11 U.S.C. § 547 — Preferences

Page 172 TITLE 11—BANKRUPTCY § 547 1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–353, § 461(a), sub- stituted ‘‘; or’’ for ‘‘; and’’. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–353, § 461(b), substituted ‘‘a trustee under sections 544, 545, and’’ for ‘‘the trustee under sections 544, 545, or’’. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–353, §§ 351(1), 461(c)(1)–(4), sub- stituted ‘‘Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, the’’ for ‘‘The’’, substituted ‘‘a trustee’’ for ‘‘the trustee’’, struck out ‘‘right’’ before ‘‘or common- law’’, inserted ‘‘of goods that has sold goods to the debtor’’ after ‘‘seller’’, and struck out ‘‘of goods to the debtor’’ after ‘‘business,’’. Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 98–353, § 461(c)(5)(A), inserted ‘‘the’’ after ‘‘if’’ in provisions preceding subpar. (A). Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 98–353, § 461(c)(5)(B), sub- stituted ‘‘a claim of a kind specified in section 503(b) of this title’’ for ‘‘an administrative expense’’. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–353, § 351(3), added subsec. (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–353, §§ 351(2), 461(d), redesig- nated former subsec. (d) as (e) and inserted ‘‘financial institution’’ after ‘‘stockbroker’’. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–353, § 393, added subsec. (f). 1982—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 97–222 added subsec. (d). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2006 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 109–390 not applicable to any cases commenced under this title or to appointments made under any Federal or State law, before Dec. 12, 2006, see section 7 of Pub. L. 109–390, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2005 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 105–183 applicable to any case brought under an applicable provision of this title that is pending or commenced on or after June 19, 1998, see section 5 of Pub. L. 105–183, set out as a note under sec- tion 544 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 103–394 effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103–394, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 257 of Pub. L. 99–554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, but not applicable to cases commenced under this title before that date, see sec- tion 302(a), (c)(1) of Pub. L. 99–554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Amendment by section 283 of Pub. L. 99–554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, see section 302(a) of Pub. L. 99–554. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. § 547. Preferences (a) In this section— (1) ‘‘inventory’’ means personal property leased or furnished, held for sale or lease, or to be furnished under a contract for service, raw materials, work in process, or materials used or consumed in a business, including farm products such as crops or livestock, held for sale or lease; (2) ‘‘new value’’ means money or money’s worth in goods, services, or new credit, or re- lease by a transferee of property previously transferred to such transferee in a transaction that is neither void nor voidable by the debtor or the trustee under any applicable law, in- cluding proceeds of such property, but does not include an obligation substituted for an existing obligation; (3) ‘‘receivable’’ means right to payment, whether or not such right has been earned by performance; and (4) a debt for a tax is incurred on the day when such tax is last payable without penalty, including any extension. (b) Except as provided in subsections (c) and (i) of this section, the trustee may, based on rea- sonable due diligence in the circumstances of the case and taking into account a party’s known or reasonably knowable affirmative de- fenses under subsection (c), avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property— (1) to or for the benefit of a creditor; (2) for or on account of an antecedent debt owed by the debtor before such transfer was made; (3) made while the debtor was insolvent; (4) made— (A) on or within 90 days before the date of the filing of the petition; or (B) between ninety days and one year be- fore the date of the filing of the petition, if such creditor at the time of such transfer was an insider; and (5) that enables such creditor to receive more than such creditor would receive if— (A) the case were a case under chapter 7 of this title; (B) the transfer had not been made; and (C) such creditor received payment of such debt to the extent provided by the provisions of this title. (c) The trustee may not avoid under this sec- tion a transfer— (1) to the extent that such transfer was— (A) intended by the debtor and the creditor to or for whose benefit such