19 U.S.C. § 2601 — Definitions

Page 757 TITLE 19—CUSTOMS DUTIES § 2601 1 See References in Text note below. was classified generally to sections 1 to 6, 7 to 39 and 41 to 44 of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and Na- tional Defense, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as chapter 53 (§ 4301 et seq.) of Title 50. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Ta- bles. AMENDMENTS 1988—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–418 substituted ‘‘notes of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States’’ for ‘‘headnotes of the Tariff Schedules of the United States’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 100–418 effective Jan. 1, 1989, and applicable with respect to articles entered on or after such date, see section 1217(b)(1) of Pub. L. 100–418, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3001 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Pub. L. 96–39, title XI, § 1114, July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 317, provided that: ‘‘Except as otherwise provided in this title, this title [enacting this subchapter, amending the Tariff Schedules of the United States and sections 1315, 1337, 2112, 2119, 2131, 2155, 2192, 2253, 2432, 2434, 2435, 2462, 2463, 2464, 2481, and 2486 of this title, section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 301 of Title 13, Census, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2111, 2112, and 2464 of this title and 301 of Title 13, and amending a provision set out as a note under section 2101 of this title] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [July 26, 1979].’’ § 2582. Repealed. Pub. L. 98–67, title II, § 214(d), Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 393 Section, Pub. L. 96–39, title XI, § 1112, July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 316, authorized payment of compensation to losses in taxes resulting from concessions granted by United States in Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations on articles produced by United States pos- sessions on which excise taxes are levied by United States. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL Repeal effective Aug. 5, 1983, see section 218(a) of Pub. L. 98–67, which is classified to section 2706 of this title. CHAPTER 14—CONVENTION ON CULTURAL PROPERTY Sec. 2601. Definitions. 2602. Agreements to implement Article 9 of the convention. 2603. Emergency implementation of import restric- tions. 2604. Designation of materials covered by agree- ments or emergency actions. 2605. Cultural Property Advisory Committee. 2606. Import restrictions. 2607. Stolen cultural property. 2608. Temporary disposition of materials and arti- cles subject to this chapter. 2609. Seizure and forfeiture. 2610. Evidentiary requirements. 2611. Certain material and articles exempt from this chapter. 2612. Regulations. 2613. Enforcement. § 2601. Definitions For purposes of this chapter— (1) The term ‘‘agreement’’ includes any amendment to, or extension of, any agreement under this chapter that enters into force with respect to the United States. (2) The term ‘‘archaeological or ethnological material of the State Party’’ means— (A) any object of archaeological interest; (B) any object of ethnological interest; or (C) any fragment or part of any object re- ferred to in subparagraph (A) or (B); which was first discovered within, and is sub- ject to export control by, the State Party. For purposes of this paragraph— (i) no object may be considered to be an object of archaeological interest unless such object— (I) is of cultural significance; (II) is at least two hundred and fifty years old; and (III) was normally discovered as a result of scientific excavation, clandestine or ac- cidental digging, or exploration on land or under water; and (ii) no object may be considered to be an object of ethnological interest unless such object is— (I) the product of a tribal or nonindus- trial society, and (II) important to the cultural heritage of a people because of its distinctive charac- teristics, comparative rarity, or its con- tribution to the knowledge of the origins, development, or history of that people. (3) The term ‘‘Committee’’ means the Cul- tural Property Advisory Committee estab- lished under section 2605 of this title. (4) The term ‘‘consignee’’ means a consignee as defined in section 1483 1 of this title. (5) The term ‘‘Convention’’ means the Con- vention on the means of prohibiting and pre- venting the illicit import, export, and transfer of ownership of cultural property adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organi- zation at its sixteenth session. (6) The term ‘‘cultural property’’ includes articles described in article 1(a) through (k) of the Convention whether or not any such arti- cle is specifically designated as such by any State Party for the purposes of such article. (7) The term ‘‘designated archaeological or ethnological material’’ means any archae- ological or ethnological material of the State Party which— (A) is— (i) covered by an agreement under this chapter that enters into force with respect to the United States, or (ii) subject to emergency action under section 2603 of this title, and (B) is listed by regulation under section 2604 of this title. (8) The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Sec- retary of the Treasury or his delegate. (9) The term ‘‘State Party’’ means any na- tion which has ratified, accepted, or acceded to the Convention. Page 758 TITLE 19—CUSTOMS DUTIES § 2601 (10) The term ‘‘United States’’ includes the several States, the District of Columbia, and any territory or area the foreign relations for which the United States is responsible. (11) The term ‘‘United States citizen’’ means— (A) any individual who is a citizen or na- tional of the United States; (B) any corporation, partnership, associa- tion, or other legal entity organized or exist- ing under the laws of the United States or any State; or (C) any department, agency, or entity of the Federal Government or of any govern- ment of any State. (Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 302, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2351.