2 U.S.C. § 166 — Congressional Research Service

Page 79 TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 166 the Library of Congress’’ for ‘‘pay to the Library of Congress’’. Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 117–328, § 141(a)(2), (3), added subsec. (g) and redesignated former subsec. (g) as (h). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2022 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 117–328, div. I, title I, § 141(b), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 4932, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to fiscal year 2023 and each succeeding fiscal year.’’ FUNDING FOR LITTLE SCHOLARS CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER AND TINY FINDINGS CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER Pub. L. 116–159, div. A, § 159, Oct. 1, 2020, 134 Stat. 721, provided that: ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act [div. A of Pub. L. 116–159, see Tables for classi- fication]— ‘‘(1) the authority of the Library of Congress to re- imburse the Little Scholars Child Development Cen- ter at the Library of Congress under section 19004 of the CARES Act (2 U.S.C. 162b note; 134 Stat. 578) shall remain in effect with respect to salaries incurred until the termination of the public health emergency declared pursuant to section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 247d) resulting from the COVID–19 pandemic; and ‘‘(2) the authority of the Government Account- ability Office to reimburse the Tiny Findings Child Development Center under section 19009 of the CARES Act (134 Stat. 579) shall remain in effect with respect to salaries incurred until the termination of the public health emergency declared pursuant to section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 247d) resulting from the COVID–19 pandemic.’’ (3) [Amended section 19005(a) of Pub. L. 116–136, set out as a note under 1816b of this title.] SOURCE OF FUNDS USED FOR PAYMENT OF SALARIES AND EXPENSES OF LITTLE SCHOLARS CHILD DEVELOP- MENT CENTER Pub. L. 116–136, div. B, title IX, § 19004, Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 578, as amended by Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title XI, § 1101(b)(1), (2), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2156, 2157, pro- vided that: ‘‘(a) REIMBURSEMENTS.—During the period beginning on the date of enactment of the Consolidated Appro- priations Act, 2021 [Dec. 27, 2020] and ending on the ter- mination date of the public health emergency declared pursuant to section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 247d) resulting from the COVID–19 pan- demic, the Library of Congress shall reimburse the Lit- tle Scholars Child Development Center for expenses, due to measures taken in the Capitol complex to com- bat coronavirus, as calculated under subsection (b) and from amounts in the appropriations account ‘Library of Congress—Salaries and Expenses’. ‘‘(b) AMOUNT.—The amount of the reimbursement under this section for each month of the period de- scribed in subsection (a) shall be equal to the difference between— ‘‘(1) the lesser of— ‘‘(A) the amount of the operating costs (including payroll, general, and administrative expenses) of the Center for such month; or ‘‘(B) $118,500; and ‘‘(2) the amount of tuition payments collected by the Center for such month.’’ [For definition of ‘‘coronavirus’’ as used in section 19004 of Pub. L. 116–136, set out above, see section 23005 of Pub. L. 116–136, set out below.] DEFINITION Pub. L. 116–136, div. B, title XIII, § 23005, Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 614, provided that: ‘‘In this Act [div. B of Pub. L. 116–136, see Tables for classification], the term ‘coronavirus’ means SARS–CoV–2 or another coronavirus with pandemic potential.’’ § 163. Omitted Editorial Notes CODIFICATION Section, act Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 423, § 7, 43 Stat. 1108, which required the Library of Congress Trust Fund Board to submit an annual report to Congress on mon- eys or securities received and held and operations, ter- minated, effective May 15, 2000, pursuant to section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance. See, also, page 10 of House Document No. 103–7. § 164. Index and digest of State legislation; prep- aration The Librarian of Congress is authorized and directed to prepare biennially an index to the legislation of the States of the United States en- acted during the biennium, together with a sup- plemental digest of the more important legisla- tion of the period. (Feb. 10, 1927, ch. 99, § 1, 44 Stat. 1066; Feb. 28, 1929, ch. 367, § 1, 45 Stat. 1398.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1929—Act Feb. 28, 1929, repealed provision that the Li- brarian of Congress report biennially to Congress an index and digest of State legislation. § 164a. Official distribution of State legislation index and digest The Librarian of Congress is directed to have the indexes and digests authorized by section 164 of this title printed and bound for official dis- tribution only. (Feb. 28, 1929, ch. 367, § 1, 45 Stat. 1398.) § 165. Authorization for appropriation for bien- nial index There is authorized to be appropriated annu- ally for carrying out the provisions of section 164 of this title the sum of $30,000, to remain available until expended. (Feb. 10, 1927, ch. 99, § 2, 44 Stat. 1066.) § 166. Congressional Research Service (a) Redesignation of Legislative Reference Serv- ice The Legislative