transfer was made to be a contemporaneous exchange for new value given to the debtor; and (B) in fact a substantially contempora- neous exchange; (2) to the extent that such transfer was in payment of a debt incurred by the debtor in the ordinary course of business or financial af- fairs of the debtor and the transferee, and such transfer was— (A) made in the ordinary course of busi- ness or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee; or (B) made according to ordinary business terms; (3) that creates a security interest in prop- erty acquired by the debtor— (A) to the extent such security interest se- cures new value that was— Page 173 TITLE 11—BANKRUPTCY § 547 1 See Adjustment of Dollar Amounts notes below. (i) given at or after the signing of a secu- rity agreement that contains a description of such property as collateral; (ii) given by or on behalf of the secured party under such agreement; (iii) given to enable the debtor to acquire such property; and (iv) in fact used by the debtor to acquire such property; and (B) that is perfected on or before 30 days after the debtor receives possession of such property; (4) to or for the benefit of a creditor, to the extent that, after such transfer, such creditor gave new value to or for the benefit of the debtor— (A) not secured by an otherwise unavoid- able security interest; and (B) on account of which new value the debtor did not make an otherwise unavoid- able transfer to or for the benefit of such creditor; (5) that creates a perfected security interest in inventory or a receivable or the proceeds of either, except to the extent that the aggregate of all such transfers to the transferee caused a reduction, as of the date of the filing of the pe- tition and to the prejudice of other creditors holding unsecured claims, of any amount by which the debt secured by such security inter- est exceeded the value of all security interests for such debt on the later of— (A)(i) with respect to a transfer to which subsection (b)(4)(A) of this section applies, 90 days before the date of the filing of the peti- tion; or (ii) with respect to a transfer to which sub- section (b)(4)(B) of this section applies, one year before the date of the filing of the peti- tion; or (B) the date on which new value was first given under the security agreement creating such security interest; (6) that is the fixing of a statutory lien that is not avoidable under section 545 of this title; (7) to the extent such transfer was a bona fide payment of a debt for a domestic support obligation; (8) if, in a case filed by an individual debtor whose debts are primarily consumer debts, the aggregate value of all property that con- stitutes or is affected by such transfer is less than $600; or (9) if, in a case filed by a debtor whose debts are not primarily consumer debts, the aggre- gate value of all property that constitutes or is affected by such transfer is less than $5,000.1 (d) The trustee may avoid a transfer of an in- terest in property of the debtor transferred to or for the benefit of a surety to secure reimburse- ment of such a surety that furnished a bond or other obligation to dissolve a judicial lien that would have been avoidable by the trustee under subsection (b) of this section. The liability of such surety under such bond or obligation shall be discharged to the extent of the value of such property recovered by the trustee or the amount paid to the trustee. (e)(1) For the purposes of this section— (A) a transfer of real property other than fix- tures, but including the interest of a seller or purchaser under a contract for the sale of real property, is perfected when a bona fide pur- chaser of such property from the debtor against whom applicable law permits such transfer to be perfected cannot acquire an in- terest that is superior to the interest of the transferee; and (B) a transfer of a fixture or property other than real property is perfected when a creditor on a simple contract cannot acquire a judicial lien that is superior to the interest of the transferee. (2) For the purposes of this section, except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection, a transfer is made— (A) at the time such transfer takes effect be- tween the transferor and the transferee, if such transfer is perfected at, or within 30 days after, such time, except as provided in sub- section (c)(3)(B); (B) at the time such transfer is perfected, if such transfer is perfected after such 30 days; or (C) immediately before the date of the filing of the petition, if such transfer is not per- fected at the later of— (i) the commencement of the case; or (ii) 30 days after such transfer takes effect between the transferor and the transferee. (3) For the purposes of this section, a transfer is not made until the debtor has acquired rights in the property transferred. (f) For