28 U.S.C. § 604 — Duties of Director generally

Page 281 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 604 1 So in original. Comma probably should not appear. REFERENCE TO ASSISTANT DIRECTOR DEEMED REFERENCE TO DEPUTY DIRECTOR References in any other law to Assistant Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts deemed to be reference to the Deputy Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, see note set out under section 601 of this title. § 604. Duties of Director generally (a) The Director shall be the administrative officer of the courts, and under the supervision and direction of the Judicial Conference of the United States, shall: (1) Supervise all administrative matters re- lating to the offices of clerks and other cler- ical and administrative personnel of the courts; (2) Examine the state of the dockets of the courts; secure information as to the courts’ need of assistance; prepare and transmit semi- annually to the chief judges of the circuits, statistical data and reports as to the business of the courts; (3) Submit to the annual meeting of the Ju- dicial Conference of the United States, at least two weeks prior thereto, a report of the activi- ties of the Administrative Office and the state of the business of the courts, together with the statistical data submitted to the chief judges of the circuits under paragraph (a)(2) of this section, and the Director’s recommendations, which report, data and recommendations shall be public documents. (4) Submit to Congress and the Attorney General copies of the report, data and rec- ommendations required by paragraph (a)(3) of this section; (5) Fix the compensation of clerks of court, deputies, librarians, criers, messengers, law clerks, secretaries, stenographers, clerical as- sistants, and other employees of the courts whose compensation is not otherwise fixed by law, and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, pay on behalf of Justices and judges of the United States appointed to hold office dur- ing good behavior, United States magistrate judges, bankruptcy judges appointed under chapter 6 of this title, judges of the District Court of Guam, judges of the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, judges of the District Court of the Virgin Islands, bank- ruptcy judges and magistrate judges retired under section 377 of this title, and judges re- tired under section 373 of this title, who are,1 aged 65 or over, any increases in the cost of Federal Employees’ Group Life Insurance im- posed after April 24, 1999, including any ex- penses generated by such payments, as author- ized by the Judicial Conference of the United States; (6) Determine and pay necessary office ex- penses of courts, judges, and those court offi- cials whose expenses are by law allowable, and the lawful fees of United States magistrate judges; (7) Regulate and pay annuities to widows and surviving dependent children of justices and judges of the United States, judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims, bank- ruptcy judges, United States magistrate judges, Directors of the Federal Judicial Cen- ter, and Directors of the Administrative Of- fice, and necessary travel and subsistence ex- penses incurred by judges, court officers and employees, and officers and employees of the Administrative Office, and the Federal Judi- cial Center, while absent from their official stations on official business, without regard to the per diem allowances and amounts for re- imbursement of actual and necessary expenses established by the Administrator of General Services under section 5702 of title 5, except that the reimbursement of subsistence ex- penses may not exceed that authorized by the Director for judges of the United States under section 456 of this title; (8) Disburse appropriations and other funds for the maintenance and operation of the courts; (9) Establish pretrial services pursuant to section 3152 of title 18, United States Code; (10)(A) Purchase, exchange, transfer, dis- tribute, and assign the custody of lawbooks, equipment, supplies, and other personal prop- erty for the judicial branch of Government (except the Supreme Court unless otherwise provided pursuant to paragraph (17)); (B) pro- vide or make available readily to each court appropriate equipment for the interpretation of proceedings in accordance with section 1828 of this title; and (C) enter into and perform contracts and other transactions upon such terms as the Director may deem appropriate as may be necessary to the conduct of the work of the judicial branch of Government (except the Supreme Court unless otherwise provided pursuant to paragraph (17)), and con- tracts for nonpersonal services providing pre- trial services, agencies, for the interpretation of proceedings, and for the provision of special interpretation services pursuant to section 1828 of this title may be awarded without re- gard to section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41; (11) Audit