28 U.S.C. § 1499 — Liquidated damages withheld from con-

Page 413 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 1499 Stat. 2680; Pub. L. 105–304, title V, § 503(d), Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2917.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES 1948 ACT Based on section 68 of title 35, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Pat- ents (June 25, 1910, ch. 423, 36 Stat. 851; July 1, 1918, ch. 114, 40 Stat. 705). Provisions contained in the second proviso of section 68 of title 35, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to right of the United States to any general or special defense avail- able to defendants in patent infringement suits were omitted as unnecessary. In the absence of statutory re- striction, any defense available to a private party is equally available to the United States. Changes in phraseology were made. 1949 ACT This amendment clarifies section 1498 of title 28, U.S.C., by restating its first paragraph to conform more closely with the original law. Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Hereafter, referred to in subsec. (b), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 86–726, which was ap- proved on Sept. 8, 1960. The copyright laws of the United States, referred to in subsec. (b), are classified generally to Title 17, Copy- rights. Hereafter, referred to in subsec. (d), probably means after the date of enactment of Pub. L. 91–577, which was approved on Dec. 24, 1970. AMENDMENTS 1998—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–304 inserted ‘‘, and to exclusive rights in designs under chapter 13 of title 17,’’ after ‘‘title 17’’. 1997—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–147, § 3, substituted ‘‘ac- tion which may be brought for such infringement shall be an action by the copyright owner’’ for ‘‘remedy of the owner of such copyright shall be by action’’. 1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–308 inserted at end of first par. ‘‘Reasonable and entire compensation shall include the owner’s reasonable costs, including reason- able fees for expert witnesses and attorneys, in pur- suing the action if the owner is an independent inven- tor, a nonprofit organization, or an entity that had no more than 500 employees at any time during the 5-year period preceding the use or manufacture of the pat- ented invention by or for the United States. Nothwithstanding the preceding sentences, unless the action has been pending for more than 10 years from the time of filing to the time that the owner applies for such costs and fees, reasonable and entire compensa- tion shall not include such costs and fees if the court finds that the position of the United States was sub- stantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.’’ 1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–572, § 902(a)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘United States Court of Federal Claims’’ for ‘‘United States Claims Court’’. Subsecs. (b), (d). Pub. L. 102–572, § 902(a)(2), sub- stituted ‘‘Court of Federal Claims’’ for ‘‘Claims Court’’. 1988—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–702 added subsec. (e). 1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–168, § 133(d)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘United States Claims Court’’ for ‘‘Court of Claims’’. Subsecs. (b), (d). Pub. L. 97–164, § 133(d)(2), substituted ‘‘Claims Court’’ for ‘‘Court of Claims’’. 1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–553 substituted ‘‘section 504(c) of title 17’’ for ‘‘section 101(b) of title 17’’. 1970—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–577 added subsec. (d). 1960—Pub. L. 86–726, § 4, substituted ‘‘Patent and copyright cases’’ for ‘‘Patent cases’’ in section catch- line. Pub. L. 86–726, § 1, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsecs. (b) and (c). 1952—Act July 17, 1952, allowed Government employ- ees to maintain patent suits against the United States in certain instances. 1951—Act Oct. 31, 1951, inserted second par. 1949—Act May 29, 1949, conformed first par. of section to original law. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 104–308, § 1(b), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3814, pro- vided that: ‘‘The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to actions under section 1498(a) of title 28, United States Code, that are pending on, or brought on or after, the date of the en- actment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1996].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102–572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 94–553 effective Jan. 1, 1978, see section 102 of Pub. L. 94–553, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 17, Copyrights. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91–577 effective Dec. 24, 1970, see section 141 of Pub. L. 91–577, set out as an Effective Date note under section 2321 of Title 7, Agriculture. WAIVER OF IMMUNITY FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS Pub. L. 86–726, § 2, Sept. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 855, provided that: ‘‘Nothing in this Act [amending this section and section 2386 of Title 10, Armed Forces] shall be con- strued to in any way waive any immunity provided for Members of Congress under article I of section 6 of the Constitution of the United States.’’ § 1499. Liquidated damages withheld from con- tractors under chapter 37 of title 40 The United States Court of Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim for liquidated damages withheld from a contractor or subcontractor under section 3703 of title 40. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 942; Pub. L. 87–581, title II, § 202(a), Aug. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 360; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 133(e)(1), (2)(A), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 40, 41; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, § 325(b)(7), Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5121; Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, § 902(a)(1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4516; Pub. L. 107–217, § 3(g)(3), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1299; Pub. L. 109–284, § 4(2), Sept. 