6 Kentucky: Eastern ............................................ 5 Western ........................................... 4 Eastern and Western ....................... 1 Louisiana: Eastern ............................................ 12 Middle ............................................. 3 Western ........................................... 7 Maine .................................................... 3 Maryland ............................................... 10 Massachusetts ....................................... 13 Michigan: Eastern ............................................ 15 Western ........................................... 4 Minnesota ............................................. 7 Mississippi: Northern ......................................... 3 Southern ......................................... 6 Missouri: Eastern ............................................ 7 Western ........................................... 5 Districts Judges Eastern and Western ....................... 2 Montana ................................................ 3 Nebraska ............................................... 3 Nevada .................................................. 7 New Hampshire ..................................... 3 New Jersey ............................................ 17 New Mexico ........................................... 7 New York: Northern ......................................... 5 Southern ......................................... 28 Eastern ............................................ 15 Western ........................................... 4 North Carolina: Eastern ............................................ 4 Middle ............................................. 4 Western ........................................... 5 North Dakota ........................................ 2 Ohio: Northern ......................................... 11 Southern ......................................... 8 Oklahoma: Northern ......................................... 3 Eastern ............................................ 1 Western ........................................... 6 Northern, Eastern, and Western ..... 1 Oregon ................................................... 6 Pennsylvania: Eastern ............................................ 22 Middle ............................................. 6 Western ........................................... 10 Puerto Rico ........................................... 7 Rhode Island ......................................... 3 South Carolina ...................................... 10 South Dakota ........................................ 3 Tennessee: Eastern ............................................ 5 Middle ............................................. 4 Western ........................................... 5 Texas: Northern ......................................... 12 Southern ......................................... 19 Eastern ............................................ 8 Western ........................................... 13 Utah ...................................................... 5 Vermont ................................................ 2 Virginia: Eastern ............................................ 11 Western ........................................... 4 Washington: Eastern ............................................ 4 Western ........................................... 7 West Virginia: Northern ......................................... 3 Southern ......................................... 5 Wisconsin: Eastern ............................................ 5 Western ........................................... 2 Wyoming ............................................... 3. (b)(1) In any case in which a judge of the United States (other than a senior judge) as- sumes the duties of a full-time office of Federal judicial administration, the President shall ap- point, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, an additional judge for the court on which such judge serves. If the judge who as- sumes the duties of such full-time office leaves that office and resumes the duties as an active judge of the court, then the President shall not appoint a judge to fill the first vacancy which occurs thereafter in that court. Page 59 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 (2) For purposes of paragraph (1), the term ‘‘of- fice of Federal judicial administration’’ means a position as Director of the Federal Judicial Cen- ter, Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, or Counselor to the Chief Justice. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 895; Aug. 3, 1949, ch. 387, § 2(a), 63 Stat. 493; Aug. 14, 1950, ch. 708, 64 Stat. 443; Aug. 29, 1950, ch. 819, § 1, 64 Stat. 562; Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 848, § 1, 64 Stat. 578; Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(a)(3), 68 Stat. 9; Pub. L. 85–310, Sept. 7, 1957, 71 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 85–508, § 12(c), July 7, 1958, 72 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 86–3, § 9(b), Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 8; Pub. L. 87–36, § 2(d), May 19, 1961, 75 Stat. 81; Pub. L. 87–562, § 3, July 30, 1962, 76 Stat. 248; Pub. L. 89–242, § 1(c), Oct. 7, 1965, 79 Stat. 951; Pub. L. 89–372, § 4, Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 77; Pub. L. 91–272, § 1(d), June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 295; Pub. L. 92–208, § 3(d), Dec. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 742; Pub. L. 95–408, § 4(b)(2), Oct. 2, 1978, 92 Stat. 885; Pub. L. 95–486, § 1(c), Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1630; Pub. L. 97–471, § 3, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2601; Pub. L. 98–353, title II, § 202(e), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 101–650, title II, § 203(d), title III, § 303, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5101, 5105; Pub. L. 105–53, § 4, Oct. 6, 1997, 111 Stat. 1174; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(1) [title III, § 309(b)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–37; Pub. L. 106–553, § 1(a)(2) [title III, § 305(b)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762, 2762A–85; Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, § 312(a)(2), (b)(2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1786, 1787; Pub. L. 110–402, § 1(b)(1), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4254; Pub. L. 118–203, § 2(b), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2693.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 1 and notes; sec- tions 641, 643, 863, and 864 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Territories and Insular Possessions; District of Colum- bia Code, 1940 ed., § 11–301 (Apr. 12, 1900, ch. 191, §§ 34, 35, 31 Stat. 84, 85; Apr. 30, 1900, ch. 339, § 86, 31 Stat. 158; Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 854, § 60, 31 Stat. 1199; Mar. 3, 1909, ch. 269, § 1, 35 Stat. 838; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 1, 36 Stat. 1087; Jan. 7, 1913, ch. 6, 37 Stat. 648; July 30, 1914, ch. 216, 38 Stat. 580; Mar. 3, 1915, ch. 100, § 1, 38 Stat. 961; Apr. 11, 1916, ch. 64, § 1, 39 Stat. 48; Feb. 26, 1917, ch. 120, 39 Stat. 938; Mar. 2, 1917, ch. 145, §§ 41, 42, 39 Stat. 965, 966; Feb. 26, 1919, ch. 50, § 1, 40 Stat. 1183; Mar. 4, 1921, ch. 161, § 1, 41 Stat. 1412; July 9, 1921, ch. 42, § 313, 42 Stat. 119; Sept. 14, 1922, ch. 306, § 1, 42 Stat. 837; Jan. 16, 1925, ch. 83, § 3, 43 Stat. 752; Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 220, 43 Stat. 890; Feb. 13, 1925, ch. 229, §§ 1, 13, 43 Stat. 936, 942; Feb. 16, 1925, ch. 233, §§ 2, 3, 43 Stat. 946; Mar. 2, 1925, ch. 397, §§ 1–3, 43 Stat. 1098; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 297, § 1, 44 Stat. 1346; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 298, 44 Stat. 1347; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 300, § 1, 44 Stat. 1348; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 332, 44 Stat. 1370; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 336, §§ 1, 2, 44 Stat. 1372; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 338, 44 Stat. 1374; Mar. 3, 1927, ch. 344, 44 Stat. 1380; Jan. 31, 1928, ch. 14, § 1, 45 Stat. 54; Apr. 21, 1928, ch. 393, § 5, 45 Stat. 439; May 29, 1928, ch. 882, 45 Stat. 974; Dec. 20, 1928, ch. 41, 45 Stat. 1056; Jan. 17, 1929, ch. 72, § 1, 45 Stat. 1081; Feb. 26, 1929, ch. 334, 45 Stat. 1317; Feb. 26, 1929, ch. 337, 45 Stat. 1319; Feb. 28, 1929, ch. 358, § 1, 45 Stat. 1344; Feb. 28, 1929, ch. 380, 45 Stat. 1409; May 28, 1930, ch. 346, § 1, 46 Stat. 431; June 19, 1930, ch. 537, 46 Stat. 785; June 27, 1930, ch. 633, 46 Stat. 819; June 27, 1930, ch. 635, § 1, 46 Stat. 820; July 3, 1930, ch. 852, 46 Stat. 1006; Feb. 20, 1931, ch. 244, 46 Stat. 1196; Feb. 20, 1931, ch. 245, 46 Stat. 1197; Feb. 25, 1931, ch. 296, 46 Stat. 1417; May 17, 1932, ch. 190, 47 Stat. 158; May 20, 1932, ch. 196, 47 Stat. 161; Aug. 2, 1935, ch. 425, 49 Stat. 508; Aug. 19, 1935, ch. 558, §§ 1, 2, 49 Stat. 659; Aug. 28, 1935, ch. 793, 49 Stat. 945; June 5, 1936, ch. 515, 49 Stat. 1476; June 15, 1936, ch. 544, 49 Stat. 1491; June 16, 1936, ch. 585, § 1, 49 Stat. 1523; June 22, 1936, ch. 693, 49 Stat. 1804; June 22, 1936, ch. 694, 49 Stat. 1804; June 22, 1936, ch. 696, 49 Stat. 1806; Aug. 25, 1937, ch. 771, § 1, 50 Stat. 805; Mar. 18, 1938, ch. 47, 52 Stat. 110; Mar. 26, 1938, ch. 51, § 2, 52 Stat. 118; May 31, 1938, ch. 290, §§ 4, 5, 6, 52 Stat. 584, 585; June 20, 1938, ch. 528, 52 Stat. 780; Jan. 20, 1940, ch. 11, 54 Stat. 16; May 24, 1940, ch. 209, § 2(c), 54 Stat. 220; June 8, 1940, ch. 282, 54 Stat. 253; Nov. 27, 1940, ch. 92, § 1, 54 Stat. 1216; Nov. 21, 1941, ch. 479, 55 Stat. 773; July 7, 1942, ch. 489, 56 Stat. 648; Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 817, 56 Stat. 1083; Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 827, 56 Stat. 1092; Dec. 7, 1944, ch. 521, 58 Stat. 796; Dec. 22, 1944, ch. 663, 58 Stat. 887; Oct. 16, 1945, ch. 419, §§ 1, 2, 59 Stat. 545, 546; June 15, 1946, ch. 413, 60 Stat. 260; July 24, 1946, chs. 600, 602, 60 Stat. 654). Section consolidates provisions of section 1 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and sections 641, 643, 863, and 864 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with changes in phraseology necessary to effect consolidation. Provisions of section 1 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., re- lating to residence of judges, are covered by section 134 of this title. The act of Dec. 7, 1944, amended section 2 of the act of May 24, 1940, 54 Stat. 219, section 1, note, of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., to read as follows: ‘‘(a) Provided, That the first vacancy in the office of district judge in each of said districts except in the eastern district of Penn- sylvania, shall not be filled.’’ The act of Dec. 22, 1944, amended the same section to read as follows: ‘‘(a) Provided, That the first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in each of said districts except the district of New Jersey shall not be filled.’’ The act of July 24, 1946, ch. 600, § 1, 60 Stat. 654, amended the proviso in the 1940 act to read as follows: ‘‘Provided, That the first vacancy occurring in the of- fice of district judge in each of said districts, except the district of New Jersey and the eastern district of Pennsylvania, shall not be filled.’’ The following additional but temporary judgeships, authorized by Congress, are not included in the revised section: Districts Judges Delaware ......................................................................... 1 Florida, Northern and Southern ..................................... 1 Georgia, Northern ........................................................... 1 Kansas ............................................................................. 1 Missouri, Eastern and Western ....................................... 1 Ohio, Northern ................................................................ 1 Oklahoma, Western ......................................................... 1 Pennsylvania, Eastern, Middle and Western ................... 1 West Virginia, Northern and Southern ........................... 1 Other provisions of said section 11–301 of the District of Columbia Code, 1940 ed., are incorporated in section 136 of this title. A part of section 641 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., is in- corporated in sections 91 and 132 of this title. Parts of sections 863 and 864 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are retained in title 48. For other parts of those sections, see Distribution Table. Other provisions of section 643 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 501 [now 541], 504 [now 541 to 544], and 541 [see 561] of this title. SENATE REVISION AMENDMENT Provisions for one district judge in the Southern Dis- trict of Indiana were inserted in this section by Senate amendment. See 80th Congress Senate Report No. 1559. Editorial Notes CODIFICATION Paragraph (2) of subsection (b) of section 4 of Pub. L. 95–408, cited as a credit to this section, was amended generally by Pub. L. 96–4, § 1, Mar. 30, 1979, 93 Stat. 6, and enacted provisions which are set out as a note under section 93 of this title. AMENDMENTS 2024—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 118–203 increased number of permanent district judgeships as follows: in Northern Page 60 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 District of Alabama from 7 to 8, in Arizona from 12 to 13, in Central District of California from 27 to 28, in Southern District of Florida from 17 to 18, in Hawaii from 3 to 4, in Kansas from 5 to 6, in Eastern District of Missouri from 6 to 7, in New Mexico from 6 to 7, in Western District of North Carolina from 4 to 5, and in Eastern District of Texas from 7 to 8. 