vouchers and accounts of the courts, the Federal Judicial Center, the offices providing pretrial services, and their clerical and administrative personnel; (12) Provide accommodations for the courts, the Federal Judicial Center, the offices pro- viding pretrial services and their clerical and administrative personnel; (13) Lay before Congress, annually, statis- tical tables that will accurately reflect the business transacted by the several bankruptcy courts, and all other pertinent data relating to such courts; (14) Pursuant to section 1827 of this title, es- tablish a program for the certification and uti- lization of interpreters in courts of the United States; (15) Pursuant to section 1828 of this title, es- tablish a program for the provision of special interpretation services in courts of the United States; (16)(A) In those districts where the Director considers it advisable based on the need for in- terpreters, authorize the full-time or part- time employment by the court of certified in- terpreters; (B) where the Director considers it advisable based on the need for interpreters, Page 282 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 604 appoint certified interpreters on a full-time or part-time basis, for services in various courts when he determines that such appointments will result in the economical provision of in- terpretation services; and (C) pay out of mon- eys appropriated for the judiciary inter- preters’ salaries, fees, and expenses, and other costs which may accrue in accordance with the provisions of sections 1827 and 1828 of this title; (17) In the Director’s discretion, (A) accept and utilize voluntary and uncompensated (gra- tuitous) services, including services as author- ized by section 3102(b) of title 5, United States Code; and (B) accept, hold, administer, and utilize gifts and bequests of personal property for the purpose of aiding or facilitating the work of the judicial branch of Government, but gifts or bequests of money shall be covered into the Treasury; (18) Establish procedures and mechanisms within the judicial branch for processing fines, restitution, forfeitures of bail bonds or collat- eral, and assessments; (19) Regulate and pay annuities to bank- ruptcy judges and United States magistrate judges in accordance with section 377 of this title and paragraphs (1)(B) and (2) of section 2(c) of the Retirement and Survivors’ Annu- ities for Bankruptcy Judges and Magistrates Act of 1988; (20) Periodically compile— (A) the rules which are prescribed under section 2071 of this title by courts other than the Supreme Court; (B) the rules which are prescribed under section 358 of this title; and (C) the orders which are required to be publicly available under section 360(b) of this title; so as to provide a current record of such rules and orders; (21) Establish a program of incentive awards for employees of the judicial branch of the United States Government, other than any judge who is entitled to hold office during good behavior; (22) Receive and expend, either directly or by transfer to the United States Marshals Service or other Government agency, funds appro- priated for the procurement, installation, and maintenance of security equipment and pro- tective services for the United States Courts in courtrooms and adjacent areas, including building ingress/egress control, inspection of packages, directed security patrols, and other similar activities; (23) Regulate and pay annuities to judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims in accordance with section 178 of this title; (24) Establish and administer a vulnerability management program in the judicial branch; and (25) Perform such other duties as may be as- signed to the Director by the Supreme Court or the Judicial Conference of the United States. (b) The clerical and administrative personnel of the courts shall comply with all requests by the Director for information or statistical data as to the state of court dockets. (c) Inspection of court dockets outside the continental United States may be made through United States officials residing within the juris- diction where the inspection is made. (d) The Director, under the supervision and di- rection of the conference, shall: (1) supervise all administrative matters re- lating to the offices of the United States mag- istrate judges; (2) gather, compile, and evaluate all statis- tical and other information required for the performance of his duties and the duties of the conference with respect to such officers; (3) lay before Congress annually statistical tables and other information which will accu- rately reflect the business which has come be- fore the various United States magistrate judges, including (A) the number of matters in which the parties consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by a magistrate judge, (B) the number of appeals taken pursuant to the deci- sions of magistrate judges and the