28 U.S.C. § 1405 — Creation or alteration of district or divi-

Page 391 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 1406 See, also, section 1392 of this title which fixes venue of an action involving property in different districts in the same State. § 1404. Change of venue (a) For the convenience of parties and wit- nesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other dis- trict or division where it might have been brought or to any district or division to which all parties have consented. (b) Upon motion, consent or stipulation of all parties, any action, suit or proceeding of a civil nature or any motion or hearing thereof, may be transferred, in the discretion of the court, from the division in which pending to any other divi- sion in the same district. Transfer of pro- ceedings in rem brought by or on behalf of the United States may be transferred under this sec- tion without the consent of the United States where all other parties request transfer. (c) A district court may order any civil action to be tried at any place within the division in which it is pending. (d) Transfers from a district court of the United States to the District Court of Guam, the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, or the District Court of the Virgin Islands shall not be permitted under this section. As other- wise used in this section, the term ‘‘district court’’ includes the District Court of Guam, the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, and the District Court of the Virgin Islands, and the term ‘‘district’’ includes the territorial ju- risdiction of each such court. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 937; Pub. L. 87–845, § 9, Oct. 18, 1962, 76A Stat. 699; Pub. L. 104–317, title VI, § 610(a), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3860; Pub. L. 112–63, title II, § 204, Dec. 7, 2011, 125 Stat. 764.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 119, 163 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 58, 36 Stat. 1103; Sept. 8, 1916, ch. 475, § 5, 39 Stat. 851). Section consolidates sections 119 and 163 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., with necessary changes in phraseology and substance. Section 119 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., related only to transfer of cases from one division to another on stipu- lation of the parties. Subsection (a) was drafted in accordance with the doctrine of forum non conveniens, permitting transfer to a more convenient forum, even though the venue is proper. As an example of the need of such a provision, see Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. v. Kepner, 1941, 62 S.Ct. 6, 314 U.S. 44, 86 L.Ed. 28, which was prosecuted under the Federal Employer’s Liability Act in New York, al- though the accident occurred and the employee resided in Ohio. The new subsection requires the court to de- termine that the transfer is necessary for convenience of the parties and witnesses, and further, that it is in the interest of justice to do so. Sections 143, 172, 177, and 181 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relating to the district courts of Arizona, Montana, New Mexico, and Ohio, contained special provisions similar to subsection (b), applicable to those States. To establish uniformity, the general language of such sub- section has been drafted and the special provisions of those sections omitted. Subsection (b) is based upon section 163 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which applied only to the district of Maine. This revised subsection extends to all judicial districts and permits transfer of cases between divi- sions. Criminal cases may be transferred pursuant to Rules 19–21 of the new Federal Rules of Criminal Proce- dure, and the criminal provisions of said section 163 are therefore omitted. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2011—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–63, § 204(1), inserted ‘‘or to any district or division to which all parties have consented’’ before period at end. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 112–63, § 204(2), substituted ‘‘Transfers from a district court of the United States to the District Court of Guam, the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, or the District Court of the Virgin Islands shall not be permitted under this sec- tion. As otherwise used in this section,’’ for ‘‘As used in this section,’’. 1996—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–317 amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as fol- lows: ‘‘As used in this section, ‘district court’ includes the United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone; and ‘district’ includes the territorial juris- diction of that court.’’ 1962—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 87–845 added subsec. (d). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2011 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 112–63 effective upon the expi- ration of the 30-day period beginning on Dec. 7, 2011, and applicable to any action commenced in a United States district court on or after such effective date, and to any action removed from a State court to a United States district court that had been commenced, within the meaning of State law, on or after such effec- tive date, see section 205 of Pub. L. 112–63, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1390 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 104–317, title VI, § 610(c), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3861, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 1406 of this title] apply to cases pending on the date of the enact- ment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1996] and to cases commenced on or after such date.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1962 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 87–845 effective Jan. 2, 1963, see section 25 of Pub. L. 87–845, set out as a note under section 414 of this title. § 1405. Creation or alteration of district or divi- sion Actions or proceedings pending at the time of the creation of a new district or division or transfer of a county or territory from one divi- sion or district to another may be tried in the district or division as it existed at the institu- tion of the action or proceeding, or in the dis- trict or division so created or to which the coun- ty or territory is so transferred as the parties shall agree or the court direct. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 937.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 121 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 59, 36 Stat. 1103). Enforcement of liens in like circumstances is pro- vided by section 1656 of this title. Remainder of section 121 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., is incorporated in section 3240 of revised title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure (H.R. 1600, 80th Cong.). Changes were made in phraseology. § 1406. Cure or waiver of defects (a) The district court of a district in which is filed a case laying venue in the wrong division