the purposes of this section, the debtor is presumed to have been insolvent on and dur- ing the 90 days immediately preceding the date of the filing of the petition. (g) For the purposes of this section, the trust- ee has the burden of proving the avoidability of a transfer under subsection (b) of this section, and the creditor or party in interest against whom recovery or avoidance is sought has the burden of proving the nonavoidability of a transfer under subsection (c) of this section. (h) The trustee may not avoid a transfer if such transfer was made as a part of an alter- native repayment schedule between the debtor and any creditor of the debtor created by an ap- proved nonprofit budget and credit counseling agency. (i) If the trustee avoids under subsection (b) a transfer made between 90 days and 1 year before the date of the filing of the petition, by the debtor to an entity that is not an insider for the benefit of a creditor that is an insider, such transfer shall be considered to be avoided under this section only with respect to the creditor that is an insider. (Pub. L. 95–598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2597; Pub. L. 98–353, title III, §§ 310, 462, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 355, 377; Pub. L. 99–554, title II, § 283(m), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3117; Pub. L. 103–394, title II, § 203, title III, § 304(f), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4121, 4133; Pub. L. 109–8, title II, §§ 201(b), 217, title IV, §§ 403, 409, title XII, §§ 1213(a), 1222, Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 42, 55, 104, 106, 194, 196; Pub. L. 116–54, § 3(a), Aug. 23, 2019, 133 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title X, § 1001(g)(1), (2)(A), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3219, 3220.) Page 174 TITLE 11—BANKRUPTCY § 547 HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES LEGISLATIVE STATEMENTS No limitation is provided for payments to commodity brokers as in section 766 of the Senate amendment other than the amendment to section 548 of title 11. Section 547(c)(2) protects most payments. Section 547(b)(2) of the House amendment adopts a provision contained in the House bill and rejects an al- ternative contained in the Senate amendment relating to the avoidance of a preferential transfer that is pay- ment of a tax claim owing to a governmental unit. As provided, section 106(c) of the House amendment over- rules contrary language in the House report with the result that the Government is subject to avoidance of preferential transfers. Contrary to language contained in the House report, payment of a debt by means of a check is equivalent to a cash payment, unless the check is dishonored. Pay- ment is considered to be made when the check is deliv- ered for purposes of sections 547(c)(1) and (2). Section 547(c)(6) of the House bill is deleted and is treated in a different fashion in section 553 of the House amendment. Section 547(c)(6) represents a modification of a simi- lar provision contained in the House bill and Senate amendment. The exception relating to satisfaction of a statutory lien is deleted. The exception for a lien cre- ated under title 11 is deleted since such a lien is a stat- utory lien that will not be avoidable in a subsequent bankruptcy. Section 547(e)(1)(B) is adopted from the House bill and Senate amendment without change. It is intended that the simple contract test used in this section will be ap- plied as under section 544(a)(1) not to require a creditor to perfect against a creditor on a simple contract in the event applicable law makes such perfection impossible. For example, a purchaser from a debtor at an improp- erly noticed bulk sale may take subject to the rights of a creditor on a simple contract of the debtor for 1 year after the bulk sale. Since the purchaser cannot perfect against such a creditor on a simple contract, he should not be held responsible for failing to do the impossible. In the event the debtor goes into bankruptcy within a short time after the bulk sale, the trustee should not be able to use the avoiding powers under section 544(a)(1) or 547 merely because State law has made some transfers of personal property subject to the rights of a creditor on a simple contract to acquire a judicial lien with no opportunity to perfect against such a cred- itor. Preferences: The House amendment deletes from the category of transfers on account of antecedent debts which may be avoided under the preference rules, sec- tion 547(b)(2), the exception in the Senate amendment for taxes owed to governmental authorities. However, for purposes of the ‘‘ordinary course’’ exception to the preference rules contained in section 547(c)(2), the House amendment specifies that the 45-day period re- ferred to in section 547(c)(2)(B) is