2008—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 110–402 substituted ‘‘Counselor’’ for ‘‘administrative assistant’’. 2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–273 increased number of permanent district judgeships as follows: in Southern District of California from 8 to 13, in Central and Southern Districts of Illinois from 3 to 4, in Northern District of New York from 4 to 5, in Western District of North Carolina from 3 to 4, in Western District of Texas from 11 to 13, and in Eastern District of Virginia from 10 to 11. 2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–553 increased number of permanent district judgeships as follows: in Arizona from 11 to 12, in Southern District of Florida from 16 to 17, in Eastern District of Kentucky from 4 to 5, in Ne- vada from 6 to 7, in New Mexico from 5 to 6, in South Carolina from 9 to 10, in Southern District of Texas from 18 to 19, in Western District of Texas from 10 to 11, in Eastern District of Virginia from 9 to 10, and in Eastern District of Wisconsin from 4 to 5. 1999—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–113 increased number of permanent district judgeships in Arizona from 8 to 11, increased number of permanent district judgeships in Middle District of Florida from 11 to 15, and increased number of permanent district judgeships in Nevada from 4 to 6. 1997—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–53 in item relating to Louisiana, reduced number of permanent district judgeships in Eastern District from 13 to 12 and in- creased number in Middle District from 2 to 3. 1990—Pub. L. 101–650, § 303(1), designated existing pro- visions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–650, § 203(d), altered number of permanent district judgeships in named districts as follows: State Former New Alabama: Northern ........................................................ 7 7 Middle ............................................................ 3 3 Southern ........................................................ 3 3 Alaska ................................................................. 3 3 Arizona ................................................................ 8 8 Arkansas: Eastern .......................................................... 3 5 Western .......................................................... 1 3 Eastern and Western ..................................... 2 0 California: Northern ........................................................ 12 14 Eastern .......................................................... 6 6 Central ........................................................... 22 27 Southern ........................................................ 7 8 Colorado .............................................................. 7 7 Connecticut ......................................................... 6 8 Delaware .............................................................. 4 4 District of Columbia ............................................ 15 15 Florida: Northern ........................................................ 3 4 Middle ............................................................ 9 11 Southern ........................................................ 15 16 Georgia: Northern ........................................................ 11 11 Middle ............................................................ 3 4 Southern ........................................................ 3 3 Hawaii ................................................................. 3 3 Idaho .................................................................... 2 2 Illinois: Northern ........................................................ 20 22 Central ........................................................... 3 3 Southern ........................................................ 3 3 Indiana: Northern ........................................................ 4 5 Southern ........................................................ 5 5 Iowa: Northern ........................................................ 1 2 Southern ........................................................ 2 3 Northern and Southern ................................. 1 0 Kansas ................................................................. 5 5 Kentucky: Eastern .......................................................... 4 4 State Former New Western .......................................................... 4 4 Eastern and Western ..................................... 1 1 Louisiana: Eastern .......................................................... 13 13 Middle ............................................................ 2 2 Western .......................................................... 6 7 Maine ................................................................... 2 3 Maryland ............................................................. 10 10 Massachusetts ..................................................... 11 13 Michigan: Eastern .......................................................... 15 15 Western .......................................................... 4 4 Minnesota ............................................................ 7 7 Mississippi: Northern ........................................................ 3 3 Southern ........................................................ 5 6 Missouri: Eastern .......................................................... 5 6 Western .......................................................... 5 5 Eastern and Western ..................................... 2 2 Montana .............................................................. 3 3 Nebraska .............................................................. 3 3 Nevada ................................................................. 4 4 New Hampshire .................................................... 2 3 New Jersey .......................................................... 14 17 New Mexico ......................................................... 4 5 New York: Northern ........................................................ 4 4 Southern ........................................................ 27 28 Eastern .......................................................... 12 15 Western .......................................................... 3 4 North Carolina: Eastern .......................................................... 3 4 Middle ............................................................ 3 4 Western .......................................................... 3 3 North Dakota ...................................................... 2 2 Ohio: Northern ........................................................ 10 11 Southern ........................................................ 7 8 Oklahoma: Northern ........................................................ 2 3 Eastern .......................................................... 1 1 Western .......................................................... 4 6 Northern, Eastern, and Western .................... 2 1 Oregon ................................................................. 5 6 Pennsylvania: Eastern .......................................................... 19 22 Middle ............................................................ 5 6 Western .......................................................... 10 10 Puerto Rico ......................................................... 7 7 Rhode Island ........................................................ 3 3 South Carolina .................................................... 8 9 South Dakota ...................................................... 3 3 Tennessee: Eastern .......................................................... 4 5 Middle ............................................................ 3 4 Western .......................................................... 4 5 Texas: Northern ........................................................ 10 12 Southern ........................................................ 13 18 Eastern .......................................................... 6 7 Western .......................................................... 7 10 Utah ..................................................................... 4 5 Vermont .............................................................. 2 2 Virginia: Eastern .......................................................... 9 9 Western .......................................................... 4 4 Washington: Eastern .......................................................... 3 4 Western .......................................................... 6 7 West Virginia: Northern ........................................................ 2 3 Southern ........................................................ 4 5 Wisconsin: Eastern .......................................................... 4 4 Western .......................................................... 2 2 Wyoming .............................................................. 2 3 1984—Pub. L. 98–353 altered number of permanent dis- trict judgeships in named districts as follows: State Former New Alabama: Northern ........................................................ 7 7 Middle ............................................................ 3 3 Southern ........................................................ 2 3 Alaska ................................................................. 2 3 Page 61 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 State Former New Arizona ................................................................ 8 8 Arkansas: Eastern .......................................................... 3 3 Western .......................................................... 1 1 Eastern and Western ..................................... 2 2 California: Northern ........................................................ 12 12 Eastern .......................................................... 6 6 Central ........................................................... 17 22 Southern ........................................................ 7 7 Colorado .............................................................. 6 7 Connecticut ......................................................... 5 6 Delaware .............................................................. 3 4 District of Columbia ............................................ 15 15 Florida: Northern ........................................................ 3 3 Middle ............................................................ 9 9 Southern ........................................................ 12 15 Georgia: Northern ........................................................ 11 11 Middle ............................................................ 2 3 Southern ........................................................ 3 3 Hawaii ................................................................. 2 3 Idaho .................................................................... 2 2 Illinois: Northern ........................................................ 16 20 Central ........................................................... 3 3 Southern ........................................................ 2 3 Indiana: Northern ........................................................ 4 4 Southern ........................................................ 5 5 Iowa: Northern ........................................................ 1 1 Southern ........................................................ 2 2 Northern and Southern ................................. 1 1 Kansas ................................................................. 5 5 Kentucky: Eastern .......................................................... 4 4 Western .......................................................... 3 4 Eastern and Western ..................................... 1 1 Louisiana: Eastern .......................................................... 13 13 Middle ............................................................ 2 2 Western .......................................................... 5 6 Maine ................................................................... 2 2 Maryland ............................................................. 9 10 Massachusetts ..................................................... 10 11 Michigan: Eastern .......................................................... 13 15 Western .......................................................... 4 4 Minnesota ............................................................ 5 7 Mississippi: Northern ........................................................ 2 3 Southern ........................................................ 3 5 Missouri: Eastern .......................................................... 4 5 Western .......................................................... 5 5 Eastern and Western ..................................... 2 2 Montana .............................................................. 2 3 Nebraska .............................................................. 3 3 Nevada ................................................................. 3 4 New Hampshire .................................................... 2 2 New Jersey .......................................................... 11 14 New Mexico ......................................................... 4 4 New York: Northern ........................................................ 3 4 Southern ........................................................ 27 27 Eastern .......................................................... 10 12 Western .......................................................... 3 3 North Carolina: Eastern .......................................................... 