Reference Service in the Li- brary of Congress is hereby continued as a sepa- rate department in the Library of Congress and is redesignated the ‘‘Congressional Research Service’’. (b) Functions and objectives It is the policy of Congress that— (1) the Librarian of Congress shall, in every possible way, encourage, assist, and promote the Congressional Research Service in— (A) rendering to Congress the most effec- tive and efficient service, (B) responding most expeditiously, effec- tively, and efficiently to the special needs of Congress, and Page 80 TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 166 (C) discharging its responsibilities to Con- gress; and (2) the Librarian of Congress shall grant and accord to the Congressional Research Service complete research independence and the max- imum practicable administrative independ- ence consistent with these objectives. (c) Appointment and compensation of Director, Deputy Director, and other necessary per- sonnel; minimum grade for Senior Special- ists; classification above GS–15 of Specialists and Senior Specialists; appointment without regard to civil service laws and political af- filiation and on basis of fitness to perform duties (1) After consultation with the Joint Com- mittee on the Library, the Librarian of Congress shall appoint the Director of the Congressional Research Service. The Director shall be com- pensated at the greater of the rate of pay in ef- fect for level III of the Executive Schedule under section 5314 of title 5 or the maximum annual rate of basic pay payable under section 5376 of such title for positions at agencies with a per- formance appraisal system certified under sec- tion 5307(d) of such title. (2) The Librarian of Congress, upon the rec- ommendation of the Director, shall appoint a Deputy Director of the Congressional Research Service and all other necessary personnel there- of. The basic pay of the Deputy Director shall be fixed in accordance with chapter 51 (relating to classification) and section 5376 of title 5. The basic pay of all other necessary personnel of the Congressional Research Service shall be fixed in accordance with chapter 51 (relating to classi- fication) and subchapter III (relating to General Schedule pay rates) of chapter 53 of title 5, ex- cept that— (A) the grade of Senior Specialist in each field within the purview of subsection (e) of this section shall not be less than the highest grade in the executive branch of the Govern- ment to which research analysts and consult- ants, without supervisory responsibility, are currently assigned; and (B) the positions of Specialist and Senior Specialist in the Congressional Research Serv- ice may be classified above GS–15 in accord- ance with section 5108(c) of title 5, and the rate of basic pay for such positions may be fixed in accordance with section 5376 of such title, subject to the prior approval of the Joint Committee on the Library. (3) Each appointment made under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection and subsection (e) of this section shall be without regard to the civil service laws, without regard to political af- filiation, and solely on the basis of fitness to perform the duties of the position. (d) Duties of Service; assistance to Congressional committees; list of terminating programs and subjects for analysis; legislative data, studies, etc.; information research; digest of bills, preparation; legislation, purpose and effect, and preparation of memoranda; information and research capability, development It shall be the duty of the Congressional Re- search Service, without partisan bias— (1) upon request, to advise and assist any committee of the Senate or House of Rep- resentatives and any joint committee of Con- gress in the analysis, appraisal, and evalua- tion of legislative proposals within that com- mittee’s jurisdiction, or of recommendations submitted to Congress, by the President or any executive agency, so as to assist the com- mittee in— (A) determining the advisability of enact- ing such proposals; (B) estimating the probable results of such proposals and alternatives thereto; and (C) evaluating alternative methods for ac- complishing those results; and, by providing such other research and ana- lytical services as the committee considers ap- propriate for these purposes, otherwise to as- sist in furnishing a basis for the proper evalua- tion and determination of legislative proposals and recommendations generally; and in the performance of this duty the Service shall have authority, when so authorized by a com- mittee and acting as the agent of that com- mittee, to request of any department or agen- cy of the United States the production of such books, records, correspondence, memoranda, papers, and documents as the Service con- siders necessary, and such department or agency of the United States shall comply with such request; and further, in the performance of this and any other relevant duty, the Serv- ice shall maintain continuous liaison with all committees; (2) to make available to each committee of the Senate and House of Representatives and each joint committee of the two Houses, at the opening of a new Congress, a list of pro- grams and activities being carried out under existing law scheduled to terminate during the current Congress, which are within the juris- diction of the committee; (3) to make available to each committee of the Senate and House of Representatives and each joint committee of the two Houses, at the