to begin running, in the case of taxes from the last due date, including ex- tensions, of the return with respect to which the tax payment was made. SENATE REPORT NO. 95–989 This section is a substantial modification of present law. It modernizes the preference provisions and brings them more into conformity with commercial practice and the Uniform Commercial Code. Subsection (a) contains three definitions. Inventory, new value, and receivable are defined in their ordinary senses, but are defined to avoid any confusion or uncer- tainty surrounding the terms. Subsection (b) is the operative provision of the sec- tion. It authorizes the trustee to avoid a transfer if five conditions are met. These are the five elements of a preference action. First, the transfer must be to or for the benefit of a creditor. Second, the transfer must be for or on account of an antecedent debt owed by the debtor before the transfer was made. Third, the trans- fer must have been made when the debtor was insol- vent. Fourth, the transfer must have been made during the 90 days immediately preceding the commencement of the case. If the transfer was to an insider, the trustee may avoid the transfer if it was made during the period that begins one year before the filing of the petition and ends 90 days before the filing, if the insider to whom the transfer was made had reasonable cause to believe the debtor was insolvent at the time the trans- fer was made. Finally, the transfer must enable the creditor to whom or for whose benefit it was made to receive a greater percentage of his claim than he would receive under the distributive provisions of the bankruptcy code. Specifically, the creditor must receive more than he would if the case were a liquidation case, if the transfer had not been made, and if the creditor received payment of the debt to the extent provided by the pro- visions of the code. The phrasing of the final element changes the appli- cation of the greater percentage test from that em- ployed under current law. Under this language, the court must focus on the relative distribution between classes as well as the amount that will be received by the members of the class of which the creditor is a member. The language also requires the court to focus on the allowability of the claim for which the pref- erence was made. If the claim would have been entirely disallowed, for example, then the test of paragraph (5) will be met, because the creditor would have received nothing under the distributive provisions of the bank- ruptcy code. The trustee may avoid a transfer of a lien under this section even if the lien has been enforced by sale before the commencement of the case, Subsection (b)(2) of this section in effect exempts from the preference rules payments by the debtor of tax liabilities, regardless of their priority status. Subsection (c) contains exceptions to the trustee’s avoiding power. If a creditor can qualify under any one of the exceptions, then he is protected to that extent. If he can qualify under several, he is protected by each to the extent that he can qualify under each. The first exception is for a transfer that was intended by all parties to be a contemporaneous exchange for new value, and was in fact substantially contempora- neous. Normally, a check is a credit transaction. How- ever, for the purposes of this paragraph, a transfer in- volving a check is considered to be ‘‘intended to be con- temporaneous’’, and if the check is presented for pay- ment in the normal course of affairs, which the Uni- form Commercial Code specifies as 30 days, U.C.C. § 3–503(2)(a), that will amount to a transfer that is ‘‘in fact substantially contemporaneous.’’ The second exception protects transfers in the ordi- nary course of business (or of financial affairs, where a business is not involved) transfers. For the case of a consumer, the paragraph uses the phrase ‘‘financial af- fairs’’ to include such nonbusiness activities as pay- ment of monthly utility bills. If the debt on account of which the transfer was made was incurred in the ordi- nary course of both the debtor and the transferee, if the transfer was made not later than 45 days after the debt was incurred, if the transfer itself was made in the or- dinary course of both the debtor and the transferee, and if the transfer was made according to ordinary business terms, then the transfer is protected. The pur- pose of this exception is to leave undisturbed normal fi- nancial relations, because it does not detract from the general policy of the preference section to discourage unusual action by either the debtor or his creditors during the debtor’s slide into bankruptcy. The third exception is for enabling loans in connec- tion with which the debtor acquires the property that the loan enabled him to purchase after the loan is actu- ally made. The