3 3 Middle ............................................................ 3 3 Western .......................................................... 3 3 North Dakota ...................................................... 2 2 Ohio: Northern ........................................................ 9 10 Southern ........................................................ 6 7 Oklahoma: Northern ........................................................ 2 2 Eastern .......................................................... 1 1 Western .......................................................... 3 4 Northern, Eastern, and Western .................... 2 2 Oregon ................................................................. 5 5 Pennsylvania: Eastern .......................................................... 19 19 Middle ............................................................ 5 5 Western .......................................................... 10 10 Puerto Rico ......................................................... 7 7 Rhode Island ........................................................ 2 3 State Former New South Carolina .................................................... 8 8 South Dakota ...................................................... 3 3 Tennessee: Eastern .......................................................... 3 4 Middle ............................................................ 3 3 Western .......................................................... 3 4 Texas: Northern ........................................................ 9 10 Eastern .......................................................... 4 6 Southern ........................................................ 13 13 Western .......................................................... 6 7 Utah ..................................................................... 3 4 Vermont .............................................................. 2 2 Virginia: Eastern .......................................................... 8 9 Western .......................................................... 4 4 Washington: Eastern .......................................................... 2 3 Western .......................................................... 5 6 West Virginia: Northern ........................................................ 2 2 Southern ........................................................ 4 4 Wisconsin: Eastern .......................................................... 4 4 Western .......................................................... 2 2 Wyoming .............................................................. 1 2 1983—Pub. L. 97–471 in item relating to West Virginia increased the number of judges for the Northern Dis- trict from 1 to 2, increased the number of judges for the Southern District from 3 to 4, and struck out an item which had authorized a Northern and Southern District with 1 judge. 1978—Pub. L. 95–486 altered the number of permanent district judgeships in the named districts as follows: State Former New Alabama: Northern ........................................................ 4 7 Middle ............................................................ 2 3 Southern ........................................................ 2 2 Alaska ................................................................. 2 2 Arizona ................................................................ 5 8 Arkansas: Eastern .......................................................... 1 3 Western .......................................................... 1 1 Eastern and Western ..................................... 2 2 California: Northern ........................................................ 11 12 Eastern .......................................................... 3 6 Central ........................................................... 16 17 Southern ........................................................ 5 7 Colorado .............................................................. 4 6 Connecticut ......................................................... 4 5 Delaware .............................................................. 3 3 District of Columbia ............................................ 15 15 Florida: Northern ........................................................ 2 3 Middle ............................................................ 6 9 Southern ........................................................ 7 12 Georgia: Northern ........................................................ 6 11 Middle ............................................................ 2 2 Southern ........................................................ 2 3 Hawaii ................................................................. 2 2 Idaho .................................................................... 2 2 Illinois: Northern ........................................................ 13 16 Central ........................................................... 2 3 Southern ........................................................ 2 2 Indiana: Northern ........................................................ 3 4 Southern ........................................................ 4 5 Iowa: Northern ........................................................ 1 1 Southern ........................................................ 1 2 Northern and Southern ................................. 1 1 Kansas ................................................................. 4 5 Kentucky: Eastern .......................................................... 2 4 Western .......................................................... 3 3 Eastern and Western ..................................... 1 1 Louisiana: Eastern .......................................................... 9 13 Middle ............................................................ 1 2 Western .......................................................... 4 5 Maine ................................................................... 1 2 Page 62 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 State Former New Maryland ............................................................. 7 9 Massachusetts ..................................................... 6 10 Michigan: Eastern .......................................................... 10 13 Western .......................................................... 2 4 Minnesota ............................................................ 4 5 Mississippi: Northern ........................................................ 2 2 Southern ........................................................ 3 3 Missouri: Eastern .......................................................... 3 4 Western .......................................................... 3 5 Eastern and Western ..................................... 2 2 Montana .............................................................. 2 2 Nebraska .............................................................. 3 3 Nevada ................................................................. 2 3 New Hampshire .................................................... 1 2 New Jersey .......................................................... 9 11 New Mexico ......................................................... 3 4 New York: Northern ........................................................ 2 3 Southern ........................................................ 27 27 Eastern .......................................................... 9 10 Western .......................................................... 3 3 North Carolina: Eastern .......................................................... 2 3 Western .......................................................... 2 3 Middle ............................................................ 2 3 North Dakota ...................................................... 2 2 Ohio: Northern ........................................................ 8 9 Southern ........................................................ 5 6 Oklahoma: Northern ........................................................ 1 2 Eastern .......................................................... 1 1 Western .......................................................... 2 3 Northern, Eastern, and Western .................... 2 2 Oregon ................................................................. 3 5 Pennsylvania: Eastern .......................................................... 19 19 Middle ............................................................ 3 5 Western .......................................................... 10 10 Puerto Rico ......................................................... 3 7 Rhode Island ........................................................ 2 2 South Carolina .................................................... 5 8 South Dakota ...................................................... 2 3 Tennessee: Eastern .......................................................... 3 3 Middle ............................................................ 2 3 Western .......................................................... 3 3 Texas: Northern ........................................................ 6 9 Southern ........................................................ 8 13 Eastern .......................................................... 3 4 Western .......................................................... 5 6 Utah ..................................................................... 2 3 Vermont .............................................................. 2 2 Virginia: Eastern .......................................................... 6 8 Western .......................................................... 2 4 Washington: Eastern .......................................................... 1 2 Western .......................................................... 3 5 West Virginia: Northern ........................................................ 1 1 Southern ........................................................ 2 3 Northern and Southern ................................. 1 1 Wisconsin: Eastern .......................................................... 3 4 Western .......................................................... 1 2 Wyoming .............................................................. 1 1 Pub. L. 95–408 substituted ‘‘Central’’ for ‘‘Southern’’ and ‘‘Southern’’ for ‘‘Eastern’’ in item relating to Illi- nois. 1971—Pub. L. 92–208 created a Middle District in the Louisiana listing with one judge and reduced from 10 to 9 the number of judges for the Eastern District of Lou- isiana. 1970—Pub. L. 91–272 altered the number of permanent district judgeships in the named districts as follows: State Former New Alabama: Northern ......................................................... 3 4 Middle ............................................................. 1 2 State Former New Southern ......................................................... 1 2 Middle and Southern ....................................... 1 0 Arizona .................................................................. 4 5 California: Northern ......................................................... 9 11 Central ............................................................ 13 16 Southern ......................................................... 2 5 Colorado ................................................................ 3 4 Florida: Middle ............................................................. 5 6 Southern ......................................................... 5 7 Georgia: Northern ......................................................... 3 6 Southern ......................................................... 1 2 Illinois: Northern .................................................. 11 13 Kansas ................................................................... 3 4 Kentucky: Eastern ............................................................ 1 2 Western ........................................................... 2 3 Louisiana: Eastern ............................................................ 8 10 Western ........................................................... 3 4 Maryland ............................................................... 5 7 Michigan: Eastern ................................................. 8 10 Missouri: Eastern .................................................. 2 3 Nebraska ............................................................... 2 3 New Jersey ............................................................ 8 9 New Mexico ........................................................... 2 3 New York: Southern ......................................................... 24 27 Eastern ............................................................ 8 9 Ohio: Northern ......................................................... 7 8 Southern ......................................................... 4 5 Pennsylvania: Eastern ............................................................ 11 19 Western ........................................................... 8 10 Puerto Rico ........................................................... 2 3 South Carolina ...................................................... 4 5 Tennessee: Western ............................................... 2 3 Texas: Northern ......................................................... 5 6 Southern ......................................................... 7 8 Eastern ............................................................ 2 3 Western ........................................................... 4 5 Virginia: Eastern .................................................. 5 6 West Virginia: Southern ....................................... 1 2 Wisconsin: Eastern ................................................ 