opening of a new Congress, a list of sub- jects and policy areas which the committee might profitably analyze in depth; (4) upon request, or upon its own initiative in anticipation of requests, to collect, classify, and analyze in the form of studies, reports, compilations, digests, bulletins, indexes, translations, and otherwise, data having a bearing on legislation, and to make such data available and serviceable to committees and Members of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives and joint committees of Congress; (5) upon request, or upon its own initiative in anticipation of requests, to prepare and pro- vide information, research, and reference ma- terials and services to committees and Mem- bers of the Senate and House of Representa- tives and joint committees of Congress to as- sist them in their legislative and representa- tive functions; (6) to prepare summaries and digests of bills and resolutions of a public general nature in- troduced in the Senate or House of Represent- atives; (7) upon request made by any committee or Member of the Congress, to prepare and trans- Page 81 TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 166 1 See References in Text note below. mit to such committee or Member a concise memorandum with respect to one or more leg- islative measures upon which hearings by any committee of the Congress have been an- nounced, which memorandum shall contain a statement of the purpose and effect of each such measure, a description of other relevant measures of similar purpose or effect pre- viously introduced in the Congress, and a reci- tation of all action taken theretofore by or within the Congress with respect to each such other measure; (8) to develop and maintain an information and research capability, to include Senior Spe- cialists, Specialists, other employees, and con- sultants, as necessary, to perform the func- tions provided for in this subsection; and (9) to comply with the requirements of, and provide information and technological assist- ance consistent with, section 124 1 of the Legis- lative Branch Appropriations Act, 2018. (e) Specialists and Senior Specialists; appoint- ment; fields of appointment The Librarian of Congress is authorized to ap- point in the Congressional Research Service, upon the recommendation of the Director, Spe- cialists and Senior Specialists in the following broad fields: (1) agriculture; (2) American government and public admin- istration; (3) American public law; (4) conservation; (5) education; (6) engineering and public works; (7) housing; (8) industrial organization and corporation finance; (9) international affairs; (10) international trade and economic geog- raphy; (11) labor and employment; (12) mineral economics; (13) money and banking; (14) national defense; (15) price economics; (16) science; (17) social welfare; (18) taxation and fiscal policy; (19) technology; (20) transportation and communications; (21) urban affairs; (22) veterans’ affairs; and (23) such other broad fields as the Director may consider appropriate. Such Specialists and Senior Specialists, to- gether with such other employees of the Con- gressional Research Service as may be nec- essary, shall be available for special work with the committees and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives and the joint commit- tees of Congress for any of the purposes of sub- section (d) of this section. (f) Duties of Director; establishment and change of research and reference divisions or other organizational units, or both The Director is authorized— (1) to classify, organize, arrange, group, and divide, from time to time, as he considers ad- visable, the requests for advice, assistance, and other services submitted to the Congres- sional Research Service by committees and Members of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives and joint committees of Congress, into such classes and categories as he con- siders necessary to— (A) expedite and facilitate the handling of the individual requests submitted by Mem- bers of the Senate and House of Representa- tives, (B) promote efficiency in the performance of services for committees of the Senate and House of Representatives and joint commit- tees of Congress, and (C) provide a basis for the efficient per- formance by the Congressional Research Service of its legislative research and re- lated functions generally, and (2) to establish and change, from time to time, as he considers advisable, within the Congressional Research Service, such research and reference divisions or other organizational units, or both, as he considers necessary to ac- complish the purposes of this section. (g) Budget estimates The Director of the Congressional Research Service will submit to the Librarian of Congress for review, consideration, evaluation, and ap- proval, the budget estimates of the Congres- sional Research Service for inclusion in the Budget of the United States Government. (h) Experts or consultants, individual or organi- zational, and persons and organizations with specialized knowledge; procurement of tem- porary or intermittent assistance; contracts, nonpersonal and personal service; advertise- ment requirements inapplicable; end prod- uct; pay; travel time (1) The Director of the Congressional Research Service may procure the temporary or intermit- tent assistance of individual experts or consult- ants (including stenographic reporters) and of persons learned in particular or specialized fields of knowledge— (A) by