18 U.S.C. § 2151 — Definitions

Page 504 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 2151 2154. Production of defective war material, war premises or war utilities.1 2155. Destruction of national-defense materials, national-defense premises, or national-de- fense utilities. 2156. Production of defective national-defense ma- terial, national-defense premises, or na- tional-defense utilities. [2157. Repealed.] Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1996—Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, § 601(f)(11), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3500, substituted ‘‘, or’’ for ‘‘or’’ in items 2155 and 2156. 1994—Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330004(13), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2142, struck out item 2157 ‘‘Temporary extension of sections 2153 and 2154’’. 1954—Act Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1261, § 106, 68 Stat. 1219, amended items 2153 to 2156 generally. 1953—Act June 30, 1953, ch. 175, § 1, 67 Stat. 133, added item 2157. § 2151. Definitions As used in this chapter: The words ‘‘war material’’ include arms, ar- mament, ammunition, livestock, forage, forest products and standing timber, stores of cloth- ing, air, water, food, foodstuffs, fuel, supplies, munitions, and all articles, parts or ingredients, intended for, adapted to, or suitable for the use of the United States or any associate nation, in connection with the conduct of war or defense activities. The words ‘‘war premises’’ include all build- ings, grounds, mines, or other places wherein such war material is being produced, manufac- tured, repaired, stored, mined, extracted, dis- tributed, loaded, unloaded, or transported, to- gether with all machinery and appliances there- in contained; and all forts, arsenals, navy yards, camps, prisons, or other installations of the Armed Forces of the United States, or any asso- ciate nation. The words ‘‘war utilities’’ include all rail- roads, railways, electric lines, roads of whatever description, any railroad or railway fixture, canal, lock, dam, wharf, pier, dock, bridge, building, structure, engine, machine, mechan- ical contrivance, car, vehicle, boat, aircraft, air- fields, air lanes, and fixtures or appurtenances thereof, or any other means of transportation whatsoever, whereon or whereby such war mate- rial or any troops of the United States, or of any associate nation, are being or may be trans- ported either within the limits of the United States or upon the high seas or elsewhere; and all air-conditioning systems, dams, reservoirs, aqueducts, water and gas mains and pipes, struc- tures and buildings, whereby or in connection with which air, water or gas is being furnished, or may be furnished, to any war premises or to the Armed Forces of the United States, or any associate nation, and all electric light and power, steam or pneumatic power, telephone and telegraph plants, poles, wires, and fixtures, and wireless stations, and the buildings connected with the maintenance and operation thereof used to supply air, water, light, heat, power, or facilities of communication to any war premises or to the Armed Forces of the United States, or any associate nation. The words ‘‘associate nation’’ mean any na- tion at war with any nation with which the United States is at war. The words ‘‘national-defense material’’ in- clude arms, armament, ammunition, livestock, forage, forest products and standing timber, stores of clothing, air, water, food, foodstuffs, fuel, supplies, munitions, and all other articles of whatever description and any part or ingre- dient thereof, intended for, adapted to, or suit- able for the use of the United States in connec- tion with the national defense or for use in or in connection with the producing, manufacturing, repairing, storing, mining, extracting, distrib- uting, loading, unloading, or transporting of any of the materials or other articles hereinbefore mentioned or any part or ingredient thereof. The words ‘‘national-defense premises’’ in- clude all buildings, grounds, mines, or other places wherein such national-defense material is being produced, manufactured, repaired, stored, mined, extracted, distributed, loaded, unloaded, or transported, together with all machinery and appliances therein contained; and all forts, arse- nals, navy yards, camps, prisons, or other instal- lations of the Armed Forces of the United States. The words ‘‘national-defense utilities’’ include all railroads, railways, electric lines, roads of whatever description, railroad or railway fix- ture, canal, lock, dam, wharf, pier, dock, bridge, building, structure, engine, machine, mechan- ical contrivance, car, vehicle, boat, aircraft, air- fields, air lanes, and fixtures or appurtenances thereof, or any other means of transportation whatsoever, whereon or whereby such national- defense material, or any troops of the United States, are being or may be transported either within the limits of the United States or upon the high seas or elsewhere; and all air-condi- tioning systems, dams, reservoirs, aqueducts, water and gas mains and pipes, structures, and buildings, whereby or in connection with which air, water, or gas may be furnished to any na- tional-defense premises or to the Armed Forces of the United States, and all electric light and power, steam or pneumatic power, telephone and telegraph plants, poles, wires, and fixtures and wireless stations, and the buildings connected with the maintenance and operation thereof used to supply air, water, light, heat, power, or facilities of communication to any national-de- fense premises or to the Armed Forces of the United States. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 798; June 30, 1953, ch. 175, § 2, 67 Stat. 133; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1261, title I, § 101, 68 Stat. 1216.