2 3 1966—Pub. L. 89–372 altered the number of permanent district judgeships in the named districts as follows: State Former New Alabama: Middle and Southern ............................. 0 1 Arizona .................................................................. 3 4 California: Northern ......................................................... 9 9 Eastern ............................................................ 0 3 Central ............................................................ 0 13 Southern ......................................................... 13 2 Florida: Northern ......................................................... 1 2 Middle ............................................................. 3 5 Southern ......................................................... 3 5 Northern, Middle, and Southern ..................... 1 0 Illinois: Northern .................................................. 10 11 Indiana: Southern ................................................. 3 4 Louisiana: Eastern ................................................ 4 8 Maryland ............................................................... 4 5 Mississippi: Northern ......................................................... 1 2 Southern ......................................................... 2 3 New York: Western ............................................... 2 3 Ohio: Northern ......................................................... 6 7 Southern ......................................................... 3 4 Rhode Island ......................................................... 1 2 Texas: Southern ......................................................... 5 7 Western ........................................................... 3 4 Vermont ................................................................ 1 2 Virginia: Eastern .................................................. 3 5 1965—Pub. L. 89–242 changed the South Carolina list- ing by removing references to an Eastern and Western District, with 1 judge listed for the Eastern, 1 judge for the Western, and 2 judges for the Eastern and Western Page 63 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 combined, and substituted therefor a single reference to a South Carolina District with 4 judges. 1962—Pub. L. 87–562 amended the Florida listing by adding the Middle District with its designation of 3 judges, substituted ‘‘Northern, Middle, and Southern’’ for ‘‘Northern and Southern’’, and reduced the number of judges in the Southern District from 6 to 3. 1961—Pub. L. 87–36 increased the number of perma- nent district judgeships in the named districts as fol- lows: State Former New Alabama: Northern ......................................................... 2 3 Alaska ................................................................... 1 2 Arizona .................................................................. 2 3 Arkansas: Eastern and Western ....................................... 1 2 California: Northern ......................................................... 7 9 Southern ......................................................... 11 13 Colorado ................................................................ 2 3 Connecticut ........................................................... 2 4 Florida: Southern ......................................................... 4 6 Georgia: Northern ......................................................... 2 3 Middle ............................................................. 1 2 Illinois: Northern ......................................................... 8 10 Indiana: Northern ......................................................... 2 3 Southern ......................................................... 2 3 Iowa: Northern and Southern ................................... 0 1 Kansas ................................................................... 2 3 Louisiana: Eastern ............................................................ 2 4 Western ........................................................... 2 3 Maryland ............................................................... 2 4 Massachusetts ....................................................... 5 6 Michigan: Eastern ............................................................ 6 8 Mississippi: Southern ......................................................... 1 2 Missouri: Western ........................................................... 2 3 Nevada .................................................................. 1 2 New Jersey ............................................................ 7 8 New Mexico ........................................................... 1 2 New York: Southern ......................................................... 18 24 Eastern ............................................................ 6 8 North Carolina: Eastern ............................................................ 1 2 Western ........................................................... 1 2 Middle ............................................................. 1 2 Ohio: Northern ......................................................... 5 6 Oklahoma: Northern, Eastern, and Western ..................... 1 2 Pennsylvania: Eastern ............................................................ 8 11 Middle ............................................................. 2 3 Western ........................................................... 5 8 Puerto Rico ........................................................... 1 2 South Carolina: Eastern and Western ....................................... 1 2 Tennessee: Eastern ............................................................ 2 3 Middle ............................................................. 1 2 Western ........................................................... 1 2 Texas: Northern ......................................................... 3 5 Southern ......................................................... 4 5 Western ........................................................... 2 3 Utah ...................................................................... 1 2 Washington: Western ........................................................... 2 3 1959—Pub. L. 86–3 struck out provisions that re- stricted eligibility for appointment as district judges for the district of Hawaii to citizens of the Territory of Hawaii who have resided therein for at least three years. 1958—Pub. L. 85–508 inserted ‘‘Alaska ———— 1’’. 1957—Pub. L. 85–310 increased the number of perma- nent judgeships in the district of South Dakota from 1 to 2. 1954—Act Feb. 10, 1954, increased the number of per- manent judgeships in the named districts as follows: State Former New California: Southern ......................................................... 10 11 Delaware ............................................................... 2 3 Florida: Southern ......................................................... 3 4 Idaho ..................................................................... 1 2 Indiana: Northern ......................................................... 1 2 Southern ......................................................... 1 2 Kentucky: Western ........................................................... 1 2 Massachusetts ....................................................... 4 5 Michigan: Eastern ............................................................ 5 6 Western ........................................................... 1 2 Missouri: Eastern and Western ....................................... 1 2 New Jersey ............................................................ 6 7 New York: Southern ......................................................... 16 18 North Dakota ........................................................ 1 2 Ohio: Northern ......................................................... 4 5 Pennsylvania: Eastern ............................................................ 7 8 Western ........................................................... 4 5 Texas: Southern ......................................................... 3 4 Eastern ............................................................ 1 2 Virginia: Eastern ............................................................ 2 3 West Virginia: Northern and Southern ................................... 0 1 Wisconsin: Eastern ............................................................ 1 2 1950—Act Sept. 5, 1950, increased the number of per- manent judgeships in the district of Delaware from 1 to 2. Act Aug. 29, 1950, increased the number of permanent judgeships in the western district of Pennsylvania from 3 to 4. Act Aug. 14, 1950, increased the number of permanent judgeships in the northern district of Illinois from 6 to 8. 1949—Act Aug. 3, 1949, increased the numbers of per- manent judgeships in the named districts as follows: State Former New California: Northern ......................................................... 5 7 Southern ......................................................... 8 10 District of Columbia ............................................. 12 15 Florida: Northern and Southern ................................... 0 1 Georgia: Northern ......................................................... 1 2 Kansas ................................................................... 1 2 New Jersey ............................................................ 5 6 New York: Southern ......................................................... 12 16 Ohio: Northern ......................................................... 3 4 Oklahoma: Western ........................................................... 1 2 Oregon ................................................................... 2 3 Pennsylvania: Eastern ............................................................ 5 7 Texas: Southern ......................................................... 2 3 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, § 312(a)(3), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1787, provided that: ‘‘This subsection [amend- ing this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] shall take effect on July 15, 2003.’’ Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, § 312(b)(3), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1788, provided that: ‘‘With respect to the cen- Page 64 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 tral or southern district of Illinois, the northern dis- trict of New York, or the eastern district of Virginia, this subsection [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] shall take effect on the earlier of— ‘‘(A) the date on which the first vacancy in the of- fice of district judge occurs in such district; or ‘‘(B) July 15, 2003.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT; WAIVER OF STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES; FAILURE TO COMPLY Pub. L. 95–486, § 7, Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1633, provided that: ‘‘(a) The first section and section 2 of this Act [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] shall take effect imme- diately upon the President’s promulgation and publica- tion of standards and guidelines for the selection, on the basis of merit, of nominees for United States dis- trict court judgeships authorized by this Act [amending this section, sections 44, 46, 1337, and 1445 of this title, and section 5108 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 41 and 44 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under sec- tion 45 of this title]. ‘‘(b) The President may waive such standards and guidelines with respect to any nomination by notifying the Senate of the reasons for such waiver. ‘‘(c) Following the promulgation and publication of such standards and guidelines, no nomination or ap- pointment to a United States district court judgeship may be invalidated on the basis of the President’s fail- ure to comply with this section or with any standards or guidelines promulgated under this section. ‘‘(d) This Act, other than the first section and section 2 [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 20, 1978].’’ Pub. L. 95–486, § 11, Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1634, provided that: ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act the first section and section 2 [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this sec- tion] shall not take effect before November 1, 1978.