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 1211.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on section 324 of title 40, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Public Buildings, Property and Works (June 19, 1912, ch. 174, § 1, 37 Stat. 137). This section contains only the jurisdictional provi- sion in the last clause of section 324 of title 40, U.S.C., 1940 ed. Changes in phraseology were made. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2006—Pub. L. 109–284 substituted ‘‘chapter 37 of title 40’’ for ‘‘Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act’’ in section catchline. Page 414 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 1500 2002—Pub. L. 107–217 substituted ‘‘section 3703 of title 40’’ for ‘‘section 104 of the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act’’. 1992—Pub. L. 102–572 substituted ‘‘United States Court of Federal Claims’’ for ‘‘United States Claims Court’’. 1990—Pub. L. 101–650 substituted ‘‘Hours and Safety Standards’’ for ‘‘Hours Standards’’ in text. 1982—Pub. L. 97–164 substituted ‘‘Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act’’ for ‘‘Contract Work Hours Standards Act’’ in section catchline and ‘‘United States Claims Court’’ for ‘‘Court of Claims’’ in text. 1962—Pub. L. 87–581 amended section generally, sub- stituting ‘‘Liquidated damages withheld from contrac- tors under Contract Work Hours Standards Act’’ for ‘‘Penalties imposed against contractors under eight hour law’’ in section catchline, and ‘‘liquidated dam- ages withheld from a contractor or subcontractor under section 104 of the Contract Work Hours Standards Act’’ for ‘‘a penalty withheld from a contractor or subcon- tractor under section 324 of Title 40’’ in text. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102–572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1962 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 87–581 effective 60 days after Aug. 13, 1962, but shall not affect contracts existing or thereafter entered into pursuant to invitations for bids outstanding on Aug. 13, 1962, see section 204 of Pub. L. 87–581, Aug. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 360. CONTINUED JURISDICTION UPON CLAIMS UNDER SECTION 324 OF FORMER TITLE 40 Pub. L. 87–581, title II, § 202(b), Aug. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 360, provided that the Court of Claims (now United States Court of Federal Claims) was to continue to have jurisdiction to render judgment upon certain claims for a penalty withheld from a contractor or sub- contractor under section 324 of former Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, in connection with any contract subject to that section existing on the date sixty days after Aug. 13, 1962, or thereafter entered into pursuant to invitations for bids that were outstanding on Aug. 13, 1962. § 1500. Pendency of claims in other courts The United States Court of Federal Claims shall not have jurisdiction of any claim for or in respect to which the plaintiff or his assignee has pending in any other court any suit or process against the United States or any person who, at the time when the cause of action alleged in such suit or process arose, was, in respect there- to, acting or professing to act, directly or indi- rectly under the authority of the United States. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 942; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 133(e)(1), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 40; Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, § 902(a)(1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4516.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 260 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 154, 36 Stat. 1138). Words ‘‘or in the Supreme Court on appeal there- from’’ were omitted as unnecessary. Changes were made in phraseology. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1992—Pub. L. 102–572 substituted ‘‘United States Court of Federal Claims’’ for ‘‘United States Claims Court’’. 1982—Pub. L. 97–164 substituted ‘‘United States Claims Court’’ for ‘‘Court of Claims’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102–572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. § 1501. Pensions The United States Court of Federal Claims shall not have jurisdiction of any claim for a pension. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 942; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 133(e)(1), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 40; Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, § 902(a)(1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4516.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 250(1) (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 145, 36 Stat. 1136). Section constitutes the exception in section 250(1) of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed. Changes were made in phraseology. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1992—Pub. L. 102–572 substituted ‘‘United States Court of Federal Claims’’ for ‘‘United States Claims Court’’. 1982—Pub. L. 97–164 substituted ‘‘United States Claims Court’’ for ‘‘Court of Claims’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102–572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. § 1502. Treaty cases Except as otherwise provided by Act of Con- gress, the United States Court of Federal Claims shall not have jurisdiction of any claim against the United States growing out of or dependent upon any treaty entered into with foreign na- tions. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 942; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 88, 63 Stat. 102; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 133(e)(1), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 40; Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, § 902(a)(1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4516.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES 1948 ACT Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 259 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 153, 36 Stat. 1138).