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54 U.S.C. § 101703 — Cooperative management agreements

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

54 U.S.C. § 101703 — Cooperative management agreements

Page 46 TITLE 54—NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AND RELATED PROGRAMS § 101703 1 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘this subsection’’. (ii) benefit the parties to the agreement; (C) specify any staff required and technical assistance to be provided by the Secretary or other parties to the agreement in support of activities inside and outside the System unit that will— (i) protect natural resources of the Sys- tem unit; and (ii) benefit the parties to the agreement; (D) identify any materials, supplies, or equipment and any other resources that will be contributed by the parties to the agree- ment or by other Federal agencies; (E) describe any financial assistance to be provided by the Secretary or the partners to implement the agreement; (F) ensure that any expenditure by the Secretary pursuant to the agreement is de- termined by the Secretary to support the purposes of natural resource stewardship at a System unit; and (G) include such other terms and condi- tions as are agreed to by the Secretary and the other parties to the agreement. (3) LIMITATIONS.—The Secretary shall not use any funds associated with an agreement entered into under paragraph (1) for the pur- poses of land acquisition, regulatory activity, or the development, maintenance, or oper- ation of infrastructure, except for ancillary support facilities that the Secretary deter- mines to be necessary for the completion of projects or activities identified in the agree- ment. (Pub. L. 113–287, § 3, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3135.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 101702(a) ..... 16 U.S.C. 1g. Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(d) [title I (3d undes- ignated par. under head- ing ‘‘ADMINISTRATIVE PRO- VISIONS’’ under heading