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT; SAVINGS PROVISION Amendment by Pub. L. 95–408 effective 180 days after Oct. 2, 1978, with such amendment not to affect the composition or preclude the service of any grand or petit juror summoned, empaneled, or actually serving in any judicial district on the effective date of this Act, see section 5 of Pub. L. 95–408, set out as a note under section 89 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1971 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 92–208 effective 120 days after Dec. 18, 1971, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 92–208, set out as a note under section 98 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1965 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 89–242 effective on first day of month following Oct. 7, 1965, see section 6 of Pub. L. 89–242, set out as a note under section 121 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1962 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 87–562 effective 90 days after July 30, 1962, see section 5 of Pub. L. 87–562, set out as a note under section 89 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 86–3, § 9, Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 8, provided in part that the amendment of this section and section 134 of this title is effective on admission of the State of Ha- waii into the Union. Admission of Hawaii into the Union was accomplished Aug. 21, 1959, upon issuance of Proc. No. 3309, Aug. 21, 1959, 25 F.R. 6868, 73 Stat. 74, as required by sections 1 and 7(c) of Pub. L. 86–3, Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 4, set out as notes preceding section 491 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1958 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 85–508 effective Jan. 3, 1959, on admission of Alaska into the Union pursuant to Proc. No. 3269, Jan. 3, 1959, 24 F.R. 81, 73 Stat. 16, as required by sections 1 and 8(c) of Pub. L. 85–508, see notes set out under section 81A of this title and preceding section 21 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions. ADDITIONAL JUDGESHIPS Pub. L. 118–203, § 2(a), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2693, pro- vided that: ‘‘The existing judgeships for the district of Hawaii, the district of Kansas, and the eastern district of Missouri authorized by section 203(c) of the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–650; 28 U.S.C. 133 note) [set out below] and the existing judgeships for the northern district of Alabama, the district of Ari- zona, the central district of California, the southern district of Florida, the district of New Mexico, the western district of North Carolina, and the eastern dis- trict of Texas authorized by section 312(c) of the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Author- ization Act (Public Law 107–273; 28 U.S.C. 133 note) [set out below] shall, as of the effective date of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024], be authorized under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, and the incumbents in those of- fices shall hold the office under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by this Act.’’ Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title IV, § 406, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2470, as amended by Pub. L. 113–6, div. F, title III, § 1312(b), Mar. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 418; Pub. L. 113–76, div. E, title III, § 307(b), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 203; Pub. L. 113–235, div. E, title III, § 306(b), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2351; Pub. L. 114–113, div. E, title III, § 306(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 115–31, div. E, title III, § 306(b), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 347; Pub. L. 115–141, div. E, title III, § 306(b), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 556; Pub. L. 116–6, div. D, title III, § 306(b), Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 116–93, div. C, title III, § 306(b), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2454; Pub. L. 116–260, div. E, title III, § 306(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1401; Pub. L. 117–103, div. E, title III, § 306(b), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 261; Pub. L. 117–328, div. E, title III, § 306(b), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 4672; Pub. L. 118–47, div. B, title III, § 306(b), Mar. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 542, provided that: ‘‘The existing judgeship for the east- ern district of Missouri authorized by section 203(c) of the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–650, 104 Stat. 5089) [set out below] as amended by Public Law 105–53, as of the effective date of this Act [Nov. 30, 2005], shall be extended. The first vacancy in the office of district judge in this district occurring 31 years and 6 months or more after the confirmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary judgeship cre- ated by section 203(c) shall not be filled.’’ Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, § 312(a)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1786, provided that: ‘‘The President shall ap- point, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- ate— ‘‘(A) 5 additional district judges for the southern district of California; ‘‘(B) 1 additional district judge for the western dis- trict of North Carolina; and ‘‘(C) 2 additional district judges for the western dis- trict of Texas.’’ Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, § 312(b)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1787, provided that: ‘‘The existing district judgeships for the central district and the southern dis- trict of Illinois, the northern district of New York, and the eastern district of Virginia authorized by section 203(c)(3), (4), (9), and (12) of the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–650, 28 U.S.C. 133 note [set out below]) shall be authorized under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, and the incumbents in such offices shall hold the offices under section 133 of title 28, United States Code (as amended by this sec- tion).’’ Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, § 312(c), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1788, as amended by Pub. L. 113–6, div. F, title Page 65 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 III, § 1312(c), Mar. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 418; Pub. L. 113–76, div. E, title III, § 307(c), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 203; Pub. L. 113–235, div. E, title III, § 306(c), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2352; Pub. L. 114–113, div. E, title III, § 306(c), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 115–31, div. E, title III, § 306(c), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 347; Pub. L. 115–141, div. E, title III, § 306(c), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 556; Pub. L. 116–6, div. D, title III, § 306(c), Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 116–93, div. C, title III, § 306(c), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2454; Pub. L. 116–260, div. E, title III, § 306(c), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1401; Pub. L. 117–103, div. E, title III, § 306(c), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 262; Pub. L. 117–328, div. E, title III, § 306(c), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 4672; Pub. L. 118–47, div. B, title III, § 306(c), Mar. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 542, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate— ‘‘(A) 1 additional district judge for the northern dis- trict of Alabama; ‘‘(B) 1 additional judge for the district of Arizona; ‘‘(C) 1 additional judge for the central district of California; ‘‘(D) 1 additional judge for the southern district of Florida; ‘‘(E) 1 additional district judge for the district of New Mexico; ‘‘(F) 1 additional district judge for the western dis- trict of North Carolina; and ‘‘(G) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Texas. ‘‘(2) VACANCIES NOT FILLED.—The first vacancy in the office of district judge in each of the offices of district judge authorized by this subsection, except in the case of the central district of California and the western dis- trict of North Carolina, occurring 22 years or more after the confirmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary district judgeship created in the applica- ble district by this subsection, shall not be filled. The first vacancy in the office of district judge in the cen- tral district of California occurring 21 years and 6 months or more after the confirmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary district judgeship created in that district by this subsection, shall not be filled. The first vacancy in the office of district judge in the western district of North Carolina occurring 20 years or more after the confirmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary district judgeship created in that district by this subsection, shall not be filled. ‘‘(3) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This subsection shall take effect on July 15, 2003.’’ Pub. L. 106–553, § 1(a)(2) [title III, § 305(a)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762, 2762A–84, provided that: ‘‘The Presi- dent shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate— ‘‘(1) 1 additional district judge for the district of Arizona; ‘‘(2) 1 additional district judge for the southern dis- trict of Florida; ‘‘(3) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Kentucky; ‘‘(4) 1 additional district judge for the district of Nevada; ‘‘(5) 1 additional district judge for the district of New Mexico; ‘‘(6) 1 additional district judge for the district of South Carolina; ‘‘(7) 1 additional district judge for the southern dis- trict of Texas; ‘‘(8) 1 additional district judge for the western dis- trict of Texas; ‘‘(9) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Virginia; and ‘‘(10) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Wisconsin.’’ Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(1) [title III, § 309(a)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–37, provided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate— ‘‘(1) three additional district judges for the district of Arizona; ‘‘(2) four additional district judges for the middle district of Florida; and ‘‘(3) two additional district judges for the district of Nevada.’’ Pub. L. 101–650, title II, § 203(a)–(c), Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5099–5101, as amended by Pub. L. 104–60, § 1, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 635; Pub. L. 104–317, title III, § 304, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3852; Pub. L. 105–53, § 3, Oct. 6, 1997, 111 Stat. 1173; Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, § 312(d)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1788; Pub. L. 109–289, div. B, title II, § 21056, as added by Pub. L. 110–5, § 2, Feb. 15, 2007, 121 Stat. 55; Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title III, § 309, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1990; Pub. L. 111–8, div. D, title III, § 309, Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 649; Pub. L. 111–117, div. C, title III, § 307, Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3177; Pub. L. 112–10, div. B, title V, § 1530, Apr. 15, 2011, 125 Stat. 134; Pub. L. 112–74, div. C, title III, § 306, Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 902; Pub. L. 113–6, div. F, title III, § 1312(a), Mar. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 418; Pub. L. 113–76, div. E, title III, § 307(a), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 203; Pub. L. 113–235, div. E, title III, § 306(a), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2351; Pub. L. 114–113, div. E, title III, § 306(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 115–31, div. E, title III, § 306(a), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 347; Pub. L. 115–141, div. E, title III, § 306(a), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 555; Pub. L. 116–6, div. D, title III, § 306(a), Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 159; Pub. L. 116–93, div. C, title III, § 306(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2454; Pub. L. 116–260, div. E, title III, § 306(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1400; Pub. L. 117–103, div. E, title III, § 306(a), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 261; Pub. L. 117–328, div. E, title III, § 306(a); Pub. L. 118–47, div. B, title III, § 306(a), Mar. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 542, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 4671, provided that: ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate— ‘‘(1) 1 additional district judge for the western dis- trict of Arkansas; ‘‘(2) 2 additional district judges for the northern district of California; ‘‘(3) 5 additional district judges for the central dis- trict of California; ‘‘(4) 1 additional district judge for the southern dis- trict of California; ‘‘(5) 2 additional district judges for the district of Connecticut; ‘‘(6) 2 additional district judges for the middle dis- trict of Florida; ‘‘(7) 1 additional district judge for the northern dis- trict of Florida; ‘‘(8) 1 additional district judge for the southern dis- trict of Florida; ‘‘(9) 1 additional district judge for the middle dis- trict of Georgia; ‘‘(10) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of Illinois; ‘‘(11) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of Iowa; ‘‘(12) 1 additional district judge for the western dis- trict of Louisiana; ‘‘(13) 1 additional district judge for the district of Maine; ‘‘(14) 1 additional district judge for the district of Massachusetts; ‘‘(15) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of Mississippi; ‘‘(16) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Missouri; ‘‘(17) 1 additional district judge for the district of New Hampshire; ‘‘(18) 3 additional district judges for the district of New Jersey; ‘‘(19) 1 additional district judge for the district of New Mexico; ‘‘(20) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of New York; ‘‘(21) 3 additional district judges for the eastern dis- trict of New York; ‘‘(22) 1 additional district judge for the middle dis- trict of North Carolina; ‘‘(23) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of Ohio; Page 66 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 ‘‘(24) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of Oklahoma; ‘‘(25) 1 additional district judge for the western dis- trict of Oklahoma; ‘‘(26) 1 additional district judge for the district of Oregon; ‘‘(27) 3 additional district judges for the eastern dis- trict of Pennsylvania; ‘‘(28) 1 additional district judge for the middle dis- trict of Pennsylvania; ‘‘(29) 1 additional district judge for the district of South Carolina; ‘‘(30) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Tennessee; ‘‘(31) 1 additional district judge for the western dis- trict of Tennessee; ‘‘(32) 1 additional district judge for the middle dis- trict of Tennessee; ‘‘(33) 2 additional district judges for the northern district of Texas; ‘‘(34) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Texas; ‘‘(35) 5 additional district judges for the southern district of Texas; ‘‘(36) 3 additional district judges for the western district of Texas; ‘‘(37) 1 additional district judge for the district of Utah; ‘‘(38) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Washington; ‘‘(39) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of West Virginia; ‘‘(40) 1 additional district judge for the southern district of West Virginia; and ‘‘(41) 1 additional district judge for the district of Wyoming. ‘‘(b) EXISTING JUDGESHIPS.