1 U.S.C. § 8 — ‘‘Person’’, ‘‘human being’’, ‘‘child’’, and ‘‘indi-

Page 6 TITLE 1—GENERAL PROVISIONS § 8 1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline. zation, shall not be required to provide services, accom- modations, advantages, facilities, goods, or privileges for the solemnization or celebration of a marriage. Any refusal under this subsection to provide such services, accommodations, advantages, facilities, goods, or privi- leges shall not create any civil claim or cause of ac- tion.’’ STATUTORY PROHIBITION Pub. L. 117–228, § 7, Dec. 13, 2022, 136 Stat. 2306, pro- vided that: ‘‘(a) NO IMPACT ON STATUS AND BENEFITS NOT ARISING FROM A MARRIAGE.—Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 2022 Amendment note set out under section 1 of this title], or any amendment made by this Act, shall be construed to deny or alter any benefit, status, or right of an otherwise eligible entity or person which does not arise from a marriage, including tax-exempt status, tax treatment, educational funding, or a grant, contract, agreement, guarantee, loan, scholarship, li- cense, certification, accreditation, claim, or defense. ‘‘(b) NO FEDERAL RECOGNITION OF POLYGAMOUS MAR- RIAGES.—Nothing in this Act, or any amendment made by this Act, shall be construed to require or authorize Federal recognition of marriages between more than 2 individuals.’’ § 8. ‘‘Person’’, ‘‘human being’’, ‘‘child’’, and ‘‘indi- vidual’’ as including born-alive infant (a) In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or of any ruling, regulation, or inter- pretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the words ‘‘person’’, ‘‘human being’’, ‘‘child’’, and ‘‘indi- vidual’’, shall include every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive at any stage of development. (b) As used in this section, the term ‘‘born alive’’, with respect to a member of the species homo sapiens, means the complete expulsion or extraction from his or her mother of that mem- ber, at any stage of development, who after such expulsion or extraction breathes or has a beat- ing heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, regard- less of whether the umbilical cord has been cut, and regardless of whether the expulsion or ex- traction occurs as a result of natural or induced labor, cesarean section, or induced abortion. (c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to affirm, deny, expand, or contract any legal status or legal right applicable to any member of the species homo sapiens at any point prior to being ‘‘born alive’’ as defined in this section. (Added Pub. L. 107–207, § 2(a), Aug. 5, 2002, 116 Stat. 926.) CHAPTER 2—ACTS AND RESOLUTIONS; FOR- MALITIES OF ENACTMENT; REPEALS; SEALING OF INSTRUMENTS Sec. 101. Enacting clause. 102. Resolving clause. 103. Enacting or resolving words after first sec- tion. 104. Numbering of sections; single proposition. 105. Title of appropriation Acts. 106. Printing bills and joint resolutions. 106a. Promulgation of laws. 106b. Amendments to Constitution. 107. Parchment or paper for printing enrolled bills or resolutions. 108. Repeal of repealing act. 109. Repeal of statutes as affecting existing liabil- ities. Sec. 110. Saving clause of Revised Statutes. 111. Repeals as evidence of prior effectiveness. 112. Statutes at Large; contents; admissibility in evidence. 112a. United States Treaties and Other Inter- national Agreements; contents; admissi- bility in evidence. 112b. United States international agreements and non-binding instruments; transparency pro- visions. 113. ‘‘Little and Brown’s’’ edition of laws and treaties; slip laws; Treaties and Other Inter- national Act 1 Series; admissibility in evi- dence. 114. Sealing of instruments. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2022—Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5947(a)(2), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3481, added item 112b and struck out former item 112b ‘‘United States international agreements; transmission to Congress’’. 1972—Pub. L. 92–403, § 2, Aug. 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 619, added item 112b. 1966—Pub. L. 89–497, § 2, July 8, 1966, 80 Stat. 271, in- serted ‘‘slip laws; Treaties and Other International Acts Series;’’ in item 113. 1951—Act Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 655, § 2(a), 65 Stat. 710, added items 106a and 106b. 1950—Act Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1001, § 3, 64 Stat. 980, added item 112a. § 101. Enacting clause The enacting clause of all Acts of Congress shall be in the following form: ‘‘Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assem- bled.’’ (July 30, 1947, ch. 388, 61 Stat. 634.) § 102. Resolving clause The resolving clause of all joint resolutions shall be in the following form: ‘‘Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assem- bled.’’ (July 30, 1947, ch. 388, 61 Stat. 634.) § 103. Enacting or resolving words after first sec- tion No enacting or resolving words shall be used in any section of an Act or resolution of Congress except in the first. (July 30, 1947, ch. 388, 61 Stat. 634.) § 104. Numbering of sections; single proposition Each section shall be numbered, and shall con- tain, as nearly as may be, a single proposition of enactment. (July 30, 1947, ch. 388, 61 Stat. 634.) § 105. Title of appropriation Acts The style and title of all Acts making appro- priations for the support of Government shall be as follows: ‘‘An Act making appropriations (here insert the object) for the year ending September 30 (here insert the calendar year).’’