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Page 46 TITLE 54—NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AND RELATED PROGRAMS § 101703 1 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘this subsection’’. (ii) benefit the parties to the agreement; (C) specify any staff required and technical assistance to be provided by the Secretary or other parties to the agreement in support of activities inside and outside the System unit that will— (i) protect natural resources of the Sys- tem unit; and (ii) benefit the parties to the agreement; (D) identify any materials, supplies, or equipment and any other resources that will be contributed by the parties to the agree- ment or by other Federal agencies; (E) describe any financial assistance to be provided by the Secretary or the partners to implement the agreement; (F) ensure that any expenditure by the Secretary pursuant to the agreement is de- termined by the Secretary to support the purposes of natural resource stewardship at a System unit; and (G) include such other terms and condi- tions as are agreed to by the Secretary and the other parties to the agreement. (3) LIMITATIONS.—The Secretary shall not use any funds associated with an agreement entered into under paragraph (1) for the pur- poses of land acquisition, regulatory activity, or the development, maintenance, or oper- ation of infrastructure, except for ancillary support facilities that the Secretary deter- mines to be necessary for the completion of projects or activities identified in the agree- ment. (Pub. L. 113–287, § 3, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3135.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 101702(a) ..... 16 U.S.C. 1g. Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(d) [title I (3d undes- ignated par. under head- ing ‘‘ADMINISTRATIVE PRO- VISIONS’’ under heading ‘‘NATIONAL PARK SERV- ICE’’)], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–189. 101702(b) ..... 16 U.S.C. 1a–2 (mat- ter before (a)). Pub. L. 91–383, § 3 (matter before (a)), Aug. 18, 1970, 84 Stat. 826. 16 U.S.C. 1a–2(j). Pub. L. 91–383, § 3(j), as added Pub. L. 104–333, div. I, title VIII, § 818, Nov. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 4201; Pub. L. 106–176, title I, § 118(5), Mar. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 28. 101702(c) ..... 16 U.S.C. 1a–2 (mat- ter before (a)). 16 U.S.C. 1a–2(g). Pub. L. 91–383, § 3(g), Aug. 18, 1970, 84 Stat. 827; Pub. L. 104–333, div. I, title VII, § 703, Nov. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 4185; Pub. L. 106–176, title I, § 118(1), (2), Mar. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 28. 101702(d) ..... 16 U.S.C. 1j(a) through (c). Pub. L. 110–229, title III, subtitle A, § 301(a) through (c), May 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 768. In subsection (a), the word ‘‘Secretary’’ is substituted for ‘‘National Park Service’’ to reflect the transfer of functions of other officers, employees, and agencies of the Department of the Interior to the Secretary by sec- tions 1 and 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1950 (5 U.S.C. App.). The words ‘‘in fiscal year 1997 and there- after’’ are omitted as obsolete. The words ‘‘for the pub- lic purpose of carrying out National Park Service pro- grams’’ are omitted as unnecessary. The words ‘‘is a co- operative agreement properly entered into under sec- tion 6305 of title 31’’ are substituted for ‘‘pursuant to section 6305 of title 31’’ for clarity. § 101703. Cooperative management agreements (a) IN GENERAL.—To facilitate the administra- tion of the System, the Secretary, under such terms and conditions as the Secretary considers advisable, may enter into an agreement with an eligible entity managing lands and waters lo- cated near a System unit to provide for coopera- tive management of either a System unit or the lands and waters located near a System unit to promote more effective and efficient manage- ment of a System unit. The Secretary may not transfer administration responsibilities for any System unit under this paragraph.1 (b) PROVISION OF GOODS AND SERVICES.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Under a cooperative man- agement agreement, the Secretary may ac- quire by purchase, donation, or exchange from and provide to an eligible entity on a reim- bursable basis goods and services to be used by the Secretary or the eligible entity in the co- operative management of land and waters. (2) RETENTION OF FUNDS.—Reimbursements received under this section may be credited to the appropriation current at the time reim- bursements are received. (c) CO-LOCATION.—Under the cooperative man- agement agreement, the Secretary and an eligi- ble entity may co-locate in offices and facilities owned or leased by either party. (d) EMPLOYEES.— (1) ASSIGNMENT OF EMPLOYEE.—The Sec- retary may arrange an assignment under sec- tion 3372 of title 5 of a Federal employee or an employee of an eligible entity as mutually agreed upon, for work on any Federal, State, local, or Tribal land. (2) EXTENSION OF ASSIGNMENT.—The assign- ment provided in paragraph (1) may be ex- tended for any period of time determined by the Secretary and the eligible entity to be mu- tually beneficial. (e) DEFINITIONS.—In this section— (1) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—The term ‘‘eligible en- tity’’ means a State or local entity or any po- litical subdivision thereof, or an Indian Tribe or Tribal organization. (2) INDIAN TRIBE.