disposition of such appeals, and (C) the professional back- ground and qualifications of individuals ap- pointed under section 631 of this title to serve as magistrate judge; (4) prepare and distribute a manual, with an- nual supplements and periodic revisions, for the use of such officers, which shall set forth their powers and duties, describe all categories of proceedings that may arise before them, and contain such other information as may be required to enable them to discharge their powers and duties promptly, effectively, and impartially. (e) The Director may promulgate appropriate rules and regulations approved by the con- ference and not inconsistent with any provision of law, to assist him in the performance of the duties conferred upon him by subsection (d) of this section. Magistrate judges shall keep such records and make such reports as are specified in such rules and regulations. (f) The Director may make, promulgate, issue, rescind, and amend rules and regulations (in- cluding regulations prescribing standards of conduct for Administrative Office employees) as may be necessary to carry out the Director’s functions, powers, duties, and authority. The Di- rector may publish in the Federal Register such rules, regulations, and notices for the judicial branch of Government as the Director deter- mines to be of public interest; and the Director of the Federal Register hereby is authorized to accept and shall publish such materials. (g)(1) When authorized to exchange personal property, the Director may exchange or sell similar items and may apply the exchange al- lowance or proceeds of sale in such cases in whole or in part payment for the property ac- quired, but any transaction carried out under the authority of this subsection shall be evi- denced in writing. (2) The Director hereby is authorized to enter into contracts for public utility services and re- lated terminal equipment for periods not ex- ceeding ten years. (3)(A) In order to promote the recycling and reuse of recyclable materials, the Director may provide for the sale or disposal of recyclable scrap materials from paper products and other Page 283 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 604 2 See References in Text note below. consumable office supplies held by an entity within the judicial branch. (B) The sale or disposal of recyclable materials under subparagraph (A) shall be consistent with the procedures provided in sections 541–555 of title 40 for the sale of surplus property. (C) Proceeds from the sale of recyclable mate- rials under subparagraph (A) shall be deposited as offsetting collections to the fund established under section 1931 of this title and shall remain available until expended to reimburse any ap- propriations for the operation and maintenance of the judicial branch. (4) The Director is hereby authorized: (A) to enter into contracts for the acquisi- tion of severable services for a period that be- gins in one fiscal year and ends in the next fis- cal year to the same extent as the head of an executive agency under the authority of sec- tion 253l 2 of title 41, United States Code; (B) to enter into contracts for multiple years for the acquisition of property and serv- ices to the same extent as executive agencies under the authority of section 254c 2 of title 41, United States Code; and (C) to make advance, partial, progress or other payments under contracts for property or services to the same extent as executive agencies under the authority of section 255 2 of title 41, United States Code. (h)(1) The Director shall, out of funds appro- priated for the operation and maintenance of the courts, provide facilities and pay necessary expenses incurred by the judicial councils of the circuits and the Judicial Conference under chap- ter 16 of this title, including mileage allowance and witness fees, at the same rate as provided in section 1821 of this title. Administrative and professional assistance from the Administrative Office of the United States Courts may be re- quested by each judicial council and the Judicial Conference for purposes of discharging their du- ties under chapter 16 of this title. (2) The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall include in his annual report filed with the Congress under this section a summary of the number of complaints filed with each judicial council under chapter 16 of this title, indicating the general nature of such complaints and the disposition of those complaints in which action has been taken. (i) RESTRICTIONS ON CRIMINAL HISTORY INQUIR- IES.— (1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection— (A) the terms ‘‘agency’’ and ‘‘criminal his- tory record information’’ have the meanings given those terms in section 9201 of title 5; (B) the term ‘‘covered employee’’ means an employee of the judicial branch of the United States Government, other than— (i) any judge or justice who is entitled to hold office during good behavior; (ii) a United States magistrate judge; or (iii) a bankruptcy judge; and (C) the term ‘‘employing office’’ means any office or entity of the judicial branch of the United States Government that employs covered employees. (2) RESTRICTION.