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on sections 101, 104, of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense (Apr. 20, 1918, ch. 59, §§ 1, 4, 40 Stat. 533; Nov. 30, 1940, ch. 926, 54 Stat. 1220; Aug. 21, 1941, ch. 388, 55 Stat. 655; Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 824, 56 Stat. 1087). Section consolidated definitive sections 101 and 104 of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense. Words ‘‘As used in this chapter’’ were inserted at be- ginning for brevity. Definition of ‘‘United States’’, was omitted as cov- ered by section 5 of this title. Minor changes were made in phraseology and trans- lations. Page 505 TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE § 2154 Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1954—Act Sept. 3, 1954, redefined and enlarged defini- tions. 1953—Act June 30, 1953, inserted ‘‘or defense activi- ties’’ after ‘‘conduct of war’’ in definition of ‘‘war ma- terial’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries SHORT TITLE Act Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1261, § 1, 68 Stat. 1216, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending this section and sections 794 and 2153 to 2156 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Espio- nage and Sabotage Act of 1954’.’’ REPEALS Act June 30, 1953, ch. 175, § 7, 67 Stat. 134, repealed Joint Res. July 3, 1952, ch. 570, § 1(a)(29), 66 Stat. 333; Joint Res. Mar. 31, 1953, ch. 13, § 1, 67 Stat. 18, formerly cited as credits to this section and also formerly set out as a note under this section. § 2152. Fortifications, harbor defenses, or defen- sive sea areas Whoever willfully trespasses upon, injures, or destroys any of the works or property or mate- rial of any submarine mine or torpedo or for- tification or harbor-defense system owned or constructed or in process of construction by the United States; or Whoever willfully interferes with the oper- ation or use of any such submarine mine, tor- pedo, fortification, or harbor-defense system; or Whoever knowingly, willfully, or wantonly violates any duly authorized and promulgated order or regulation of the President governing persons or vessels within the limits of defensive sea areas, which the President, for purposes of national defense, may from time to time estab- lish by executive order— Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 799; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 96 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, § 44, 35 Stat. 1097; Mar. 4, 1917, ch. 180, 39 Stat. 1194; May 22, 1917, ch. 20, § 19, 40 Stat. 89). Jurisdiction and venue provisions were omitted as unnecessary and inconsistent with Rule 18 of the Fed- eral Rules of Criminal Procedure providing for prosecu- tion where the offense is committed, and section 3238 of this title providing that trial of offenses committed outside any district shall be in the district where the offender is found, or into which he is first brought. Words ‘‘on conviction thereof’’ were omitted as sur- plusage as punishment cannot be imposed until convic- tion is had. Minor changes were made in phraseology. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted ‘‘fined under this title’’ for ‘‘fined not more than $5,000’’ in last par. Executive Documents EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 10361 Ex. Ord. No. 10361, June 12, 1952, 17 F.R. 5357, formerly set out under this section, which established the Whit- tier Defensive Sea Area, Alaska, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11549, July 28, 1970, 35 F.R. 12191. § 2153. Destruction of war material, war prem- ises, or war utilities (a) Whoever, when the United States is at war, or in times of national emergency as declared by the President or by the Congress, with intent to injure, interfere with, or obstruct the United States or any associate nation in preparing for or carrying on the war or defense activities, or, with reason to believe that his act may injure, interfere with, or obstruct the United States or any associate nation in preparing for or car- rying on the war or defense activities, willfully injures, destroys, contaminates or infects, or at- tempts to so injure, destroy, contaminate or in- fect any war material, war premises, or war util- ities, shall be fined under this title or impris- oned not more than thirty years, or both. (b) If two or more persons conspire to violate this section, and one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy, each of the parties to such conspiracy shall be punished as provided in subsection (a) of this section. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 799; June 30, 1953, ch. 175, § 2, 67 Stat. 133; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1261, title I, § 102, 68 Stat. 1217; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on section 102 of title 50, U.S.C., 1940 ed., War and National Defense (Apr. 20, 1918, ch. 59, § 2, 40 Stat. 534). ‘‘As herein defined’’ was deleted as surplusage. The conspiracy provisions are new. Their addition to the section was strongly urged by the Criminal Divi- sion of the Department of Justice, considering the gravity of the substantive offense as evidenced by the prescribed punishment therefor. The punishment provi- sions of the general conspiracy statute, section 371 of this title, are inadequate. Words ‘‘upon conviction thereof’’ were omitted as un- necessary since punishment cannot be imposed until a conviction is secured. Minor changes were made in phraseology. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted ‘‘fined under this title’’ for ‘‘fined not more than $10,000’’. 1954—Act Sept. 3, 1954, made section applicable in time of national emergency as well as war, and recog- nized the possibility of bacteriological warfare by mak- ing ‘‘contamination’’ a crime. 1953—Subsec. (a). Act June 30, 1953, inserted ‘‘or de- fense activities’’ after ‘‘carrying on the war’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries REPEALS Act June 30, 1953, ch. 175, § 7, 67 Stat. 134, repealed Joint Res. July 3, 1952, ch. 570, § 1(a)(29), 66 Stat. 333; Joint Res. Mar. 31, 1953, ch. 13, § 1, 67 Stat. 18, formerly cited as credits to this section and also formerly set out as a note under this section. § 2154. Production of defective war material, war premises, or war utilities (a) Whoever, when the United States is at war, or in times of national emergency as declared by