—The term ‘‘Indian Tribe’’ has the meaning given the term in section 4(e) of the Indian Self-Determination and Edu- cation Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5304(e)). (3) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ means each of the several States, the District of Columbia, and each territory of the United States. (4) TRIBAL ORGANIZATION.—The term ‘‘Tribal organization’’ has the meaning given the term in section 4(l) of the Indian Self-Determina- tion and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5304(1)). (Pub. L. 113–287, § 3, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3136; Pub. L. 118–234, title I, § 152, Jan. 4, 2025, 138 Stat. 2867.) Page 47 TITLE 54—NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AND RELATED PROGRAMS § 101911 HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 101703 ......... 16 U.S.C. 1a–2 (mat- ter before (a)). Pub. L. 91–383, § 3 (matter before (a)), Aug. 18, 1970, 84 Stat. 826. 16 U.S.C. 1a–2(l). Pub. L. 91–383, § 3(l), as added Pub. L. 105–391, title VIII, § 802(a), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3523. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2025—Pub. L. 118–234 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to cooperative manage- ment agreements. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries AUTHORIZING COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND THE SEC- RETARY OF THE INTERIOR Pub. L. 116–9, title II, § 2403, Mar. 12, 2019, 133 Stat. 747, provided that: ‘‘The Secretary [of the Interior] may enter into a cooperative management agreement with the District of Columbia in accordance with section 101703 of title 54, United States Code.’’ § 101704. Reimbursable agreements (a) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out work under reimbursable agreements with any State, local, or tribal government, the Secretary, without re- gard to any provision of law or a regulation— (1) may record obligations against accounts receivable from those governments; and (2) shall credit amounts received from those governments to the appropriate account. (b) WHEN AMOUNTS SHALL BE CREDITED.— Amounts shall be credited within 90 days of the date of the original request by the Service for payment. (Pub. L. 113–287, § 3, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3137.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 101704 ......... 16 U.S.C. 1i. Pub. L. 108–7, div. F, title I (proviso in last undesig- nated par. under heading ‘‘ADMINISTRATIVE PROVI- SIONS’’ under heading ‘‘NATIONAL PARK SERV- ICE’’), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 227. The words ‘‘Heretofore and hereafter’’ and ‘‘section 1341 of title 31 or’’ are omitted as unnecessary CHAPTER 1019—CONCESSIONS AND COMMERCIAL USE AUTHORIZATIONS SUBCHAPTER I—AUTHORITY OF SECRETARY Sec. 101901. Utility services. SUBCHAPTER II—COMMERCIAL VISITOR SERVICES 101911. Definitions. 101912. Findings and declaration of policy. 101913. Award of concession contracts. 101914. Term of concession contracts. 101915. Protection of concessioner investment. 101916. Reasonableness of rates and charges. 101917. Franchise fees. 101918. Transfer or conveyance of concession con- tracts or leasehold surrender interests. Sec. 101919. National Park Service Concessions Manage- ment Advisory Board. 101920. Contracting for services. 101921. Multiple contracts within a System unit. 101922. Use of nonmonetary consideration in conces- sion contracts. 101923. Recordkeeping requirements. 101924. Promotion of sale of Indian, Alaska Native, Native Samoan, and Native Hawaiian handicrafts. 101925. Commercial use authorizations. 101926. Regulations. Editorial Notes CODIFICATION Pub. L. 114–289, title VII, § 701, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1492, added subchapter III of this chapter without cor- responding amendment of chapter analysis. For anal- ysis of subchapter III, see table of sections set out pre- ceding section 101931 of this title. SUBCHAPTER I—AUTHORITY OF SECRETARY § 101901. Utility services To facilitate the administration of the Sys- tem, the Secretary, under such terms and condi- tions as the Secretary considers advisable, may furnish, on a reimbursement of appropriation basis, all types of utility services to conces- sioners, contractors, permittees, or other users of the services, within the System. The reim- bursements for cost of the services may be cred- ited to the appropriation current at the time re- imbursements are received. (Pub. L. 113–287, § 3, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3137.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 101901 ......... 16 U.S.C. 1b (matter before (1)). Aug. 8, 1953, ch. 384, § 1 (mat- ter before (1)), (4), 67 Stat. 495; Pub. L. 91–383, § 2(a), Aug. 18, 1970, 84 Stat. 826. 16 U.S.C. 1b(4). The words ‘‘and he may use applicable appropriations for the aforesaid system for the following purposes’’ are omitted as unnecessary. SUBCHAPTER II—COMMERCIAL VISITOR SERVICES § 101911. Definitions In this subchapter: (1) ADVISORY BOARD.—The term ‘‘Advisory Board’’ means the National Park Service Con- cessions Management Advisory Board estab- lished under section 101919 of this title. (2) PREFERENTIAL RIGHT OF RENEWAL.—The term ‘‘preferential right of renewal’’ means the right of a concessioner, subject to a deter- mination by the Secretary that the facilities or services authorized by a prior contract con- tinue to be necessary and appropriate within the meaning of section 101912 of this title, to match the terms and conditions of any com- peting proposal that the Secretary determines to be the best proposal for a proposed new con- cession contract that authorizes the continu- ation of the facilities and services provided by the concessioner under its prior contract.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