—A covered employee may not request that an applicant for employment as a covered employee disclose criminal his- tory record information if the request would be prohibited under section 9202 of title 5 if made by an employee of an agency. (3) EMPLOYING OFFICE POLICIES; COMPLAINT PROCEDURE.—The provisions of sections 9203 and 9206 of title 5 shall apply to employing of- fices and to applicants for employment as cov- ered employees, consistent with regulations issued by the Director to implement this sub- section. (4) ADVERSE ACTION.— (A) ADVERSE ACTION.—The Director may take such adverse action with respect to a covered employee who violates paragraph (2) as would be appropriate under section 9204 of title 5 if the violation had been committed by an employee of an agency. (B) APPEALS.—The Director shall by rule establish procedures providing for an appeal from any adverse action taken under sub- paragraph (A) by not later than 30 days after the date of the action. (C) APPLICABILITY OF OTHER LAWS.—Except as provided in subparagraph (B), an adverse action taken under subparagraph (A) (in- cluding a determination in an appeal from such an action under subparagraph (B)) shall not be subject to appeal or judicial review. (5) REGULATIONS TO BE ISSUED.— (A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Fair Chance to Compete for Jobs Act of 2019, the Director shall issue regulations to imple- ment this subsection. (B) PARALLEL WITH AGENCY REGULATIONS.— The regulations issued under subparagraph (A) shall be the same as substantive regula- tions promulgated by the Director of the Of- fice of Personnel Management under section 2(b)(1) of the Fair Chance to Compete for Jobs Act of 2019 except to the extent that the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts may determine, for good cause shown and stated together with the regulation, that a modification of such regulations would be more effective for the implementation of the rights and protec- tions under this subsection. (6) EFFECTIVE DATE.—Paragraphs (1) through (4) shall take effect on the date on which sec- tion 9202 of title 5 applies with respect to agencies. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 914; Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 944, § 3, 70 Stat. 1026; Pub. L. 90–219, title II, § 203(a)–(c), Dec. 20, 1967, 81 Stat. 669; Pub. L. 90–578, title II, § 201, title IV, § 402(b)(2), Oct. 17, 1968, 82 Stat. 1114, 1118; Pub. L. 92–397, § 4, Aug. 22, 1972, 86 Stat. 580; Pub. L. 93–619, title II, § 204, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2089; Pub. L. 95–539, §§ 3, 4, Oct. 28, 1978, 92 Stat. 2043; Pub. L. 95–598, title II, § 225, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2664; Pub. L. 96–82, § 5, Oct. 10, 1979, 93 Stat. 645; Pub. L. 96–458, § 5, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2040; Pub. L. 96–523, § 1(c)(1), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 3040; Pub. L. 97–267, § 7, Sept. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 1139; Pub. L. 99–554, title I, § 116, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3095; Pub. L. 100–185, § 2, Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1279; Pub. L. 100–659, § 6(a), Page 284 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 604 Nov. 15, 1988, 102 Stat. 3918; Pub. L. 100–702, title IV, § 402(a), title X, §§ 1008, 1010, 1011, 1020(a)(2), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4650, 4667, 4668, 4671; Pub. L. 101–474, § 5(r), Oct. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 1101; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, § 2548, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4888; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, §§ 306(e)(1), 321, 325(c)(1), Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5111, 5117, 5121; Pub. L. 102–572, title V, § 503, title IX, § 902(b)(1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4513, 4516; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(1) [title III, § 305], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–37; Pub. L. 106–518, title II, § 204, title III, § 304(d), Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2414, 2418; Pub. L. 107–217, § 3(g)(1), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1299; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title I, § 11043(e), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1855; Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title IV, § 407(a), Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2470; Pub. L. 110–177, title V, § 502(a), Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2542; Pub. L. 111–8, div. D, title III, § 307(a), Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 648; Pub. L. 111–350, § 5(g)(2), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3848; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XI, § 1122(e), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1609; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LIX, § 5936(a)(3), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3467.