9 U.S.C. § 1 — ‘‘Maritime transactions’’ and ‘‘commerce’’ de-

Page 1 TITLE 9—ARBITRATION This title was enacted by act July 30, 1947, ch. 392, § 1, 61 Stat. 669 Chap. Sec. 1. General provisions .............................. 1 2. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards ................................................ 201 3. Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbi- tration ................................................. 301 4. Arbitration of disputes involving sexual assault and sexual harass- ment .................................................... 401 Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2022—Pub. L. 117–90, § 2(b)(3), Mar. 3, 2022, 136 Stat. 27, added item for chapter 4. 1990—Pub. L. 101–369, § 2, Aug. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 450, added item for chapter 3. 1970—Pub. L. 91–368, § 2, July 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 693, added analysis of chapters. TABLE Showing where former sections of Title 9 and the laws from which such former sections were derived, have been incorporated in revised Title 9. Title 9 Former Sections Statutes at Large Title 9 New Sections 1 ............ Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 1, 43 Stat. 883 ............ 1 2 ............ Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 2, 43 Stat. 883 ............ 2 3 ............ Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 3, 43 Stat. 883 ............ 3 4 ............ Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 4, 43 Stat. 883 ............ 4 5 ............ Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 5, 43 Stat. 884 ............ 5 6 ............ Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 6, 43 Stat. 884 ............ 6 7 ............ Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 7, 43 Stat. 884 ............ 7 8 ............ Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 8, 43 Stat. 884 ............ 8 9 ............ Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 9, 43 Stat. 885 ............ 9 10 ........... Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 10, 43 Stat. 885 .......... 10 11 ........... Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 11, 43 Stat. 885 .......... 11 12 ........... Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 12, 43 Stat. 885 .......... 12 13 ........... Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 13, 43 Stat. 886 .......... 13 14 ........... Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 14, 43 Stat. 886 .......... Rep. 15 ........... Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 15, 43 Stat. 886 .......... 14 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries POSITIVE LAW; CITATION This title has been made positive law by section 1 of act July 30, 1947, ch. 392, 61 Stat. 669, which provided in part that: ‘‘title 9 of the United States Code, entitled ‘Arbitration’, is codified and enacted into positive law and may be cited as ‘9 U.S.C., § —’ ’’. REPEALS Act July 30, 1947, ch. 392, § 2, 61 Stat. 674, provided that the sections or parts thereof of the Statutes at Large covering provisions codified in this Act, insofar as such provisions appeared in former title 9 were re- pealed and provided that any rights or liabilities now existing under such repealed sections or parts thereof shall not be affected by such repeal. CHAPTER 1—GENERAL PROVISIONS Sec. 1. ‘‘Maritime transactions’’ and ‘‘commerce’’ defined; exceptions to operation of title. 2. Validity, irrevocability, and enforcement of agreements to arbitrate. 3. Stay of proceedings where issue therein ref- erable to arbitration. 4. Failure to arbitrate under agreement; peti- tion to United States court having jurisdic- tion for order to compel arbitration; notice and service thereof; hearing and determina- tion. 5. Appointment of arbitrators or umpire. 6. Application heard as motion. 7. Witnesses before arbitrators; fees; compelling attendance. 8. Proceedings begun by libel in admiralty and seizure of vessel or property. 9. Award of arbitrators; confirmation; jurisdic- tion; procedure. 10. Same; vacation; grounds; rehearing. 11. Same; modification or correction; grounds; order. 12. Notice of motions to vacate or modify; serv- ice; stay of proceedings. 13. Papers filed with order on motions; judgment; docketing; force and effect; enforcement. 14. Contracts not affected. 15. Inapplicability of the Act of State doctrine. 16. Appeals. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1990—Pub. L. 101–650, title III, § 325(a)(2), Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5120, added item 15 ‘‘Inapplicability of the Act of State doctrine’’ and redesignated former item 15 ‘‘Appeals’’ as 16. 1988—Pub. L. 100–702, title X, § 1019(b), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4671, added item 15 relating to appeals. 1970—Pub. L. 91–368, § 3, July 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 693, des- ignated existing sections 1 through 14 as ‘‘Chapter 1’’ and added heading for Chapter 1. § 1. ‘‘Maritime transactions’’ and ‘‘commerce’’ de- fined; exceptions to operation of title ‘‘Maritime transactions’’, as herein defined, means charter parties, bills of lading of water carriers, agreements relating to wharfage, sup- plies furnished vessels or repairs to vessels, col- lisions, or any other matters in foreign com- merce which, if the subject of controversy, would be embraced within admiralty jurisdic- tion; ‘‘commerce’’, as herein defined, means commerce among the several States or with for- eign nations, or in any Territory of the United States or in the District of Columbia, or be- tween any such Territory and another, or be- tween any such Territory and any State or for- eign nation, or between the District of Columbia Page 2 TITLE 9—ARBITRATION § 2 and any State or Territory or foreign nation, but nothing herein contained shall apply to con- tracts of employment of seamen, railroad em- ployees, or any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce. (July 30, 1947, ch. 392, 61 Stat. 670.) DERIVATION Act Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 1, 43 Stat. 883. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries SHORT TITLE OF 2022 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 117–90, § 1, Mar. 3, 2022, 136 Stat. 26, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting chapter 4 of this title, amending sections 2, 208, and 307 of this title, and en- acting provisions set out as a note under section 401 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Ending Forced Arbitra- tion of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021’.’’ § 2. Validity, irrevocability, and enforcement of agreements to arbitrate A written provision in any maritime trans- action or a contract evidencing a transaction in- volving commerce to settle by arbitration a con- troversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction, or the refusal to perform the whole or any part thereof, or an agreement in writing to submit to arbitration an existing con- troversy arising out of such a contract, trans- action, or refusal, shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract or as otherwise provided in chapter 4. (July 30, 1947, ch. 392, 61 Stat. 670; Pub. L. 117–90, § 2(b)(1)(A), Mar. 3, 2022, 136 Stat. 27.) DERIVATION Act Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 2, 43 Stat. 883. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2022—Pub. L. 117–90 inserted ‘‘or as otherwise pro- vided in chapter 4’’ before period at end. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2022 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 117–90 applicable with respect to any dispute or claim that arises or accrues on or after Mar. 3, 2022, see section 3 of Pub. L. 117–90, set out as an Effective Date note under section 401 of this title. § 3. Stay of proceedings where issue therein ref- erable to arbitration If any suit or proceeding be brought in any of the courts of the United States upon any issue referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for such arbitration, the court in which such suit is pending, upon being satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or proceeding is referable to arbitration under such an agree- ment, shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until such arbitra- tion has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement, providing the applicant for the stay is not in default in proceeding with such arbitration. (July 30, 1947, ch. 392, 61 Stat. 670.) DERIVATION Act Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 3, 43 Stat. 883. § 4. Failure to arbitrate under agreement; peti- tion to United States court having jurisdic- tion for order to compel arbitration; notice and service thereof; hearing and determina- tion A party aggrieved by the alleged failure, ne- glect, or refusal of another to arbitrate under a written agreement for arbitration may petition any United States district court which, save for such agreement, would have jurisdiction under title 28, in a civil action or in admiralty of the subject matter of a suit arising out of the con- troversy between the parties, for an order di- recting that such arbitration proceed in the manner provided for in such agreement. Five days’ notice in writing of such application shall be served upon the party in default. Service thereof shall be made in the manner provided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The court shall hear the parties, and upon being satisfied that the making of the agreement for arbitra- tion or the failure to comply therewith is not in issue, the court shall make an order directing the parties to proceed to arbitration in accord- ance with the terms of the agreement. The hear- ing and proceedings, under such agreement, shall be within the district in which the petition for an order directing such arbitration is filed. If the making of the arbitration agreement or the failure, neglect, or refusal to perform the same be in issue, the court shall proceed summarily to the trial thereof. If no jury trial be demanded by the party alleged to be in default, or if the matter in dispute is within admiralty jurisdic- tion, the court shall hear and determine such issue. Where such an issue is raised, the party alleged to be in default may, except in cases of admiralty, on or before the return day of the no- tice of application, demand a jury trial of such issue, and upon such demand the court shall make an order referring the issue or issues to a jury in the manner provided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, or may specially call a jury for that purpose. If the jury find that no agreement in writing for arbitration was made or that there is no default in proceeding there- under, the proceeding shall be dismissed. If the jury find that an agreement for arbitration was made in writing and that there is a default in proceeding thereunder, the court shall make an order summarily directing the parties to pro- ceed with the arbitration in accordance with the terms thereof. (July 30, 1947, ch. 392, 61 Stat. 671; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1263, § 19, 68 Stat. 1233.) DERIVATION Act Feb. 12, 1925, ch. 213, § 4, 43 Stat. 883. Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, referred to in text, are set out in Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judi- cial Procedure. AMENDMENTS 1954—Act Sept. 3, 1954, brought section into con- formity with present terms and practice.