16 U.S.C. § 1a — Repealed. June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 39, 62 Stat. 992, eff. Sept. 1, 1948

### Statutory Notes Section, act June 28, 1938, ch. 778, § 1, 52 Stat. 1213, related to residence of United States Commissioners [now magistrate judges].

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

16 U.S.C. § 1a — Repealed. June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 39, 62

Page 29 TITLE 16—CONSERVATION § 1a–1 Sec. SUBCHAPTER CXXXIV—RED CLIFFS NATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA 460www. Red Cliffs National Conservation Area. SUBCHAPTER CXXXV—BEAVER DAM WASH NATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA 460xxx. Beaver Dam Wash National Conservation Area. SUBCHAPTER CXXXVI—FORT STANTON-SNOWY RIVER CAVE NATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA 460yyy. Definitions. 460yyy–1. Establishment of the Fort Stanton- Snowy River Cave National Conserva- tion Area. 460yyy–2. Management of the Conservation Area. 460yyy–3. Authorization of appropriations. SUBCHAPTER CXXXVII—DOMINGUEZ-ESCALANTE NATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA 460zzz. Definitions. 460zzz–1. Dominguez-Escalante National Con- servation Area. 460zzz–2. Dominguez Canyon Wilderness Area. 460zzz–3. Maps and legal descriptions. 460zzz–4. Management of Conservation Area and Wilderness. 460zzz–5. Management plan. 460zzz–6. Advisory Council. 460zzz–7. Authorization of appropriations. SUBCHAPTER CXXXVIII—NELLIS DUNES OFF- HIGHWAY VEHICLE RECREATION AREA 460aaaa. Nellis Dunes Off-Highway Vehicle Recre- ation Area. SUBCHAPTER CXXXIX—ASHLEY KARST NATIONAL RECREATION AND GEOLOGIC AREA 460bbbb. Ashley Karst National Recreation and Geologic Area. SUBCHAPTER CXL—JOHN WESLEY POWELL NATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA 460cccc. John Wesley Powell National Conserva- tion Area. SUBCHAPTER CXLI—SAN RAFAEL SWELL RECREATION AREA 460dddd. Establishment of Recreation Area. 460dddd–1. Management of Recreation Area. 460dddd–2. San Rafael Swell Recreation Area Advi- sory Council. SUBCHAPTER CXLII—VINAGRE WASH SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA 460eeee. Vinagre Wash Special Management Area. SUBCHAPTER CXLIII—ALABAMA HILLS NATIONAL SCENIC AREA 460ffff. Definitions. 460ffff–1. Alabama Hills National Scenic Area, Califor

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

16 U.S.C. § 1g — Repealed. Pub. L. 113–287, § 7, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3272

### Statutory Notes Section, Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(d) [title I], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–181, 3009–189, related to cooperative agreements. See [section 101702(a) of Title 54](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title54-section101702/a&num=0&edition=prelim), National Park Service and Related Programs.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

16 U.S.C. § 1g — Repealed. Pub. L. 113–287, § 7, Dec. 19, 2014,

Page 31 TITLE 16—CONSERVATION § 1j tem, could not be executed because of the general amendment by Pub. L. 113–287, § 4(d), which made sec- tion applicable only to the National Wildlife Refuge System. See below. For provisions related to the Na- tional Park System, see section 104906 of Title 54, Na- tional Park Service and Related Programs. Pub. L. 113–287, § 4(d), amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to the right of Americans to exercise their Second Amendment rights in the National Park System and the National Wildlife Refuge System. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective nine months after May 22, 2009, ex- cept as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 111–24, set out as an Effective Date of 2009 Amendment note under section 1602 of Title 15, Com- merce and Trade. § 1a–8. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–287, § 7, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3272 Section, Pub. L. 98–540, § 4, Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2719; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(d)(1), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4583; Pub. L. 104–333, div. I, title VIII, § 814(d)(1)(F), Nov. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 4196, related to maintenance management sys- tem for the National Park System. Subsec. (a) was re- pealed and restated in section 101301 of Title 54, Na- tional Park Service and Related Programs. Subsec. (b), which required annual status reports, had been pre- viously repealed by Pub. L. 104–333. § 1a–9. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–287, § 7, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3272 Section, Pub. L. 101–628, title XII, § 1213, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4507; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(d)(2), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4583, related to periodic review of National Park System. See section 100505(a) of Title 54, National Park Service and Related Programs. § 1a–10. Repealed.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

16 U.S.C. § 1j — Repealed. Pub. L. 113–287, § 7, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3272

### Statutory Notes Section, Pub. L. 110–229, title III, § 301, May 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 768, related to cooperative agreements for national park natural resource protection. Subsecs. (a) to (c) were repealed and restated in [section 101702(d) of Title 54](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title54-section101702/d&num=0&edition=prelim), National Park Service and Related Programs. Subsec. (d) authorized appropriations to carry out this section.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