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on sections 726–1 and 726a of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure, and sections 1130(a)(b) and 1131 of title 26, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Internal Revenue Code, title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 9, 128, 222a, 245, 268a, 278a, 302–306, 374b, 446, 447, 450, 544, 545, 547, 557, 558, 560, 561, 561a, 562, 563, 565, 566, 595, and 596 and sections 11–204 and 11–403, District of Columbia Code, 1940 ed. (R.S. §§ 1075, 1085; Mar. 3, 1891, ch. 517, §§ 2, 9, 26 Stat. 826, 829; Feb. 9, 1893, ch. 74, § 4, 27 Stat. 435; July 30, 1894, ch. 172, § 1, 28 Stat. 160; Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 854, § 224, 31 Stat. 1224; June 30, 1902, ch. 1329, 32 Stat. 528; Mar. 3, 1905, ch. 1487, 33 Stat. 1259; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 5, 36 Stat. 1088; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 118a, as added June 17, 1930, ch. 509, 46 Stat. 774; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 118b, as added Feb. 17, 1936, ch. 75, 49 Stat. 1140; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, §§ 140, 163, 171, 189–193, 291, 36 Stat. 1136, 1140, 1141, 1143, 1167; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, §§ 304, 305, 308, as added Aug. 7, 1939, ch. 501, § 1, 53 Stat. 1223; Aug. 23, 1912, ch. 350, 37 Stat. 412; Feb. 26, 1919, ch. 49, §§ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 40 Stat. 1182; July 19, 1919, ch. 24, § 1, 41 Stat. 210; Nov. 4, 1919, ch. 93, § 1, 41 Stat. 338; Feb. 11, 1921, ch. 46, 41 Stat. 1099; Feb. 22, 1921, ch. 70, § 7, 41 Stat. 1144; Mar. 4, 1921, ch. 161, 41 Stat. 1412; June 1, 1922, ch. 204, title II, 42 Stat. 616; Jan. 3, 1923, ch. 21, title II, 42 Stat. 1084; Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 265, 42 Stat. 1488; May 28, 1924, ch. 204, title II, 43 Stat. 221; Feb. 27, 1925, ch. 364, title II, 43 Stat. 1030; Apr. 29, 1926, ch. 195, title II, 44 Stat. 346, 347; May 21, 1928, ch. 659, 45 Stat. 645; Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 488, § 1, 45 Stat. 1475; June 16, 1930, ch. 494, 46 Stat. 589; May 17, 1932, ch. 190, 47 Stat. 158; June 25, 1936, ch. 804, 49 Stat. 1921; Apr. 27, 1938, ch. 180, title II, § 1, 52 Stat. 264; Feb. 10, 1939, ch. 2, §§ 1130(a)(b), 1131, 53 Stat. 162, 163; June 29, 1939, ch. 248, title II, 53 Stat. 902; May 14, 1940, ch. 189, titles III, IV, 54 Stat. 204, 209, 210; June 28, 1941, ch. 258, title IV, 55 Stat. 300–302; July 2, 1942, ch. 472, title IV, 56 Stat. 503, 504; June 28, 1943, ch. 173, title II, § 201, 57 Stat. 242, 243; June 26, 1944, ch. 277, title II, § 201, 58 Stat. 357; Dec. 7, 1944, ch. 522, § 1, 58 Stat. 796; May 21, 1945, ch. 129, titles II, IV, 59 Stat. 184, 199; July 5, 1946, ch. 541, title IV, 60 Stat. 478, 479). For purposes of uniformity, all provisions of law gov- erning the regulation and allowance of office, travel, and subsistence expenses of all officers and employees of the courts, except those provisions relating to Su- preme Court officers and employees, are incorporated in subsection (a)(6)(7) of this section. Likewise the pro- visions respecting the compensation of court officers and employees, except those of the Supreme Court, are incorporated in subsection (a)(5). In each instance the power to fix and determine such salaries and expenses is transferred to the Director of the Administrative Of- fice of the United States Courts. This change is in con- formity with the Administrative Office Act 1939 in- cluded in this chapter. Compensation of bailiffs however is provided by sec- tions 713 and 755 of this title and that of court reporters by section 753 of this title. Salaries and travel expenses of Court of Claims Com- missioners are covered by section 792 of this title. The language ‘‘and the lawful fees of United States Commissioners’’ in subsection (a)(6) and ‘‘the offices of the United States Commissioners’’ in subsection (a)(9) is new. It conforms with sections 633, 636 and 639 of this title. Subsection (a)(5)(7) covers the provisions of section 726–1 and 726a of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which pro- vided that probation officers’ salaries should not be less than $1,800 nor more than $3,600 per annum and their traveling expenses should not exceed more than 4 cents per mile. Words ‘‘and officers and employees of the Adminis- trative Office’’ were added in subsection (a)(7) to ex- pressly authorize travel and subsistence expenses of such officers and employees. The power to fix such pay and allowances is trans- ferred to the Director as