—(1) The existing district judgeships for the western district of Arkansas, the northern district of Illinois, the northern district of In- diana, the district of Massachusetts, the western dis- trict of New York, the eastern district of North Caro- lina, the northern district of Ohio, and the western dis- trict of Washington authorized by section 202(b) of the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–353, 98 Stat. 347–348) [set out below] shall, as of the effective date of this title [Dec. 1, 1990], be authorized under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, and the incumbents in those offices shall hold the office under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by this title. ‘‘(2)(A) The existing 2 district judgeships for the east- ern and western districts of Arkansas (provided by sec- tion 133 of title 28, United States Code, as in effect on the day before the effective date of this title) shall be district judgeships for the eastern district of Arkansas only, and the incumbents of such judgeships shall hold the offices under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by this title. ‘‘(B) The existing district judgeship for the northern and southern districts of Iowa (provided by section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as in effect on the day before the effective date of this title) shall be a district judgeship for the northern district of Iowa only, and the incumbent of such judgeship shall hold the office under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by this title. ‘‘(C) The existing district judgeship for the northern, eastern, and western districts of Oklahoma (provided by section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as in ef- fect on the day before the effective date of this title) and the occupant of which has his or her official duty station at Oklahoma City on the date of the enactment of this title [Dec. 1, 1990], shall be a district judgeship for the western district of Oklahoma only, and the in- cumbent of such judgeship shall hold the office under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by this title. ‘‘(c) TEMPORARY JUDGESHIPS.—The President shall ap- point, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- ate— ‘‘(1) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of California; ‘‘(2) 1 additional district judge for the district of Hawaii; ‘‘(3) 1 additional district judge for the central dis- trict of Illinois; ‘‘(4) 1 additional district judge for the southern dis- trict of Illinois; ‘‘(5) 1 additional district judge for the district of Kansas; ‘‘(6) 1 additional district judge for the western dis- trict of Michigan; ‘‘(7) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Missouri; ‘‘(8) 1 additional district judge for the district of Nebraska; ‘‘(9) 1 additional district judge for the northern dis- trict of New York; ‘‘(10) 1 additional district judge for the northern district of Ohio; ‘‘(11) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Pennsylvania; and ‘‘(12) 1 additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of Virginia. Except with respect to the district of Kansas, the west- ern district of Michigan, the eastern district of Penn- sylvania, the district of Hawaii, and the northern dis- trict of Ohio, the first vacancy in the office of district judge in each of the judicial districts named in this subsection, occurring 10 years or more after the con- firmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary judgeship created by this subsection, shall not be filled. The first vacancy in the office of district judge in the district of Kansas occurring 33 years and 6 months or more after the confirmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary judgeship created for such district under this subsection, shall not be filled. The first va- cancy in the office of district judge in the western dis- trict of Michigan, occurring after December 1, 1995, shall not be filled. The first vacancy in the office of dis- trict judge in the eastern district of Pennsylvania, oc- curring 5 years or more after the confirmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary judgeship cre- ated for such district under this subsection, shall not be filled. The first vacancy in the office of district judge in the northern district of Ohio occurring 19 years or more after the confirmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary judgeship created under this subsection shall not be filled. The first vacancy in the office of the district judge in the district of Hawaii occurring 30 years and 6 months or more after the con- firmation date of the judge named to fill the temporary judgeship created under this subsection shall not be filled. For districts named in this subsection for which multiple judgeships are created by this Act, the last of those judgeships filled shall be the judgeships created under this section.’’ [Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title III, § 312(d)(2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1788, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this subsection [amending section 203(c) of Pub. L. 101–650, set out above] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 2, 2002].’’] Pub. L. 98–353, title II, § 202(a)–(d), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 347, 348, provided that: ‘‘(a) Subject to the provisions of subsection (c), the President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the southern district of Alabama, one additional dis- trict judge for the district of Alaska, five additional district judges for the central district of California, one additional district judge for the district of Colorado, one additional district judge for the district of Con- necticut, one additional district judge for the district of Delaware, three additional district judges for the southern district of Florida, one additional district judge for the middle district of Georgia, one additional district judge for the district of Hawaii, four additional district judges for the northern district of Illinois, one additional district judge for the southern district of Il- linois, one additional district judge for the western dis- Page 67 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 trict of Kentucky, one additional district judge for the western district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the district of Maryland, one additional dis- trict judge for the district of Massachusetts, two addi- tional district judges for the eastern district of Michi- gan, one additional district judge for the district of Minnesota, one additional district judge for the north- ern district of Mississippi, two additional district judges for the southern district of Mississippi, one addi- tional district judge for the eastern district of Mis- souri, one additional district judge for the district of Montana, one additional district judge for the district of Nevada, three additional district judges for the dis- trict of New Jersey, one additional district judge for the northern district of New York, two additional dis- trict judges for the eastern district of New York, one additional district judge for the southern district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the western dis- trict of Oklahoma, one additional district judge for the district of Rhode Island, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Tennessee, one additional district judge for the western district of Tennessee, one additional district judge for the northern district of Texas, two additional district judges for the eastern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the western district of Texas, one additional district judge for the district of Utah, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Virginia, one additional dis- trict judge for the eastern district of Washington, one additional district judge for the western district of Washington, and one additional district judge for the district of Wyoming. ‘‘(b) Subject to the provisions of subsection (c) the President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the western district of Arkansas, one additional dis- trict judge for the northern district of Illinois, one ad- ditional district judge for the northern district of Indi- ana, one additional district judge for the district of Massachusetts, one additional district judge for the western district of New York, one additional district judge for the eastern district of North Carolina, one ad- ditional district judge for the northern district of Ohio, and one additional district judge for the western dis- trict of Washington. The first vacancy in each of the of- fices of district judge authorized by this subsection, oc- curring five years or more after the effective date of this Act [probably means July 10, 1984], shall not be filled. ‘‘(c) For the judgeships created in subsections (a) and (b), the President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, no more than twenty-nine of such judges prior to January 21, 1985. ‘‘(d) The existing district judgeship for the district of Minnesota and the existing district judgeship for the northern district of Ohio, heretofore authorized by sec- tion 2 of the Act of October 20, 1978 (Public Law 95–486, 92 Stat. 1631) [set out below], shall, as of the effective date of this Act [probably means July 10, 1984], be au- thorized under section 133 of title 28, United States Code, and the incumbents of those offices shall hence- forth hold their offices under section 133, as amended by this Act.’’ Pub. L. 95–486, § 1(a), Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1629, pro- vided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, three additional district judges for the northern district of Alabama, one additional district judge for the middle district of Alabama, three additional district judges for the dis- trict of Arizona, two additional district judges for the eastern district of Arkansas, one additional district judge for the northern district of California, three addi- tional district judges for the eastern district of Cali- fornia, one additional district judge for the central dis- trict of California, two additional district judges for the southern district of California, two additional dis- trict judges for the district of Colorado, one additional district judge for the district of Connecticut, one addi- tional district judge for the northern district of Flor- ida, three additional district judges for the middle dis- trict of Florida, five additional district judges for the southern district of Florida, five additional district judges for the northern district of Georgia, one addi- tional district judge for the southern district of Geor- gia, three additional district judges for the northern district of Illinois, one additional district judge for the central district of Illinois, one additional district judge for the northern district of Indiana, one additional dis- trict judge for the southern district of Indiana, one ad- ditional district judge for the southern district of Iowa, one additional district judge for the district of Kansas, two additional district judges for the eastern district of Kentucky, four additional district judges for the east- ern district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the middle district of Louisiana, one additional dis- trict judge for the western district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the district of Maine, two additional district judges for the district of Maryland, four additional district judges for the district of Massa- chusetts, three additional district judges for the east- ern district of Michigan, two additional district judges for the western district of Michigan, one additional dis- trict judge for the district of Minnesota, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Missouri, two additional district judges for the western district of Missouri, one additional district judge for the district of Nevada, one additional district judge for the district of New Hampshire, two additional district judges for the district of New Jersey, one additional district judge for the district of New Mexico, one additional district judge for the northern district of New York, one addi- tional district judge for the eastern district of New York, one additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of North Carolina, one additional district judge for the middle district of North Carolina, one addi- tional district judge for the western district of North Carolina, one additional district judge for the northern district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the southern district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the western district of Oklahoma, one additional district judge for the northern district of Oklahoma, two additional district judges for the district of Or- egon, two additional district judges for the middle dis- trict of Pennsylvania, four additional district judges for the district of Puerto Rico, three additional district judges for the district of South Carolina, one additional district judge for the district of South Dakota, one ad- ditional district judge for the middle district of Ten- nessee, three additional district judges for the northern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Texas, five additional district judges for the southern district of Texas, one additional dis- trict judge for the western district of Texas, one addi- tional district judge for the district of Utah, two addi- tional district judges for the eastern district of Vir- ginia, two additional district judges for the western district of Virginia, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Washington, one additional dis- trict judge for the western district of Washington, one additional district judge for the southern district of West Virginia, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Wisconsin, and one additional dis- trict judge for the western district of Wisconsin.’’ Pub. L. 95–486, § 2, Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1632, provided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Kentucky, one addi- tional district judge for the district of Minnesota, one additional district judge for the northern district of Ohio, and one additional district judge for the southern district of West Virginia. The first vacancy in the of- fice of district judge in the judicial districts named in this section occurring five years or more after the ef- fective date of this Act [Oct. 20, 1978] shall not be filled.’’ Pub. L. 91–272, § 1(a), June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 294, pro- vided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the northern district of Alabama, one additional district judge for the middle district of Ala- Page 68 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 bama, one additional district judge for the district of Arizona, two additional district judges for the northern district of California, three additional district judges for the central district of California, three additional district judges for the southern district of California, one additional district judge for the district of Colo- rado, one additional district judge for the middle dis- trict of Florida, two additional district judges for the southern district of Florida, three additional district judges for the northern district of Georgia, one addi- tional district judge for the southern district of Geor- gia, two additional district judges for the northern dis- trict of Illinois, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Kentucky, one additional district judge for the western district of Kentucky, two addi- tional district judges for the eastern district of Lou- isiana, one additional district judge for the western dis- trict of Louisiana, two additional district judges for the district of Maryland, two additional district judges for the eastern district of Michigan, one additional dis- trict judge for the eastern district of Missouri, one ad- ditional district judge for the district of Nebraska, one additional district judge for the district of New Jersey, one additional district judge for the district of New Mexico, one additional district judge for the eastern district of New York, three additional district judges for the southern district of New York, one additional district judge for the northern district of Ohio, one ad- ditional district judge for the southern district of Ohio, six additional district judges for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, two additional district judges for the western district of Pennsylvania, one additional dis- trict judge for the district of Puerto Rico, one addi- tional district judge for the district of South Carolina, one additional district judge for the western district of Tennessee, one additional district judge for the north- ern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the southern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the western district of Texas, one ad- ditional district judge for the eastern district of Vir- ginia, and one additional district judge for the southern district of West Virginia.’’ Pub. L. 89–372, § 2(a), Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 75, pro- vided that: The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one district judge for the middle and southern districts of Alabama, one additional district judge for the district of Arizona, one additional district judge for the northern district of Florida, one additional district judge for the middle district of Florida, two additional district judges for the southern district of Florida, one additional district judge for the northern district of Illinois, one addi- tional district judge for the southern district of Indi- ana, four additional district judges for the eastern dis- trict of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the district of Maryland, one additional district judge for the northern district of Mississippi, one additional dis- trict judge for the southern district of Mississippi, one additional district judge for the western district of New York, one additional district judge for the northern dis- trict of Ohio, one additional district judge for the southern district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the district of Rhode Island, two additional district judges for the southern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the western district of Texas, two ad- ditional district judges for the eastern district of Vir- ginia, and one additional district judge for the district of Vermont.’’ Pub. L. 87–36, § 2(a), May 19, 1961, 75 Stat. 80, provided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the northern district of Alabama, one addi- tional district judge for the district of Alaska, one ad- ditional district judge for the district of Arizona, one additional district judge for the eastern and western districts of Arkansas, two additional district judges for the northern district of California, two additional dis- trict judges for the southern district of California, one additional district judge for the district of Colorado, two additional district judges for the district of Con- necticut, two additional district judges for the south- ern district of Florida, one additional district judge for the northern district of Georgia, two additional district judges for the northern district of Illinois, one addi- tional district judge for the northern district of Indi- ana, one additional district judge for the southern dis- trict of Indiana, one additional district judge for the northern and southern districts of Iowa, one additional district judge for the district of Kansas, two additional district judges for the eastern district of Louisiana, one additional district judge for the western district of Louisiana, two additional district judges for the dis- trict of Maryland, one additional district judge for the district of Massachusetts, two additional district judges for the eastern district of Michigan, one addi- tional district judge for the southern district of Mis- sissippi, one additional district judge for the western district of Missouri, one additional district judge for the district of Nevada, one additional district judge for the district of New Jersey, two additional district judges for the eastern district of New York, six addi- tional district judges for the southern district of New York, one additional district judge for the eastern dis- trict of North Carolina, one additional district judge for the middle district of North Carolina, one addi- tional district judge for the western district of North Carolina, one additional district judge for the northern district of Ohio, one additional district judge for the northern, eastern, and western districts of Oklahoma, three additional district judges for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, one additional district judge for the middle district of Pennsylvania, two additional district judges for the western district of Pennsylvania, one ad- ditional district judge for the district of Puerto Rico, one additional district judge for the eastern and west- ern districts of South Carolina, one additional district judge for the eastern district of Tennessee, one addi- tional district judge for the middle district of Ten- nessee, one additional district judge for the western district of Tennessee, two additional district judges for the northern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the southern district of Texas, one additional district judge for the western district of Texas and one additional district judge for the eastern and western districts of Washington.’’ Subsec. (a)(1) of act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2, 68 Stat. 8, subsec. (a)(3) of which section amended the table in this section, provided for the appointment by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, of the additional judges for the districts for which addi- tional permanent judgeships were provided in the amendment. Alabama.—Pub. L. 91–272, § 1(b), June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 294, provided that: ‘‘The existing district judgeship for the middle and southern districts of Alabama, here- tofore provided for by section 133 of title 28 of the United States Code, shall hereafter be a district judge- ship for the southern district of Alabama only, and the present incumbent of such judgeship shall henceforth hold his office under such section 133, as amended by subsection (d) of this section.’’ California.—Pub. L. 89–372, § 3(h), Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 77, provided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, three addi- tional district judges for the central district of Cali- fornia, and two additional district judges for the north- ern district of California.’’ Delaware.—Act July 24, 1946, ch. 602, 60 Stat. 654, which authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the district of Delaware was repealed by act Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 848, § 2, 64 Stat. 578, which by section 1 of act Sept. 5, 1950, made the additional judgeship per- manent. However, section 2 of act Sept. 5, 1950 also pro- vided that the repeal in no way affected the tenure of the present incumbent. Florida.—Pub. L. 89–372, § 2(b), Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 75, provided that: ‘‘The existing district judgeship for the northern, middle and southern districts of Florida heretofore provided for by section 133 of title 28, United Page 69 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 133 States Code, shall hereafter be a district judgeship for the middle district of Florida only, and the present in- cumbent of such judgeship shall henceforth hold his of- fice under section 133, as amended by this Act.’’ Georgia.—Act Mar. 29, 1949, ch. 37, 63 Stat. 16, which authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the middle district, was repealed by section 2(b) of Pub. L. 87–36, which made the judgeship permanent and also provided that the incumbent of the judgeship created by act Mar. 29, 1949, should henceforth hold his office under this section, as amended by Pub. L. 87–36, § 2(d). Kansas.—Pub. L. 89–372, § 5(a), Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 78, which authorized the appointment of an additional district judge for the eastern district of Kansas and which provided that the first vacancy which occurred in the office of district judge in such district not be filled was repealed by section 1(c) of Pub. L. 91–272, June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 294, which provided, in part, that such judgeship be a permanent judgeship and that the present incumbent henceforth hold his office under this section, as amended by section 1(d) of Pub. L. 91–272. Missouri.—The additional judgeship for the eastern and western districts, which was authorized by act Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 827, 56 Stat. 1083, was made permanent by act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(a)(2), 68 Stat. 9, which by sec- tion 2(b)(10) of act Feb. 10, 1954 provided that the in- cumbent of the judgeship created by act Dec. 24, 1942, should henceforth hold his office under this section, as amended by act Feb. 10, 1954, § 2(a)(3). Nevada.—Act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(b)(2), 68 Stat. 10, provided: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one additional dis- trict judge for the district of Nevada. The first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in said district shall not be filled.’’ New Jersey.—Pub. L. 91–272, § 2(a), June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 296, provided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one addi- tional district judge for the district of New Jersey. The first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in that district shall not be filled.’’ New Mexico.—Act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(b)(1), 68 Stat. 10, which authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the district, was repealed by section 2(b) of Pub. L. 87–36, which made the judgeship permanent and also provided that the incumbent of the judgeship cre- ated by act Feb. 10, 1954, should henceforth hold his of- fice under this section, as amended by Pub. L. 87–36, § 2(d). North Carolina.