nonpersonal service contract, without regard to any provision of law requiring adver- tising for contract bids, with the individual expert, consultant, or other person concerned, as an independent contractor, for the fur- nishing by him to the Congressional Research Service of a written study, treatise, theme, discourse, dissertation, thesis, summary, advi- sory opinion, or other end product; or (B) by employment (for a period of not more than one year) in the Congressional Research Service of the individual expert, consultant, or other person concerned, by personal service contract or otherwise, without regard to the position classification laws, at a rate of pay not in excess of the per diem equivalent of the highest rate of basic pay then currently in ef- fect for the General Schedule of section 5332 of title 5, including payment of such rate for nec- essary travel time. (2) The Director of the Congressional Research Service may procure by contract, without re- Page 82 TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 166 gard to any provision of law requiring adver- tising for contract bids, the temporary (for re- spective periods not in excess of one year) or intermittent assistance of educational, research, or other organizations of experts and consult- ants (including stenographic reporters) and of educational, research, and other organizations of persons learned in particular or specialized fields of knowledge. (i) Special report to Joint Committee on the Li- brary The Director of the Congressional Research Service shall prepare and file with the Joint Committee on the Library at the beginning of each regular session of Congress a separate and special report covering, in summary and in de- tail, all phases of activity of the Congressional Research Service for the immediately preceding fiscal year, and shall include in the report a de- scription of the efforts made by the Director to make additional Congressional Research Service products that are not confidential products or services available to the Librarian of Congress for publication on the website established and maintained under section 124 1 of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2018. (j) Authorization of appropriations There are hereby authorized to be appro- priated to the Congressional Research Service each fiscal year such sums as may be necessary to carry on the work of the Service. (Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 753, title II, § 203, 60 Stat. 836; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title XI, § 1106(a), 63 Stat. 972; Pub. L. 91–510, title III, § 321(a), Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1181; Pub. L. 99–190, § 133, Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1322; Pub. L. 106–57, title II, § 209(b), Sept. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 424; Pub. L. 115–141, div. I, title I, § 154(b)(7), (d), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 789, 790; Pub. L. 116–94, div. P, title XIV, § 1404(a)(2), (b)(1), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3208.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 124 of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2018, referred to in subsecs. (d)(9) and (i), probably should be section 154 of the Legislative Branch Appro- priations Act, 2018, Pub. L. 115–141, div. I, title I, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 787. Section 154 of Pub. L. 115–141 en- acted section 166a of this title, related to equal access to Congressional Research Service Reports, and amend- ed this section. Div. I of Pub. L. 115–141 does not con- tain a section 124. AMENDMENTS 2019—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 116–94, § 1404(a)(2), sub- stituted ‘‘The Director shall be compensated at the greater of the rate of pay in effect for level III of the Executive Schedule under section 5314 of title 5 or the maximum annual rate of basic pay payable under sec- tion 5376 of such title for positions at agencies with a performance appraisal system certified under section 5307(d) of such title.’’ for ‘‘The basic pay of the Director shall be at a per annum rate equal to the rate of basic pay provided for level III of the Executive Schedule under section 5314 of title 5.’’ Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 116–94, § 1404(b)(1)(A), sub- stituted ‘‘section 5376 of title 5.’’ for ‘‘subchapter III (relating to General Schedule pay rates) of chapter 53 of title 5, but without regard to section 5108(a) of such title.’’ in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 116–94, § 1404(b)(1)(B), sub- stituted ‘‘may be classified above GS–15 in accordance with section 5108(c) of title 5, and the rate of basic pay for such positions may be fixed in accordance with sec- tion 5376 of such title, subject to the prior approval of the Joint Committee on the Library.’’ for ‘‘may be placed in GS–16, 17, and 18 of the General Schedule of section 5332 of title 5, without regard to section 5108(a) of such title, subject to the prior approval of the Joint Committee on the Library, of the placement of each such position in any of such grades.’’ 2018—Subsec. (d)(9). Pub. L. 115–141, § 154(d), added par. (9). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–141, § 154(b)(7), substituted ‘‘, and shall include in the report a description of the efforts made by the Director to make additional Con- gressional Research Service products that are not con- fidential products or services available to the Librarian of Congress for publication on the website established and maintained under section 124 of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2018.’’ for period at end. 1999—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 106–57 substituted second sentence for former second sentence which read as fol- lows: ‘‘The basic pay of the Director shall be at a per annum rate equal to the rate of basic pay provided for level V of the Executive Schedule contained in section 5316 of title 5.’’ 1985—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99–190 amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment subsec. (g) read as fol- lows: ‘‘In order to facilitate the study, consideration, evaluation, and determination by the Congress of the budget requirements of the Congressional Research Service for each fiscal year, the Librarian of Congress shall receive from the Director and submit, for inclu- sion in the Budget of the United States Government, the budget estimates of the Congressional Research Service which shall be prepared separately by the Di- rector in detail for each fiscal year as a separate item of the budget estimates of the Library of Congress for such fiscal year.’’ 1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–510 substituted provision for continuation of Legislative Reference Service, re- designated ‘‘Congressional Research Service’’, for prior authorization for establishment of Legislative Ref- erence Service and deleted second sentence, cls. (1) to (3), prescribing as duties of such Service for the Con- gress and its committees, the giving of advice and as- sistance, making data available, and preparing sum- maries and digests of public hearings before commit- tees and of bills and resolutions of public nature, which was incorporated in subsec. (d)(1), (d)(4), and (d)(6), re- spectively, of this section. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–510 added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b)(1) provided for appointment of director, as- sistant director, and other necessary personnel of Leg- islative Reference Service, without regard to civil-serv- ice laws, without reference to political affiliations, on ground of fitness to perform duties of the office, for compensation in accordance with Classification Act of 1949, with a prescribed minimum for senior specialists in the various fields, and made all employees of the Service subject to civil-service retirement laws, now incorporated in subsec. (c)(1), (2)(A), and (3) of this sec- tion and sections 8331(1)(viii) and 8347(j) of Title 5, Gov- ernment Organization and Employees. Former subsec. (b)(2) provided for appointment of senior specialists in certain enumerated fields and was covered in subsec. (e) of this section. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–510 incorporated in provisions added as subsec. (c) provisions of former subsec. (b) (1), and in revising them, provided in par. (1) for consulta- tion with Joint Committee on the Library before ap- pointment of Director and for basic pay rate of Direc- tor equal to level V of Executive Schedule, provided in par. (2) for appointment, upon recommendation of the Director, of a Deputy Director and made references to classification and General Schedule pay rate provisions of revised Title 5, reenacted as subpar. (A) proviso of second sentence of former subsec. (b)(1), and added sub- par. (B), and in par. (3) reenacted part of first sentence of former subsec. (b)(1). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–510 incorporated in provisions added as subsec. (d) second sentence, cls. (1) to (3), of Page 83 TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 166a former subsec. (a), and in revising the provision, added pars. (2), (3), (5), (7), and (8), substituted ‘‘Congressional Research Service’’ for ‘‘Legislative Reference Service’’, reenacted introductory ‘‘without partisan bias’’ provi- sion of former cl. (2), incorporated in par. (1) former cl. (1), substituting ‘‘proposals within that committee’s ju- risdiction’’ for ‘‘proposals pending before it’’ and ‘‘oth- erwise to assist in furnishing a basis for the proper evaluation and determination of legislative proposals and recommendations generally’’ for ‘‘otherwise to as- sist in furnishing a basis for the proper determination of measures before the committee’’, added subpars. (A) to (C), provision for assistance by providing other re- search and analytical services, authorization for pro- duction of books, records, etc., compliance with request for such production, and maintenance of liaison with all committees, incorporated in par. (4) former cl. (2), substituting ‘‘collect’’ for ‘‘gather’’ and including anal- ysis in form of studies and reports, and making data available to joint committees, and incorporated in par. (6) former cl. (3), omitting provision respecting sum- maries and digests of public hearings before commit- tees of Congress. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 91–510 incorporated in provisions added as subsec. (e) provisions of former subsec. (b)(2), and in revising them, in introductory text, substituted ‘‘Congressional Research Service’’ for ‘‘Legislative Ref- erence Service’’ and authorized appointments ‘‘upon the recommendation of the Director’’, including Spe- cialists; provided numerical item designations for broad fields listed in prior paragraph in run-on form, added fields of national defense, science, technology, urban affairs, and other broad fields as deemed appro- priate by the Director in items (14), (16), (19), (21), and (23), and combined separate fields of ‘‘full employment’’ and ‘‘labor’’ in ‘‘labor and employment’’ in item (11); and in last sentence, included Senior Specialists and substituted ‘‘such other employees of the Congressional Research Service’’ for ‘‘such other members of the staff’’ and ‘‘special work with the committees and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives and the joint committees of Congress for any of the purposes of subsection (d) of this section’’ for ‘‘special work with the appropriate committees of Congress for any of the purposes set out in subsection (a)(1) of this section’’. Subsecs. (f) to (i). Pub. L. 91–510 added subsecs. (f) to (i). Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 91–510 incorporated in provisions added as subsec. (j) appropriations authorization of sec- tion 203(c) of Act Aug. 2, 1946, which had also provided $550,000, $650,000, and $750,000, for fiscal years ending June 30, 1947, 1948, and 1949, respectively. 1949—Subsec. (b)(1). Act Oct. 28, 1949, substituted ‘‘Classification Act of 1949’’ for ‘‘Classification Act of 1923’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2018 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 115–141 effective 90 days after the date on which the Librarian of Congress submits the certification described in section 166a(f)(2)(B) of this title, with delay permitted for technical difficul- ties, see section 166a(f) of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1999 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 106–57 applicable with respect to the first pay period which begins on or after Sept. 29, 1999 and each subsequent pay period, see section 209(c) of Pub. L. 106–57, set out as a note under section 136a–2 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment of provisions, other than enactment of subsecs. (d)(2), (3) and (i) of this section, and enactment of subsecs. (d)(2), (3) and (i) by Pub. L. 91–510 effective immediately prior to noon on Jan. 3, 1971, at the close of the first session of the Ninety-second Congress, and with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after July 1, 1970, respectively, see section 601(1), (3), and (4) of Pub. L. 91–510, set out as a note under section 4301 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective Aug. 2, 1946, see section 245 of act Aug. 2, 1946, set out as a note under section 4301 of this title. REPEALS Act Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, cited as a credit to this sec- tion, was repealed (subject to a savings clause) by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, § 8, 80 Stat. 632, 655. REFERENCES IN OTHER LAWS TO GS–16, 17, OR 18 PAY RATES References in laws to the rates of pay for GS–16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organi- zation and Employees, see section 529 [title I, § 101(c)(1)] of Pub. L. 101–509, set out in a note under section 5376 of Title 5. COMPENSATION OF DIRECTOR OF CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE Pub. L. 105–275, title I, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2444, which provided that the compensation of the Director of the Congressional Research Service, Library of Con- gress, was to be at an annual rate equal to the annual rate of basic pay for positions at level IV of the Execu- tive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, was from the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1999, and was not repeated in subsequent appropriations acts. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appro- priation acts: Pub. L. 105–55, title I, Oct. 7, 1997, 111 Stat. 1190. Pub. L. 104–197, title I, Sept. 16, 1996, 110 Stat. 2406. Pub. L. 104–53, title I, Nov. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 529. Pub. L. 103–283, title I, July 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 1435. Pub. L. 103–69, title I, Aug. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 703. Pub. L. 102–392, title I, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1715. Pub. L. 102–90, title I, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 460. Pub. L. 101–520, title I, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2269. Pub. L. 101–163, title I, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1057. Pub. L. 100–458, title I, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2171. Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(i) [title I], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–290, 1329–303. Pub. L. 99–500, § 101(j) [H.R. 5203, title I], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–287, and Pub. L. 99–591, § 101(j), Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–287. Pub. L. 99–151, title I, Nov. 13, 1985, 99 Stat. 802. Pub. L. 98–367, title I, July 17, 1984, 98 Stat. 484. § 166a. Equal access to Congressional Research Service Reports (a) Definitions (1) CRS product In this section, the term ‘‘CRS product’’ means any final written work product of CRS containing research or analysis in any format that is available for general congressional ac- cess on the CRS Congressional Intranet. (2) CRS Report (A) In general In this section, the term ‘‘CRS Report’’ means any written CRS product, including an update to a previous written CRS prod- uct, consisting of— (i) a Congressional Research Service Re- port; or (ii) a Congressional Research Service Au- thorization of Appropriations Product and