15 U.S.C. § 5503 — Definitions

Page 2199 TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE § 5503 The term ‘‘exascale computing system’’ refers to a system operating at one thousand petaflops. SEC. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive de- partment, agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of OMB relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals. (b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appro- priations. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforce- able at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. BARACK OBAMA. § 5502. Purposes The purposes of this chapter are to help ensure the continued leadership of the United States in networking and information technology and its applications by— (1) supporting Federal research, develop- ment, and application of networking and in- formation technology in order to— (A) expand the number of researchers, edu- cators, and students with training in net- working and information technology and ac- cess to networking and information tech- nology resources; (B) promote the further development of an information infrastructure of data bases, services, access mechanisms, and research facilities available for use through the Inter- net; (C) stimulate research on and promote more rapid development of high-end com- puting systems software and applications software; (D) accelerate the development of high-end computing systems and subsystems; (E) provide for the application of net- working and information technology to Grand Challenges; (F) invest in basic research and education, and promote the inclusion of networking and information technology into educational institutions at all levels; and (G) promote greater collaboration among government, Federal laboratories, industry, high-end computing centers, and univer- sities; (2) improving the interagency planning and coordination of Federal research and develop- ment on networking and information tech- nology and maximizing the effectiveness of the Federal Government’s networking and in- formation technology research and develop- ment programs; (3) promoting the more rapid development and wider distribution of networking manage- ment and development tools; and (4) promoting the rapid adoption of open net- work standards. (Pub. L. 102–194, § 3, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1594; Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b), Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2920; Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(c), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2976.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2017—Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(1), substituted ‘‘net- working and information technology’’ for ‘‘high-per- formance computing’’ in introductory provisions. Par. (1). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(A), substituted ‘‘supporting Federal research, development, and appli- cation of networking and information technology’’ for ‘‘expanding Federal support for research, development, and application of high-performance computing’’ in in- troductory provisions. Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(B), substituted ‘‘networking and information technology’’ for ‘‘high- performance computing’’ in two places. Par. (1)(C). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(C), (D), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: ‘‘stimulate research on software tech- nology;’’. Par. (1)(D). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(C), (E), (F), re- designated subpar. (E) as (D), inserted ‘‘high-end’’ after ‘‘the development of’’, and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: ‘‘promote the more rapid de- velopment and wider distribution of computing soft- ware tools and applications software;’’. Par. (1)(E), (F). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(E), (G), re- designated subpars. (F) and (G) as (E) and (F), respec- tively, and substituted ‘‘networking and information technology’’ for ‘‘high-performance computing’’. Former subpar. (E) redesignated (D). Par. (1)(G), (H). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(2)(E), (H), re- designated subpar. (H) as (G) and substituted ‘‘high- end’’ for ‘‘high-performance’’. Former subpar. (G) redes- ignated (F). Par. (2). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(c)(3), substituted ‘‘net- working and information technology and’’ for ‘‘high- performance computing and’’ and ‘‘networking and in- formation technology’’ for ‘‘high-performance com- puting network’’. 1998—Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(1), substituted ‘‘Purposes’’ for ‘‘Purpose’’ as section catchline. Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(2), substituted ‘‘purposes of this chapter are’’ for ‘‘purpose of this chapter is’’ in intro- ductory provisions. Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(3), redesignated sub- par. (B) as (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: ‘‘establish a high-capacity and high- speed National Research and Education Network;’’. Par. (1)(B). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(3), (4), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and substituted ‘‘Internet’’ for ‘‘Net- work’’. Former subpar. (B) redesignated (A). Par. (1)(C) to (I). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(3), (5), redesig- nated subpars. (D) to (I) as (C) to (H), respectively, and struck out ‘‘and’’ at end of par. (H). Par. (2). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(6), substituted ‘‘net- work research and development programs;’’ for ‘‘ef- forts.’’ Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 105–305, § 3(b)(7), added pars. (3) and (4). § 5503. Definitions As used in this chapter, the term— (1) ‘‘cyber-physical systems’’ means physical or engineered systems whose networking and information technology functions and physical elements are deeply integrated and are ac- tively connected to the physical world through sensors, actuators, or other means to enable safe and effective, real-time perform- ance in safety-critical and other applications; (2) ‘‘Director’’ means the Director of the Of- fice of Science and Technology Policy; (3) ‘‘Grand Challenge’’ means a fundamental problem in science or engineering, with broad economic and scientific impact, whose solu- tion will require the application of networking and information technology resources and multidisciplinary teams of researchers; Page 2200 TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE § 5511 (4) ‘‘high-end computing’’ means the most advanced and capable computing systems, in- cluding their hardware, storage, networking and software, encompassing both massive computational capability and large-scale data analytics to solve computational problems of national importance that are beyond the capa- bility of small- to medium-scale systems, in- cluding computing formerly known as high- performance computing; (5) ‘‘Internet’’ means the international com- puter network of both Federal and non-Fed- eral interoperable data networks; (6) ‘‘networking and information tech- nology’’ means high-end computing, commu- nications, and information technologies, high- capacity and high-speed networks, special pur- pose and experimental systems, high-end com- puting systems software and applications soft- ware, and the management of large data sets; (7) ‘‘participating agency’’ means an agency described in section 5511(a)(3)(C) of this title; (8) ‘‘Program’’ means the Networking and Information Technology Research and Devel- opment Program described in section 5511 of this title; and (9) ‘‘Program Component Areas’’ means the major subject areas under which related indi- vidual projects and activities carried out under the Program are grouped. (Pub. L. 102–194, § 4, Dec. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 1595; Pub. L. 105–305, § 7(b), Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2924; Pub. L. 110–69, title VII, § 7024(a)(2), Aug. 9, 2007, 121 Stat. 689; Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(d), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2977.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2017—Pars. (1), (2). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(2), (3), added par. (1) and redesignated former par. (1) as (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3). Par. (3). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(1), (2), (4), redesig- nated par. (2) as (3), substituted ‘‘networking and infor- mation technology’’ for ‘‘high-performance com- puting’’, and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: ‘‘ ‘high-performance computing’ means ad- vanced computing, communications, and information technologies, including supercomputer systems, high- capacity and high-speed networks, special purpose and experimental systems, applications and systems soft- ware, and the management of large data sets;’’. Par. (4). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(5), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5). Par. (5). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(1), (2), redesignated par. (4) as (5) and struck out former par. (5) which read as follows: ‘‘ ‘Network’ means a computer network re- ferred to as the National Research and Education Net- work established under section 5512 of this title;’’. Pars. (6), (7). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(6), added pars. (6) and (7). Former pars. (6) and (7) redesignated (8) and (9), respectively. Par. (8). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(2), (7), redesignated par. (6) as (8) and substituted ‘‘Networking and Infor- mation Technology Research and Development Pro- gram’’ for ‘‘National High-Performance Computing Program’’. Par. (9). Pub. L. 114–329, § 105(d)(2), redesignated par. (7) as (9). 2007—Par. (2). Pub. L. 110–69, § 7024(a)(2)(A), inserted ‘‘and multidisciplinary teams of researchers’’ after ‘‘high-performance computing resources’’. Par. (3). Pub. L. 110–69, § 7024(a)(2)(B), struck out ‘‘sci- entific workstations,’’ after ‘‘technologies, including’’ and ‘‘(including vector supercomputers and large scale parallel systems)’’ after ‘‘supercomputer systems’’, sub- stituted ‘‘applications’’ for ‘‘and applications’’, and in- serted ‘‘, and the management of large data sets’’ after ‘‘systems software’’. Par. (4). Pub. L. 110–69, § 7024(a)(2)(C), struck out ‘‘packet switched’’ before ‘‘data networks’’. Par. (7). Pub. L. 110–69, § 7024(a)(2)(D)–(F), added par. (7). 1998—Pars. (4) to (6). Pub. L. 105–305 added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), re- spectively. SUBCHAPTER I—NETWORKING AND INFOR- MATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Editorial Notes CODIFICATION Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(e), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2978, substituted ‘‘NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY’’ for ‘‘HIGH-PERFORMANCE COM- PUTING’’ in subchapter heading. § 5511. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program (a) Networking and Information Technology re- search and development (1) The President shall implement a Net- working and Information Technology Research and Development Program, which shall— (A) provide for long-term basic and applied research on networking and information tech- nology; (B) provide for research and development on, and demonstration of, technologies to advance the capacity and capabilities of high-end com- puting and networking systems, and related software; (C) provide for sustained access by the re- search community throughout the United States to high-end computing, distributed, and networking systems that are among the most advanced in the world in terms of performance in solving scientific and engineering problems, including provision for technical support for users of such systems; (D) provide for efforts to increase software security and reliability; (E) provide for high-performance networks, including experimental testbed networks, to enable research and development on, and dem- onstration of, advanced applications enabled by such networks; (F) provide for computational science and engineering research on mathematical mod- eling and algorithms for applications in all fields of science and engineering; (G) provide for the technical support of, and research and development on, high-end com- puting systems and software required to ad- dress Grand Challenges; (H) provide support and guidance for edu- cating and training additional undergraduate and graduate students in software engineering, computer science, computer and network secu- rity, applied mathematics, library and infor- mation science, and computational science; (I) provide for improving the security, reli- ability, and resilience of computing and net- working systems, including Federal systems,