fourth exception codifies the net result rule in section 60c of current law [section 96(c) of former title 11]. If the creditor and the debtor have more than one Page 175 TITLE 11—BANKRUPTCY § 547 exchange during the 90-day period, the exchanges are netted out according to the formula in paragraph (4). Any new value that the creditor advances must be un- secured in order for it to qualify under this exception. Paragraph (5) codifies the improvement in position test, and thereby overrules such cases as DuBay v. Wil- liams, 417 F.2d 1277 (C.A.9, 1966), and Grain Merchants of Indiana, Inc. v. Union Bank and Savings Co., 408 F.2d 209 (C.A.7, 1969). A creditor with a security interest in a floating mass, such as inventory or accounts receiv- able, is subject to preference attack to the extent he improves his position during the 90-day period before bankruptcy. The test is a two-point test, and requires determination of the secured creditor’s position 90 days before the petition and on the date of the petition. If new value was first given after 90 days before the case, the date on which it was first given substitutes for the 90-day point. Paragraph (6) excepts statutory liens validated under section 545 from preference attack. It also protects transfers in satisfaction of such liens, and the fixing of a lien under section 365(j), which protects a vendee whose contract to purchase real property from the debtor is rejected. Subsection (d), derived from section 67a of the Bank- ruptcy Act [section 107(a) of former title 11], permits the trustee to avoid a transfer to reimburse a surety that posts a bond to dissolve a judicial lien that would have been avoidable under this section. The second sen- tence protects the surety from double liability. Subsection (e) determines when a transfer is made for the purposes of the preference section. Paragraph (1) defines when a transfer is perfected. For real property, a transfer is perfected when it is valid against a bona fide purchaser. For personal property and fixtures, a transfer is perfected when it is valid against a creditor on a simple contract that obtains a judicial lien after the transfer is perfected. ‘‘Simple contract’’ as used here is derived from Bankruptcy Act § 60a(4) [section 96(a)(4) of former title 11]. Paragraph (2) specifies that a transfer is made when it takes effect between the transferor and the transferee if it is perfected at or within 10 days after that time. Otherwise, it is made when the transfer is perfected. If it is not perfected be- fore the commencement of the case, it is made imme- diately before the commencement of the case. Para- graph (3) specifies that a transfer is not made until the debtor has acquired rights in the property transferred. This provision, more than any other in the section, overrules DuBay and Grain Merchants, and in combina- tion with subsection (b)(2), overrules In re King-Porter Co., 446 F.2d 722 (5th Cir. 1971). Subsection (e) is designed to reach the different re- sults under the 1962 version of Article 9 of the U.C.C. and under the 1972 version because different actions are required under each version in order to make a security agreement effective between the parties. Subsection (f) creates a presumption of insolvency for the 90 days preceding the bankruptcy case. The pre- sumption is as defined in Rule 301 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, made applicable in bankruptcy cases by sections 224 and 225 of the bill. The presumption re- quires the party against whom the presumption exists to come forward with some evidence to rebut the pre- sumption, but the burden of proof remains on the party in whose favor the presumption exists. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2020—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–260, § 1001(g)(2)(A)(i), substituted ‘‘and (i)’’ for ‘‘, (i), and (j)’’ in introductory provisions. Pub. L. 116–260, § 1001(g)(1)(A), substituted ‘‘, (i), and (j)’’ for ‘‘and (i)’’ in introductory provisions. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 116–260, § 1001(g)(2)(A)(ii), struck out subsec. (j) which related to covered payments of rental and supplier arrearages. Pub. L. 116–260, § 1001(g)(1)(B), added subsec. (j). 2019—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–54 inserted ‘‘, based on reasonable due diligence in the circumstances of the case and taking into account a party’s known or rea- sonably knowable affirmative defenses under sub- section (c),’’ after ‘‘may’’ in introductory provisions. 2005—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–8, § 1213(a)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘subsections (c) and (i)’’ for ‘‘subsection (c)’’ in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 109–8, § 409(1), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: ‘‘to the extent that such transfer was— ‘‘(A) in payment of a debt incurred by the debtor in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee; ‘‘(B) made in the ordinary course of business or fi- nancial affairs of the debtor and the transferee; and ‘‘(C) made according to ordinary business terms;’’. Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 109–8, § 1222, substituted ‘‘30 days’’ for ‘‘20 days’’. Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 109–8, § 217, amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: ‘‘to the extent such transfer was a bona fide payment of a debt to a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor, for alimony to, maintenance for, or support of such spouse or child, in connection with a separation agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of record, determination made in accordance with State or territorial law by a governmental unit, or property settlement agreement, but not to the extent that such debt— ‘‘(A) is assigned to another entity, voluntarily, by operation of law, or otherwise; or ‘‘(B) includes a liability designated as alimony, maintenance, or support, unless such liability is ac- tually in the nature of alimony, maintenance or sup- port; or’’. Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 109–8, § 409(2), (3), added par. (9). Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 109–8, § 403, substituted ‘‘30’’ for ‘‘10’’ wherever appearing. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–8, § 201(b), added subsec. (h). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 109–8, § 1213(a)(2), added subsec. (i). 1994—Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 103–394, § 203(1), sub- stituted ‘‘20’’ for ‘‘10’’. Subsec. (c)(7), (8). Pub. L. 103–394, § 304(f), added par. (7) and redesignated former par. (7) as (8). Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–394, § 203(2), inserted be- fore semicolon at end ‘‘, except as provided in sub- section (c)(3)(B)’’. 1986—Subsec. (b)(4)(B). Pub. L. 99–554 inserted ‘‘and’’ after the semicolon. 1984—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(a)(1), inserted ‘‘including proceeds of such property,’’ after ‘‘law,’’. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(a)(2), struck out ‘‘, without penalty’’ after ‘‘any extension’’, and in- serted ‘‘without penalty’’ after ‘‘payable’’. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(b)(1), substituted ‘‘of an interest of the debtor in property’’ for ‘‘of property of the debtor’’ in provisions preceding par. (1). Subsec. (b)(4)(B). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(b)(2), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: ‘‘between 90 days and one year before the date of the filing of the petition, if such creditor, at the time of such transfer— ‘‘(i) was an insider; and ‘‘(ii) had reasonable cause to believe the debtor was insolvent at the time of such transfer; and’’. Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(d)(1), inserted ‘‘by the debtor’’ after ‘‘incurred’’. Subsec. (c)(2)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(c), struck out subpar. (B) which read as follows: ‘‘made not later than 45 days after such debt was incurred;’’ and redesig- nated subpars. (C) and (D) as (B) and (C), respectively. Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(d)(2), substituted ‘‘that creates’’ for ‘‘of’’. Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(d)(3), inserted ‘‘on or’’ after ‘‘perfected’’, and substituted ‘‘the debtor receives possession of such property’’ for ‘‘such secu- rity interest attaches’’. Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(d)(4), substituted ‘‘that creates’’ for ‘‘of’’, and ‘‘all security interests’’ for ‘‘all security interest’’. Page 176 TITLE 11—BANKRUPTCY § 548 Subsec. (c)(5)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(d)(5), sub- stituted ‘‘or’’ for ‘‘and’’. Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 98–353, § 310(3), added par. (7). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(e), substituted ‘‘The’’ for ‘‘A’’ before ‘‘trustee may avoid’’, inserted ‘‘an inter- est in’’ after ‘‘transfer of’’, inserted ‘‘to or for the ben- efit of a surety’’ after ‘‘transferred’’, and inserted ‘‘such’’ after ‘‘reimbursement of’’. Subsec. (e)(2)(C)(i). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(f), substituted ‘‘or’’ for ‘‘and’’. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–353, § 462(g), added subsec. (g). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2020 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title X, § 1001(g)(2)(A), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3220, provided that the amendment made by section 1001(g)(2)(A) is effective on the date that is 2 years after Dec. 27, 2020. Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title X, § 1001(g)(2)(B), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3221, provided that: ‘‘Notwithstanding the amendments made by subparagraph (A) [amending this section], the amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply in any case com- menced under title 11, United States Code, before the date that is 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2020].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2019 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 116–54 effective 180 days after Aug. 23, 2019, see section 5 of Pub. L. 116–54, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2005 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 109–8, title XII, § 1213(b), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 195, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this sec- tion [amending this section] shall apply to any case that is pending or commenced on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Apr. 20, 2005].’’ Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 103–394 effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103–394, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 99–554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, see section 302(a) of Pub. L. 99–554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98–353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title. Court Rules and Judicial Documents ADJUSTMENT OF DOLLAR AMOUNTS The dollar amounts specified in this section were ad- justed by notices of the Judicial Conference of the United States pursuant to section 104 of this title as follows: By notice dated Jan. 31, 2022, 87 F.R. 6625, effective Apr. 1, 2022, in subsec. (c)(9), dollar amount ‘‘6,825’’ was adjusted to ‘‘7,575’’. See notice of the Judicial Con- ference of the United States set out as a note under section 104 of this title. By notice dated Feb. 5, 2019, 84 F.R. 3488, effective Apr. 1, 2019, in subsec. (c)(9), dollar amount ‘‘6,425’’ was adjusted to ‘‘6,825’’. By notice dated Feb. 16, 2016, 81 F.R. 8748, effective Apr. 1, 2016, in subsec. (c)(9), dollar amount ‘‘6,225’’ was adjusted to ‘‘6,425’’. By notice dated Feb. 12, 2013, 78 F.R. 12089, effective Apr. 1, 2013, in subsec. (c)(9), dollar amount ‘‘5,850’’ was adjusted to ‘‘6,225’’. By notice dated Feb. 19, 2010, 75 F.R. 8747, effective Apr. 1, 2010, in subsec. (c)(9), dollar amount ‘‘5,475’’ was adjusted to ‘‘5,850’’. By notice dated Feb. 7, 2007, 72 F.R. 7082, effective Apr. 1, 2007, in subsec. (c)(9), dollar amount ‘‘5,000’’ was adjusted to ‘‘5,475’’. § 548. Fraudulent transfers and obligations (a)(1) The trustee may avoid any transfer (in- cluding any transfer to or for the benefit of an insider under an employment contract) of an in- terest of the debtor in property, or any obliga- tion (including any obligation to or for the ben- efit of an insider under an employment con- tract) incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor volun- tarily or involuntarily— (A) made such transfer or incurred such obli- gation with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any entity to which the debtor was or became, on or after the date that such transfer was made or such obligation was incurred, in- debted; or (B)(i) received less than a reasonably equiva- lent value in exchange for such transfer or ob- ligation; and (ii)(I) was insolvent on the date that such transfer was made or such obligation was in- curred, or became insolvent as a result of such transfer or obligation; (II) was engaged in business or a transaction, or was about to engage in business or a trans- action, for which any property remaining with the debtor was an unreasonably small capital; (III) intended to incur, or believed that the debtor would incur, debts that would be be- yond the debtor’s ability to pay as such debts matured; or (IV) made such transfer to or for the benefit of an insider, or incurred such obligation to or for the benefit of an insider, under an employ- ment contract and not in the ordinary course of business. (2) A transfer of a charitable contribution to a qualified religious or charitable entity or orga- nization shall not be considered to be a transfer covered under paragraph (1)(B) in any case in which— (A) the amount of that contribution does not exceed 15 percent of the gross annual income of the debtor for the year in which the transfer of the contribution is made; or (B) the contribution made by a debtor ex- ceeded the percentage amount of gross annual income specified in subparagraph (A), if the transfer was consistent with the practices of the debtor in making charitable contributions. (b) The trustee of a partnership debtor may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within 2 years before the date of the filing of the peti- tion, to a general partner in the debtor, if the debtor was insolvent on the date such transfer