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 1483 of this title, referred to in par. (4), was repealed by Pub. L. 97–446, title II, § 201(c), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2349. Prior to repeal, section 1483 read: ‘‘For the purposes of this subtitle— ‘‘(1) All merchandise imported into the United States shall be held to be the property of the person to whom the same is consigned; and the holder of a bill of lading or the holder of an air waybill duly in- dorsed by the consignee therein named, or, in the case of a bill of lading if consigned to order, by the consignor, shall be deemed the consignee thereof; ex- cept that this section shall not limit in any way the rights of the consignor, as prescribed by article 12 of the Warsaw Convention (49 Stat. 3017). The under- writers of abandoned merchandise and the salvors of merchandise saved from a wreck at sea or on or along a coast of the United States may be regarded as the consignees. ‘‘(2) A person making entry of merchandise under the provisions of subdivision (h) or (i) of section 1484 of this title (relating to entry on carrier’s certificate and on duplicate bill of lading, respectively) shall be deemed the sole consignee thereof.’’ CODIFICATION Section 2605 of this title, referred to in par. (3), was in original ‘‘section 206’’ and was translated as section 2605 of this title, which is section 306 of Pub. L. 97–446, as the probable intent of Congress. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 315, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2363, provided that: ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—This title [enacting this chapter] shall take effect on the ninetieth day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 12, 1983] or on any date which the President shall prescribe and publish in the Federal Register, if such date is— ‘‘(1) before such ninetieth day and after such date of enactment; and ‘‘(2) after the initial membership of the Committee is appointed. ‘‘(b) EXCEPTION.—Notwithstanding subsection (a), the members of the Committee may be appointed in the manner provided for in section 306 [2605 of this title] at any time after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 12, 1983].’’ SHORT TITLE Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 301, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2350, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act’.’’ PROTECTING AND PRESERVING INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTY Pub. L. 114–151, May 9, 2016, 130 Stat. 369, provided that: ‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act’. ‘‘SEC. 2. SENSE OF CONGRESS. ‘‘It is the sense of Congress that the President should establish an interagency coordinating committee to co- ordinate the efforts of the executive branch to protect and preserve international cultural property at risk from political instability, armed conflict, or natural or other disasters. Such committee should— ‘‘(1) be chaired by a Department of State employee of Assistant Secretary rank or higher, concurrent with that employee’s other duties; ‘‘(2) include representatives of the Smithsonian In- stitution and Federal agencies with responsibility for the preservation and protection of international cul- tural property; ‘‘(3) consult with governmental and nongovern- mental organizations, including the United States Committee of the Blue Shield, museums, educational institutions, and research institutions, and partici- pants in the international art and cultural property market on efforts to protect and preserve inter- national cultural property; ‘‘(4) coordinate core United States interests in— ‘‘(A) protecting and preserving international cul- tural property; ‘‘(B) preventing and disrupting looting and illegal trade and trafficking in international cultural property, particularly exchanges that provide rev- enue to terrorist and criminal organizations; ‘‘(C) protecting sites of cultural and archae- ological significance; and ‘‘(D) providing for the lawful exchange of inter- national cultural property. ‘‘SEC. 3. EMERGENCY PROTECTION FOR SYRIAN CULTURAL PROPERTY. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The President shall exercise the authority of the President under section 304 of the Con- vention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (19 U.S.C. 2603) to impose import restrictions set forth in section 307 of that Act (19 U.S.C. 2606) with respect to any archaeological or ethnological material of Syria— ‘‘(1) not later than 90 days after the date of the en- actment of this Act [May 9, 2016]; ‘‘(2) without regard to whether Syria is a State Party (as defined in section 302 of that Act (19 U.S.C. 2601)); and ‘‘(3) notwithstanding— ‘‘(A) the requirement of subsection (b) of section 304 of that Act (19 U.S.C. 2603(b)) that an emergency condition (as defined in subsection (a) of that sec- tion) applies; and ‘‘(B) the limitations under subsection (c) of that section. ‘‘(b) ANNUAL DETERMINATION REGARDING CERTIFI- CATION.— ‘‘(1) DETERMINATION.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The President shall, not less often than annually, determine whether at least 1 of the conditions specified in subparagraph (B) is met, and shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of such determination. ‘‘(B) CONDITIONS.—The conditions referred to in subparagraph (A) are the following: ‘‘(i) The Government of Syria is incapable, at the time a determination under such subpara- graph is made, of fulfilling the requirements to request an agreement under section 303 of the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (19 U.S.C. 2602), including the requirements under subsection (a)(3) of that section. ‘‘(ii) It would be against the United States na- tional interest to enter into such an agreement. Page 759 TITLE 19—CUSTOMS DUTIES § 2602 ‘‘(2) TERMINATION OF RESTRICTIONS.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subpara- graph (B), the import restrictions referred to in subsection (a) shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after the date on which the President deter- mines that neither of the conditions specified in paragraph (1)(B) are met. ‘‘(B) REQUEST FOR TERMINATION.