22 U.S.C. § 2151i — Development and use of cooperatives

Page 617 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151i Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1985—Pub. L. 99–83 struck out subsec. (a) designation, and struck out subsec. (b) which set forth funding lim- its for grant assistance under sections 2151a to 2151d of this title. 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–424 struck out provision, following ‘‘on an ‘in-kind’ basis’’, relating to waiver by the President of cost-sharing requirement in case of a project or activity in a country determined to be rel- atively least developed by the agency primarily respon- sible for administering subchapter I of this chapter. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–424 substituted ‘‘No’’ for ‘‘Ex- cept for grants to countries determined to be relatively least developed based on the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development list of ‘relatively least de- veloped countries’, no’’. 1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–88, § 106(1), substituted ‘‘sections 2151a through 2151d’’ for ‘‘sections 2151a through 2151e’’. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–88, § 106(2), inserted provisions creating an exception for grants to countries deter- mined to be relatively least developed based on the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development list of ‘‘relatively least developed countries’’ and sub- stituted ‘‘sections 2151a through 2151d’’ for ‘‘sections 2151a through 2151e’’. 1975—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–161 authorized Presi- dential waiver of cost-sharing as a condition for being furnished project or activity assistance in the case of a relatively least developed country. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries REFERENCES TO SECTIONS 2151a THROUGH 2151d DEEMED TO INCLUDE SECTION 2293 References to sections 2151a through 2151d of this title are deemed to include a reference to section 2293 of this title. See section 2293(d)(1) of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1985 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under sec- tion 2151–1 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title. Executive Documents DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title. § 2151i. Development and use of cooperatives In order to strengthen the participation of the rural and urban poor in their country’s develop- ment, high priority shall be given to increasing the use of funds made available under this chap- ter for technical and capital assistance in the development and use of cooperatives in the less developed countries which will enable and en- courage greater numbers of the poor to help themselves toward a better life. In meeting the requirement of the preceding sentence, specific priority shall be given to the following: (1) Agriculture Technical assistance to low income farmers who form and develop member-owned coopera- tives for farm supplies, marketing and value- added processing. (2) Financial systems The promotion of national credit union sys- tems through credit union-to-credit union technical assistance that strengthens the abil- ity of low income people and micro-entre- preneurs to save and to have access to credit for their own economic advancement. (3) Infrastructure The support of rural electric and tele- communication cooperatives for access for rural people and villages that lack reliable electric and telecommunications services. (4) Housing and community services The promotion of community-based coopera- tives which provide employment opportunities and important services such as health clinics, self-help shelter, environmental improve- ments, group-owned businesses, and other ac- tivities. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 111, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(3), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 716; amended Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 308, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 859; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 107(a), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 535; Pub. L. 96–53, title I, § 122, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 106–309, title IV, § 401(c)(2), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1097.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original ‘‘this Act’’, meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables. AMENDMENTS 2000—Pub. L. 106–309 inserted at end ‘‘In meeting the requirement of the preceding sentence, specific priority shall be given to the following:’’ and pars. (1) to (4). 1979—Pub. L. 96–53 struck out provisions relating to availability of funds for fiscal year 1978 for technical assistance. 1977—Pub. L. 95–88 substituted ‘‘technical and capital assistance in the development and use of cooperatives’’ for ‘‘assistance in the development of cooperatives’’ and ‘‘$10,000,000 of the funds made available under this chapter for the fiscal year 1978 may be used only for technical assistance’’ for ‘‘$20,000,000 of such funds shall be used during the fiscal years 1976 and 1977, including the period from July 1, 1976, through September 30, 1976, only for technical assistance’’. 1975—Pub. L. 94–161 earmarked not less than $20,000,000 for technical assistance during fiscal years 1976 and 1977, including period from July 1, 1976, through Sept. 30, 1976, and deleted similar provision making such minimum sum available for use during fiscal years 1974 and 1975. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1979 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96–53 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 512(a) of Pub. L. 96–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1977 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 107(b), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 536, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1977.’’ Page 618 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151j FINDINGS Pub. L. 106–309, title IV, § 401(b), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1096, provided that: ‘‘The Congress makes the following findings: ‘‘(1) It is in the mutual economic interest of the United States and peoples in developing and transi- tional countries to promote cooperatives and credit unions. ‘‘(2) Self-help institutions, including cooperatives and credit unions, provide enhanced opportunities for people to participate directly in democratic decision- making for their economic and social benefit through ownership and control of business enterprises and through the mobilization of local capital and savings and such organizations should be fully utilized in fos- tering free market principles and the adoption of self- help approaches to development. ‘‘(3) The United States seeks to encourage broad- based economic and social development by creating and supporting— ‘‘(A) agricultural cooperatives that provide a means to lift low income farmers and rural people out of poverty and to better integrate them into national economies; ‘‘(B) credit union networks that serve people of limited means through safe savings and by extend- ing credit to families and microenterprises; ‘‘(C) electric and telephone cooperatives that pro- vide rural customers with power and telecommuni- cations services essential to economic development; ‘‘(D) housing and community-based cooperatives that provide low income shelter and work opportu- nities for the urban poor; and ‘‘(E) mutual and cooperative insurance companies that provide risk protection for life and property to under-served populations often through group poli- cies.’’ DECLARATIONS OF POLICY Pub. L. 106–309, title IV, § 401(c)(1), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1096, provided that: ‘‘The Congress supports the development and expansion of economic assistance pro- grams that fully utilize cooperatives and credit unions, particularly those programs committed to— ‘‘(A) international cooperative principles, demo- cratic governance and involvement of women and ethnic minorities for economic and social develop- ment; ‘‘(B) self-help mobilization of member savings and equity and retention of profits in the community, ex- cept for those programs that are dependent on donor financing; ‘‘(C) market-oriented and value-added activities with the potential to reach large numbers of low in- come people and help them enter into the main- stream economy; ‘‘(D) strengthening the participation of rural and urban poor to contribute to their country’s economic development; and ‘‘(E) utilization of technical assistance and training to better serve the member-owners.’’ REPORT Pub. L. 106–309, title IV, § 401(d), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1097, provided that: ‘‘Not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 17, 2000], the Ad- ministrator of the United States Agency for Inter- national Development, in consultation with the heads of other appropriate agencies, shall prepare and submit to Congress a report on the implementation of section 111 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151i), as amended by subsection (c).’’ § 2151j. Repealed. Pub. L. 93–559, § 30(b), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1804 Section, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 112, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(3), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 716, related to police training prohibition. See section 2420 of this title. § 2151k. Integrating women into national econo- mies; report (a) Particular programs, projects, and activities In recognition of the fact that women in devel- oping countries play a significant role in eco- nomic production, family support, and the over- all development process of the national econo- mies of such countries, subchapter I of this chapter shall be administered so as to give par- ticular attention to those programs, projects, and activities which tend to integrate women into the national economies of developing coun- tries, thus improving their status and assisting the total development effort. (b) Assistance to encourage participation and in- tegration of women; prohibition against sep- arate assistance program for women (1) Up to $10,000,000 of the funds made available each fiscal year under this part and part X of this subchapter shall be used, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, for assistance on such terms and conditions as the President may determine to encourage and pro- mote the participation and integration of women as equal partners in the development process in the developing countries. These funds shall be used primarily to support activities which will increase the economic productivity and income earning capacity of women. (2) Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the establishment of a separate de- velopment assistance program for women. (c) Funds for United Nations Decade for Women Not less than $500,000 of the funds made avail- able under this part for the fiscal year 1982 shall be expended on international programs which support the original goals of the United Nations Decade for Women. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 113, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(3), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 716; amended Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 309, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 860; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 108, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 536; Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 108, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 96–53, title I, § 122, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 97–113, title III, § 305, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1533; Pub. L. 101–513, title V, § 562(d)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2031.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1990—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 101–513 inserted ‘‘and part X of this subchapter’’ after ‘‘this part’’. 1981—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–113 added subsec. (c). 1979—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–53 redesignated subsec. (d) as (b), and repealed former subsec. (b) which related to Presidential report to Congress on the impact of de- velopment programs, etc., on the economic integration of women. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–53 repealed subsec. (c) which required the report under former subsec. (b) to be sub- mitted not later than one year after Aug. 3, 1977. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–53 redesignated subsec. (d) as (b). 1978—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–424 added subsec. (d). 1977—Pub. L. 95–88 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted provisions relating to a recogni- tion of the fact that women in developing countries play a significant role in economic production, family support, and the overall development process of the na-