16 U.S.C. § 1j — Repealed. Pub. L. 113–287, § 7, Dec. 19, 2014,

Page 31 TITLE 16—CONSERVATION § 1j tem, could not be executed because of the general amendment by Pub. L. 113–287, § 4(d), which made sec- tion applicable only to the National Wildlife Refuge System. See below. For provisions related to the Na- tional Park System, see section 104906 of Title 54, Na- tional Park Service and Related Programs. Pub. L. 113–287, § 4(d), amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to the right of Americans to exercise their Second Amendment rights in the National Park System and the National Wildlife Refuge System. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective nine months after May 22, 2009, ex- cept as otherwise specifically provided, see section 3 of Pub. L. 111–24, set out as an Effective Date of 2009 Amendment note under section 1602 of Title 15, Com- merce and Trade. § 1a–8. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–287, § 7, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3272 Section, Pub. L. 98–540, § 4, Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2719; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(d)(1), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4583; Pub. L. 104–333, div. I, title VIII, § 814(d)(1)(F), Nov. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 4196, related to maintenance management sys- tem for the National Park System. Subsec. (a) was re- pealed and restated in section 101301 of Title 54, Na- tional Park Service and Related Programs. Subsec. (b), which required annual status reports, had been pre- viously repealed by Pub. L. 104–333. § 1a–9. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–287, § 7, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3272 Section, Pub. L. 101–628, title XII, § 1213, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4507; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(d)(2), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4583, related to periodic review of National Park System. See section 100505(a) of Title 54, National Park Service and Related Programs. § 1a–10. Repealed.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

25 U.S.C. § 5304 — Authorization of appropriations

**(a) In general** There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this subchapter. **(b) Availability of appropriations** Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the provision of funds under this chapter shall be subject to the availability of appropriations and the Secretary is not required to reduce funding for programs, projects, or activities serving a tribe in order to make funds available to another tribe or tribal organization under this chapter.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

25 U.S.C. § 5304 — Definitions

Page 719 TITLE 25—INDIANS § 5304 with the Secretary of the Interior, shall report to the President on progress toward establishing training modules regarding Tribal consultation and shall iden- tify additional resources or other support necessary to implement this training. SEC. 9. Definitions. The terms ‘‘Tribal officials,’’ ‘‘policies that have Tribal implications,’’ and ‘‘agency’’ as used in this memorandum are as defined in Execu- tive Order 13175. The terms ‘‘Tribes’’ and ‘‘Tribal Na- tions’’ as used in this memorandum have the same defi- nition as the term ‘‘Indian Tribe’’ as defined in Execu- tive Order 13175. SEC. 10. Scope. Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect the ability of heads of agencies to set more specific or more stringent standards, or to incorporate other best practices, for conducting Tribal consultation. SEC. 11. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memo- randum shall be construed to impair or otherwise af- fect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive de- partment or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget relating to budgetary, administra- tive, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented con- sistent with applicable law and subject to the avail- ability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or proce- dural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) Independent agencies are strongly encouraged to comply with the provisions of this memorandum. (e) The Director of the Office of Manage

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

54 U.S.C. § 101703 — Cooperative management agreements

**(a) In General.—** To facilitate the administration of the System, the Secretary, under such terms and conditions as the Secretary considers advisable, may enter into an agreement with an eligible entity managing lands and waters located near a System unit to provide for cooperative management of either a System unit or the lands and waters located near a System unit to promote more effective and efficient management of a System unit. The Secretary may not transfer administration responsibilities for any System unit under this paragraph.11 So in original. Probably should be “this subsection”. **(b) Provision of Goods and Services.—** (1) **In general.—** — Under a cooperative management agreement, the Secretary may acquire by purchase, donation, or exchange from and provide to an eligible entity on a reimbursable basis goods and services to be used by the Secretary or the eligible entity in the cooperative management of land and waters. (2) **Retention of funds.—** — Reimbursements received under this section may be credited to the appropriation current at the time reimbursements are received. **(c) Co-location.—** Under the cooperative management agreement, the Secretary and an eligible entity may co-locate in offices and facilities owned or leased by either party. **(d) Employees.—** (1) **Assignment of employee.—** — The Secretary may arrange an assignment under [section 3372 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section3372&num=0&edition=prelim) of a Federal employee or an employee of an eligible entity as mutually agreed upon, for work on any Federal, State, local, or Tribal land. (2) **Extension of assignment.—** — The assignment provided in paragraph (1) may be extended for any period of time determined by the Se

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