15 U.S.C. § 261 — Zones for standard time; interstate or for-

Page 647 TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE § 261 1 So in original. Probably should be followed by ‘‘by’’. STUDY AND REPORT ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION; REVERSION Pub. L. 109–58, title I, § 110(c), (d), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 615, provided that: ‘‘(c) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 9 months after the effective date stated in subsection (b) [set out above], the Secretary [of Energy] shall report to Con- gress on the impact of this section [amending this sec- tion] on energy consumption in the United States. ‘‘(d) RIGHT TO REVERT.—Congress retains the right to revert the Daylight Saving Time back to the 2005 time schedules once the Department [of Energy] study is complete.’’ CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS; EXPANSION OF DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME Pub. L. 99–359, § 2(a), July 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 764, pro- vided that: ‘‘The Congress finds— ‘‘(1) that various studies of governmental and non- governmental agencies indicate that daylight saving time over an expanded period would produce a signifi- cant energy savings in electrical power consumption; ‘‘(2) that daylight saving time may yield energy savings in other areas besides electrical power con- sumption; ‘‘(3) that daylight saving time over an expanded pe- riod could serve as an incentive for further energy conservation by individuals, companies, and the var- ious governmental entities at all levels of govern- ment, and that such energy conservation efforts could lead to greatly expanded energy savings; and ‘‘(4) that the use of daylight saving time over an ex- panded period could have other beneficial effects on the public interest, including the reduction of crime, improved traffic safety, more daylight outdoor play- time for the children and youth of our Nation, great- er utilization of parks and recreation areas, expanded economic opportunity through extension of daylight hours to peak shopping hours and through extension of domestic office hours to periods of greater overlap with the European Economic Community.’’ EFFECTIVENESS OF STATE EXEMPTION IN EFFECT ON JULY 8, 1986 Pub. L. 99–359, § 2(c), July 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 764, pro- vided that: ‘‘Any law in effect on the date of the enact- ment of this Act [July 8, 1986]— ‘‘(1) adopted pursuant to section 3(a)(2) of the Uni- form Time Act of 1966 [15 U.S.C. 260a(a)(2)] by a State with parts thereof in more than one time zone, or ‘‘(2) adopted pursuant to section 3(a)(1) of such Act by a State that lies entirely within one time zone, shall be held and considered to remain in effect as the exercise by that State of the exemption permitted by such Act [see 15 U.S.C. 260a(a)] unless that State, by law, provides that such exemption shall not apply.’’ ADJUSTMENT BY GENERAL RULES OR INTERIM ACTION WITH RESPECT TO HOURS OF OPERATION OF DAYTIME STANDARD AMPLITUDE MODULATION BROADCAST STA- TIONS Pub. L. 99–359, § 2(d), July 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 764, pro- vided that: ‘‘(1) Notwithstanding any other law or any regulation issued under any such law, the Federal Communica- tions Commission shall, consistent with any existing treaty or other agreement, make such adjustment by general rules, or by interim action pending such gen- eral rules, with respect to hours of operation of day- time standard amplitude modulation broadcast sta- tions, as may be consistent with the public interest, in- cluding the public’s interest in receiving interference- free service. ‘‘(2) Such general rules, or interim action, may in- clude variances with respect to operating power and other technical operating characteristics. ‘‘(3) Subsequent to the adoption of such general rules, they may be varied with respect to particular stations and areas because of the exigencies in each case.’’ EMERGENCY DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ENERGY CONSERVATION Pub. L. 93–182, Dec. 15, 1973, 87 Stat. 707, as amended by Pub. L. 93–434, Oct. 5, 1974, 88 Stat. 1209, enacted the Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act of 1973, which extended daylight saving time. The act was effective at 2 a.m. on the fourth Sunday which occurred after Dec. 15, 1973 and terminated at 2 a.m. on the last Sunday of April 1975. Executive Documents EX. ORD. NO. 11751. EXEMPTIONS FROM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME AND REALIGNMENTS OF TIME ZONE LIMITS Ex. Ord. No. 11751, Dec. 15, 1973, 38 F.R. 34725, pro- vided: By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 3(b) of the Emergency Daylight Savings Time