—Pub. L. 91–272, § 2(c), June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 296, provided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the eastern district of North Carolina. The first vacancy occurring in the of- fice of district judge in that district shall not be filled.’’ Ohio.—Act May 1, 1941, ch. 83, 55 Stat. 148, which pro- vided for the appointment of an additional judge for the northern district was repealed by act Aug. 3, 1949, ch. 387, § 2(e), 63 Stat. 495, which also provided that the in- cumbent of the judgeship created by act May 1, 1941, should henceforth hold his office under this section, as amended by act Aug. 3, 1949, § 2(a). Pub. L. 87–36, § 2(e)(1), (2), May 19, 1961, 75 Stat. 83, provided that: ‘‘(1) The President shall appoint, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the southern district of Ohio. The first va- cancy occurring in the office of district judge in said district shall not be filled. ‘‘(2) The President shall appoint, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the northern district of Ohio. The first va- cancy occurring in the office of district judge in said district shall not be filled.’’ Oklahoma.—Act May 24, 1940, ch. 209, § 2(a), 54 Stat. 219, providing for additional judgeships was amended by act Aug. 3, 1949, ch. 387, § 2(b), 63 Stat. 495, to strike out ‘‘western district of Oklahoma’’, and to make the in- cumbent of the judgeship created by act May 24, 1940, henceforth hold his office under this section, as amend- ed by act Aug. 3, 1949, § 2(a). Pennsylvania.—Pub. L. 91–272, § 2(b), June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 296, provided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the middle district of Pennsylvania. The first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in that district shall not be filled.’’ Pub. L. 89–372, § 5(b), Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 78, as amended by Pub. L. 90–90, Sept. 23, 1967, 81 Stat. 228, which authorized the appointment of three additional district judges for the eastern district of Pennsylvania and which provided that the second, third, and fourth vacancies occurring after Mar. 18, 1966, in the office of district judge in such district not be filled was repealed by section 1(c) of Pub. L. 91–272, June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 294, which provided, in part, that such judgeships be permanent judgeships and that the present incumbents henceforth hold their offices under this section, as amended by section 1(d) of Pub. L. 81–272. Act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(b)(5), 68 Stat. 10, which au- thorized the appointment of an additional judge for the western district, was repealed by section 2(b) of Pub. L. 87–36, which made the judgeship permanent and also provided that the incumbent of the judgeship created by act Feb. 10, 1954, should henceforth hold his office under this section, as amended by Pub. L. 87–36, § 2(d). Act July 24, 1946, ch. 600, § 2, 60 Stat. 654, as amended by act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 6, 68 Stat. 14, provided: ‘‘The President is authorized to appoint, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, one additional United States district judge, who shall be an additional dis- trict judge for the eastern, middle, and western dis- tricts of Pennsylvania. The judge so appointed shall at the time of his appointment be a resident and a citizen of the State of Pennsylvania: Provided, That when a va- cancy occurs in said office it shall not be filled: Pro- vided further, That unless the President shall submit a nomination to the Senate to fill the office hereby cre- ated within ninety days after the effective date of this Act [July 24, 1946], then in that event this Act shall be of no force and effect. If a vacancy arises in the office of district judge for the middle district of Pennsylvania while the judge appointed pursuant to this section is holding the office created by this section, such judge shall thereafter be a district judge for the middle dis- trict of Pennsylvania.’’ Act Aug. 3, 1949, ch. 387, § 2(c), 63 Stat. 495, which pro- vided for an additional temporary judgeship for the western district of Pennsylvania was repealed by act Aug. 29, 1950, ch. 848, § 2, 64 Stat. 578, which by section 1 of act Aug. 29, 1950, made the additional judgeship permanent. However, section 2 of act Aug. 29, 1950 also provided that the repeal in no way affected the tenure of the present incumbent. South Carolina.—Pub. L. 89–242, § 1(b), Oct. 7, 1965, 79 Stat. 951, provided that: ‘‘The existing district judge- ships for the Eastern District of South Carolina, the Western District of South Carolina, and the Eastern and Western Districts of South Carolina heretofore pro- vided for by section 133 of title 28 of the United States Code [this section] shall hereafter be district judge- ships for the District of South Carolina and the present incumbents of such judgeships shall henceforth hold their offices under section 133, as amended by this Act.’’ South Dakota.—Pub. L. 85–310, Sept. 7, 1957, 71 Stat. 631, provided: ‘‘The President is authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate an ad- ditional district judge for the district of South Dakota as authorized by paragraph (3) of section 2(b) of the act of February 10, 1954 [set out as a note below].’’ Act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(b)(3), 68 Stat. 10, as amend- ed by Pub. L. 85–310, Sept. 7, 1957, 71 Stat. 631, provided: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one additional district judge for the district of South Dakota.’’ Tennessee.—Act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(b)(4), 68 Stat. 10, provided: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one additional Page 70 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 134 district judge for the middle district of Tennessee. The first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in said district shall not be filled.’’ Texas.—Act Aug. 3, 1949, ch. 387, § 2(d), 63 Stat. 495, which authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the Southern district, was repealed by act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(b)(11), 68 Stat. 11, which by sec- tion 2(a)(2) of act Feb. 10, 1954, made the additional judgeship permanent. Section 2(b)(11) of act Feb. 10, 1954 also provided that the incumbent of the judgeship created by section 2(d) of act Aug. 3, 1949, should hence- forth hold his office under this section, as amended by act Feb. 10, 1954, § 2(a)(3). Utah.—Act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(b)(6), 68 Stat. 11, which authorized the appointment of an additional judge for the district, was repealed by section 2(b) of Pub. L. 87–36, which made the judgeship permanent and also provided that the incumbent of the judgeship cre- ated by act Feb. 10, 1954, should hence forth hold his of- fice under this section, as amended by Pub. L. 87–36, § 2(d). Virgin Islands.—Pub. L. 91–272, § 3(a), June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 296, provided that: ‘‘The President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one additional judge for the District Court of the Virgin Is- lands, who shall hold office for the term of eight years and until his successor is chosen and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President for cause.’’ Washington.—Pub. L. 95–486, § 1(b), Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1630, provided that: ‘‘The existing district judge- ship for the eastern and western districts of Wash- ington, heretofore provided for by section 133 of title 28 of the United States Code, shall hereafter be a district judgeship for the western district of Washington only, and the present incumbent of such judgeship shall henceforth hold his office under section 133, as amended by this Act.’’ Pub. L. 87–36, § 2(c), May 19, 1961, 75 Stat. 81, provided that: ‘‘The existing district judgeship for the eastern and western districts of Washington, heretofore pro- vided for by section 133 of title 28 of the United States Code, shall hereafter be a district judgeship for the western district of Washington only, and the present incumbent of such judgeship shall henceforth hold his office under section 133, as amended by this Act [Pub. L. 87–36].’’ West Virginia.—Pub. L. 97–471, § 2, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2601, provided that: ‘‘(a) The existing district judgeship for the Southern District of West Virginia, authorized by section 2 of the Act entitled ‘An Act to provide for the appointment of additional district and circuit judges and for other pur- poses’, approved October 20, 1978 [Pub. L. 95–486] (92 Stat. 1632; 28 U.S.C. 133 note), shall, as of the date of en- actment of this Act [Jan. 14, 1983], be authorized under section 133 of title 28 of the United States Code as a dis- trict judgeship for the Northern District of West Vir- ginia, and the incumbent of that office shall henceforth hold office under section 133, as amended by this Act. ‘‘(b) The existing district judgeship for the Northern and Southern Districts of West Virginia shall be au- thorized as the district judgeship for the Southern Dis- trict.’’ The additional judgeship for the northern and south- ern districts, which was authorized by act June 22, 1936, ch. 695, 49 Stat. 1805, was made permanent by act Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(a)(2), 68 Stat. 9, which by section 2(b)(12) of act Feb. 10, 1954, provided that the incumbent of the judgeship created by act June 22, 1936, should henceforth hold his office under this section, as amend- ed by act Feb. 10, 1954, § 2(a)(3). Wisconsin.—Pub. L. 89–372, § 5(c), Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 78, which authorized the appointment of an additional district judge for the district of Wisconsin and which provided that the first vacancy occurring in the office of district judge in such district not be filled was re- pealed by section 1(c) of Pub. L. 91–272, June 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 294, which provided, in part, that such judgeship be a permanent judgeship and that the present incum- bent henceforth hold his office under this section, as amended by section 1(d) of Pub. L. 91–272. NOMINATION OF WOMEN AND BLACKS TO FEDERAL JUDGESHIPS Pub. L. 95–486, § 8, Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1633, provided that: ‘‘The Congress— ‘‘(1) takes notice of the fact that only 1 percent of Federal judges are women and only 4 percent are blacks; and ‘‘(2) suggests that the President, in selecting indi- viduals for nomination to the Federal judgeships cre- ated by this Act [for classification see Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note above], give due consider- ation to qualified individuals regardless of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.’’ RESIDENCE OF ADDITIONAL JUDGE FOR KANSAS Act Aug. 3, 1949, ch. 387, § 2(b)(2), 63 Stat. 495, provided that: ‘‘The judge first appointed for the district of Kan- sas under the authority contained in subsection (a) [amending this section] shall reside at Wichita.’’ Executive Documents EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 12084 Ex. Ord. No. 12084, Sept. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 44815, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12097, Nov. 8, 1978, 43 F.R. 52455, which established the Judicial Nominating Com- mission for the District of Puerto Rico and provided for its membership, functions, etc., was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12305, May 5, 1981, 46 F.R. 25421, formerly set out as a note under section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 12097 Ex. Ord. No. 12097, Nov. 8, 1978, 43 F.R. 52455, which provided standards and guidelines for the selection of nominees for United States district court judgeships, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12553, Feb. 25, 1986, 51 F.R. 7237. § 134. Tenure and residence of district judges (a) The district judges shall hold office during good behavior. (b) Each district judge, except in the District of Columbia, the Southern District of New York, and the Eastern District of New York, shall re- side in the district or one of the districts for which he is appointed. Each district judge of the Southern District of New York and the Eastern District of New York may reside within 20 miles of the district to which he or she is appointed. (c) If the public interest and the nature of the business of a district court require that a dis- trict judge should maintain his abode at or near a particular place for holding court in the dis- trict or within a particular part of the district the judicial council of the circuit may so declare and may make an appropriate order. If the dis- trict judges of such a district are unable to agree as to which of them shall maintain his abode at or near the place or within the area specified in such an order the judicial council of the circuit may decide which of them shall do so. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 896; Aug. 3, 1949, ch. 387, § 2(b)(1), 63 Stat. 495; Feb. 10, 1954, ch. 6, § 2(b)(13)(a), 68 Stat. 12; Pub. L. 86–3, § 9(c), Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 8; Pub. L. 87–36, § 2(e)(3), May 19, 1961, 75 Stat. 83; Pub. L. 89–571, § 1, Sept. 12, 1966, 80 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 92–208, § 3(e), Dec. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 742; Pub. L. 104–317, title VI, § 607, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3860.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 1 and section 863 of title 48, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Territories and Insular Pos-