—If Syria requests to enter into an agreement with the United States pursuant to section 303 of the Convention on Cul- tural Property Implementation Act (19 U.S.C. 2602) on or after the date on which the President deter- mines that neither of the conditions specified in paragraph (1)(B) are met, the import restrictions referred to in subsection (a) shall terminate on the earlier of— ‘‘(i) the date that is 3 years after the date on which Syria makes such a request; or ‘‘(ii) the date on which the United States and Syria enter into such an agreement. ‘‘(c) WAIVER.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The President may waive the im- port restrictions referred to in subsection (a) for spec- ified archaeological and ethnological material of Syria if the President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the conditions de- scribed in paragraph (2) are met. ‘‘(2) CONDITIONS.—The conditions referred to in paragraph (1) are the following: ‘‘(A)(i) The owner or lawful custodian of the spec- ified archaeological or ethnological material of Syria has requested that such material be tempo- rarily located in the United States for protection purposes; or ‘‘(ii) if no owner or lawful custodian can reason- ably be identified, the President determines that, for purposes of protecting and preserving such ma- terial, the material should be temporarily located in the United States. ‘‘(B) Such material shall be returned to the owner or lawful custodian when requested by such owner or lawful custodian. ‘‘(C) There is no credible evidence that granting a waiver under this subsection will contribute to ille- gal trafficking in archaeological or ethnological material of Syria or financing of criminal or ter- rorist activities. ‘‘(3) ACTION.—If the President grants a waiver under this subsection, the specified archaeological or ethno- logical material of Syria that is the subject of such waiver shall be placed in the temporary custody of the United States Government or in the temporary custody of a cultural or educational institution with- in the United States for the purpose of protection, restoration, conservation, study, or exhibition, with- out profit. ‘‘(4) IMMUNITY FROM SEIZURE.—Any archaeological or ethnological material that enters the United States pursuant to a waiver granted under this sec- tion shall have immunity from seizure under Public Law 89–259 (22 U.S.C. 2459). All provisions of Public Law 89–259 shall apply to such material as if immu- nity from seizure had been granted under that Public Law. ‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: ‘‘(1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.—The term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means— ‘‘(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Finance of the Senate; and ‘‘(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Rep- resentatives. ‘‘(2) ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR ETHNOLOGICAL MATERIAL OF SYRIA.—The term ‘archaeological or ethnological ma- terial of Syria’ means cultural property (as defined in section 302 of the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (19 U.S.C. 2601)) that is unlaw- fully removed from Syria on or after March 15, 2011. ‘‘SEC. 4. REPORT. ‘‘Not later than 1 year after the date of the enact- ment of this Act [May 9, 2016], and annually thereafter for the next 6 years, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the efforts of the executive branch, during the 12-month pe- riod preceding the submission of the report, to protect and preserve international cultural property, includ- ing— ‘‘(1) whether an interagency coordinating com- mittee as described in section 2 has been established and, if such a committee has been established, a de- scription of the activities undertaken by such com- mittee, including a list of the entities participating in such activities; ‘‘(2) a description of measures undertaken pursuant to relevant statutes, including— ‘‘(A) actions to implement and enforce section 3 of this Act and section 3002 of the Emergency Pro- tection for Iraqi Cultural Antiquities Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–429; 118 Stat. 2599), including meas- ures to dismantle international networks that traf- fic illegally in cultural property; ‘‘(B) a description of any requests for a waiver under section 3(c) of this Act and, for each such re- quest, whether a waiver was granted; ‘‘(C) a list of the statutes and regulations em- ployed in criminal, civil, and civil forfeiture ac- tions to prevent illegal trade and trafficking in cul- tural property; ‘‘(D) actions undertaken to ensure the consistent and effective application of law in cases relating to illegal trade and trafficking in cultural property; and ‘‘(E) actions undertaken to promote the legiti- mate commercial and non-commercial exchange and movement of cultural property; and ‘‘(3) actions undertaken in fulfillment of inter- national agreements on cultural property protection, including the Convention for the Protection of Cul- tural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, done at The Hague May 14, 1954.’’ Executive Documents DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS AND AUTHORITIES UNDER THE PROTECT AND PRESERVE INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTY ACT Memorandum of President of the United States, Aug. 1, 2016, 81 F.R. 55105, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, the functions and authorities conferred upon the President by the Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act (Public Law 114–151, 130 Stat. 369) are hereby delegated to the Secretary of State. In the performance of such functions, the Secretary of State shall consult the Secretaries of Homeland Secu- rity and the Treasury, and the heads of other depart- ments and agencies, as appropriate. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. BARACK OBAMA. § 2602. Agreements to implement Article 9 of the convention (a) Agreement authority (1) In general If the President determines, after request is made to the United States under article 9 of the Convention by any State Party— (A) that the cultural patrimony of the State Party is in jeopardy from the pillage of archaeological or ethnological materials of the State Party; (B) that the State Party has taken meas- ures consistent with the Convention to pro- tect its cultural patrimony;