Energy Conservation Act of 1973 (Public Law 93–182) (herein- after ‘‘the Act’’) [formerly set out above], section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows: SECTION 1. The Secretary of Transportation (herein- after ‘‘the Secretary’’) is hereby designated and empow- ered to exercise the authority vested in me by section 3(b) of the Act [formerly set out above] to grant an ex- emption from section 3(a) of the Act (which establishes daylight saving time as standard time), or a realign- ment of a time zone limit, pursuant to a proclamation of a Governor of a State finding that the exemption or realignment is necessary to avoid undue hardship or to conserve fuel in the State or a part thereof. SEC. 2. In deciding to grant or deny an exemption or realignment, the Secretary shall consider, among other things, the policy of the United States, as expressed in sections 2 and 4 of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (80 Stat. 107, 108; 15 U.S.C. 260, 261), to promote the adop- tion and observance of uniform time within the stand- ard time zones of the United States and the conven- ience of commerce, as well as possible energy savings, undue hardship to large segments of the population, and the possible impact on the success of and coopera- tion with the national energy conservation program. SEC. 3. In carrying out his responsibilities under this order, the Secretary shall, as he deems necessary, con- sult with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Federal Energy Office (or any agency which hereafter may succeed to its functions), and any other interested agency and he may call upon those agencies for information and advice. Each interested department or agency shall assist the Secretary, as necessary, to carry out the provisions of this order. RICHARD NIXON. § 261. Zones for standard time; interstate or for- eign commerce (a) In general For the purpose of establishing the standard time of the United States, the territory of the United States shall be divided into nine zones in the manner provided in this section. Except as provided in section 260a(a) of this title, the standard time of the first zone shall be Coordi- nated Universal Time retarded by 4 hours; that of the second zone retarded by 5 hours; that of the third zone retarded by 6 hours; that of the fourth zone retarded by 7 hours; that of the fifth zone retarded 1 8 hours; that of the sixth zone re- tarded by 9 hours; that of the seventh zone re- tarded by 10 hours; that of the eighth zone re- tarded by 11 hours; and that of the ninth zone shall be Coordinated Universal Time advanced by 10 hours. The limits of each zone shall be de- Page 648 TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE § 262 fined by an order of the Secretary of Transpor- tation, having regard for the convenience of commerce and the existing junction points and division points of common carriers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, and any such order may be modified from time to time. As used in sections 261 to 264 of this title, the term ‘‘interstate or foreign commerce’’ means com- merce between a State, the District of Colum- bia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any possession of the United States and any place outside thereof. (b) Coordinated Universal Time defined In this section, the term ‘‘Coordinated Uni- versal Time’’ means the time scale maintained through the General Conference of Weights and Measures and interpreted or modified for the United States by the Secretary of Commerce in coordination with the Secretary of the Navy. (Mar. 19, 1918, ch. 24, § 1, 40 Stat. 450; Pub. L. 89–387, § 4(a), Apr. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 108; Pub. L. 97–449, § 2(c), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2439; Pub. L. 106–564, § 1(a), Dec. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 2811; Pub. L. 110–69, title III, § 3013(c)(3), Aug. 9, 2007, 121 Stat. 598.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2007—Pub. L. 110–69 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, substituted second sen- tence for former second sentence which read as follows: ‘‘Except as provided in section 260a(a) of this title, the standard time of the first zone shall be based on the mean solar time of the sixtieth degree of longitude west from Greenwich; that of the second zone on the seventy-fifth degree; that of the third zone on the nine- tieth degree; that of the fourth zone on the one hundred and fifth degree; that of the fifth zone on the one hun- dred and twentieth degree; that of the sixth zone on the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree; that of the seventh zone on the one hundred and fiftieth degree; that of the eighth zone on the one hundred and sixty-fifth degree; and that of the ninth zone on the one hundred and fif- tieth meridian of longitude east from Greenwich..’’, and added subsec. (b). 2000—Pub. L. 106–564, in first sentence, substituted ‘‘nine zones’’ for ‘‘eight zones’’ and, in second sentence, substituted ‘‘; that of the eighth’’ for ‘‘; and that of the eighth’’ and inserted before period at end ‘‘; and that of the ninth zone on the one hundred and fiftieth meridian of longitude east from Greenwich.’’ 1983—Pub. L. 97–449 substituted ‘‘Secretary of Trans- portation’’ for ‘‘Interstate Commerce Commission’’. 1966—Pub. L. 89–387 increased the number of time zones from five for the territory of continental United States to eight for the territory of the United States, inserted the ‘‘exception phrase’’, substituted ‘‘solar’’ for ‘‘astronomical’’ time, established the first zone on basis of the 60th degree of longitude west from Green- wich, redesignated as the second through the fifth zones based on the 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th degrees former zones one through four based on such degrees, established the sixth zone based on the 135th degree, re- designated as the seventh zone based on the 150th de- gree former fifth zone based on such degree, and estab- lished the eighth zone based on the 165th degree, sub- stituted ‘‘interstate or foreign commerce’’ for ‘‘com- merce between the several States and and with foreign nations’’ and defined ‘‘interstate or foreign commerce’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries SHORT TITLE Act Mar. 19, 1918, ch. 24, 40 Stat. 450, as amended, which is classified to sections 261 to 264 of this title, is popularly known as the ‘‘Calder Act’’. REPEALS Section 5 of act Mar. 19, 1918, repealed all conflicting acts and parts of acts. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Act Mar. 31, 1949, ch. 43, 63 Stat. 29, authorized the Board of Commissioners [now the Council of the Dis- trict of Columbia] to establish daylight-saving time in the District of Columbia. RETURN TO STANDARD TIME Act Sept. 25, 1945, ch. 388, 59 Stat. 537, provided, that, notwithstanding the provisions of act Jan. 20, 1942, ch. 7, 56 Stat. 9, which provided for war time, the standard time for each zone as provided for in sections 261 to 264 of this title should again become effective as of Sept. 30, 1945, at 2:00 A.M. § 262. Duty to observe standard time of zones Within the respective zones created under the authority of sections 261 to 264 of this title the standard time of the zone shall insofar as prac- ticable (as determined by the Secretary of Transportation) govern the movement of all common carriers engaged in interstate or for- eign commerce. In all statutes, orders, rules, and regulations relating to the time of perform- ance of any act by any officer or department of the United States, whether in the legislative, executive, or judicial branches of the Govern- ment, or relating to the time within which any rights shall accrue or determine, or within which any act shall or shall not be performed by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, it shall be understood and in- tended that the time shall insofar as practicable (as determined by the Secretary of Transpor- tation) be the United States standard time of the zone within which the act is to be per- formed. (Mar. 19, 1918, ch. 24, § 2, 40 Stat. 451; Pub. L. 89–387, § 4(b), Apr. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 108; Pub. L. 97–449, § 2(c), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2439.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1983—Pub. L. 97–449 substituted ‘‘Secretary of Trans- portation’’ for ‘‘Interstate Commerce Commission’’. 1966—Pub. L. 89–387 inserted ‘‘insofar as practicable (as determined by the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion)’’ in two places and substituted ‘‘engaged in inter- state or foreign commerce’’ for ‘‘engaged in commerce between the several States or between a State and any one of the Territories of the United States, or between a State or the Territory of Alaska and any one of the insular possessions of the United States or any foreign country’’. § 263. Designation of zone standard times The standard time of the first zone shall be known and designated as Atlantic standard time; that of the second zone shall be known and designated as eastern standard time; that of the third zone shall be known and designated as cen- tral standard time; that of the fourth zone shall be known and designated as mountain standard time; that of the fifth zone shall be known and designated as Pacific standard time; that of the sixth zone shall be known and designated as Alaska standard time; that of the seventh zone shall be known and designated as Hawaii-Aleu-