above indicated, and conforms with the Administrative Office Act of 1939. For further explanation of the general supervision of probation of- ficers, see reviser’s note under section 3654, H. Rept. to accompany H.R. 3190 for revision of title 18, U.S.C. Subsection (a)(8) covers the provisions of section 1131 of title 26, U.S.C. 1940 ed. Such section 1131 authorized the Tax Court, successor to the Board of Tax Appeals, to make expenditures for personal services, rent, law books, reference books, periodicals, and provided that all expenditures should be paid out of appropriations for the Tax Court, on itemized vouchers approved by the court. Two references to ‘‘officials and employees covered by this chapter’’ were changed to ‘‘clerical and admin- istrative personnel,’’ following the language of para- graph (a)(1), conferring general power to supervise such personnel as respects administrative matters. Similar language was used in paragraph (b) instead of ‘‘The clerks of the district courts, their deputies and assistants, and all other employees of said courts.’’ The provisions of section 374b of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., based on successive acts relating to classification and compensation of secretaries and law clerks were omitted as temporary and unnecessary in revision, in view of subsection (a)(5) of this section under which the salaries of all personnel are necessarily limited by cur- rent appropriation acts. For increases in basic rates of compensation for other judicial officers and employees see, also, section 521 of Act June 30, 1945, ch. 212. The designation ‘‘senior circuit judges’’ was changed to ‘‘chief judges of the circuits’’ in conformity with sec- tion 45 of this title. Provisions of section 11–204 of District of Columbia Code, 1940 ed., relating to appointment of clerk of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Co- lumbia, and deputy clerk, crier, and messenger thereof, and the provisions relating to accounting for fees, are incorporated in sections 711 and 713 of this title. Provi- sions of said section, requiring the clerk of such court to give bond, were omitted as covered by section 952 of this title. Provisions of said section, relating to regula- tion of clerk’s fees by such court were omitted so as to render uniform the method of such regulation as pre- scribed by section 1913 of this title, and the provisions of said section, placing a maximum of five hundred dol- lars per year on the office expenditures of the clerk of such court, were omitted as inconsistent with this con- solidated section. For distribution of other provisions of sections on which this section is based, see Distribution Table. Changes were made in phraseology and arrangement. SENATE REVISION AMENDMENTS By Senate amendment, all provisions relating to the Tax Court were eliminated, therefore, as finally en- Page 285 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 604 acted, sections 1130(a)(b) and 1131 of Title 26, U.S.C., In- ternal Revenue Code [1940 ed.], did not constitute part of the source of this section. However, no change in the text of the section was necessary. See 80th Congress Senate Report No. 1559. As finally enacted, part of act July 9, 1947, ch. 211, title IV, 61 Stat. 304, 305, which was classified to title 28, U.S.C., 1946 ed., § 374b, became one of the sources of this section and was accordingly included in the sched- ule of repeals by Senate amendment. See 80th Congress Senate Report No. 1559. Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 2(c) of the Retirement and Survivors’ Annu- ities for Bankruptcy Judges and Magistrates Act of 1988, referred to in subsec. (a)(19), is section 2(c) of Pub. L. 100–659, Nov. 15, 1988, 102 Stat. 3916, which is set out as a note under section 377 of this title. Section 253l of title 41, United States Code, referred to in subsec. (g)(4)(A), probably means section 303L of act June 30, 1949, ch. 288, which was classified to section 253l of former Title 41, Public Contracts, and was re- pealed and restated as section 3902 of Title 41, Public Contracts, by Pub. L. 111–350, §§ 3, 7(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3677, 3855. Section 254c of title 41, United States Code, referred to in subsec. (g)(4)(B), probably means section 304B of act June 30, 1949, ch. 288, which was classified to section 254c of former Title 41, Public Contracts, and was re- pealed and restated as section 3903 of Title 41, Public Contracts, by Pub. L. 111–350, §§ 3, 7(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3677, 3855. Section 255 of title 41, United States Code, referred to in subsec. (g)(4)(C), probably means section 305 of act June 30, 1949, ch. 288, which was classified to section 255 of former Title 41, Public Contracts, and was repealed and restated as chapter 45 (§ 4501 et seq.) of Title 41, Public Contracts, by Pub. L. 111–350, §§ 3, 7(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3677, 3855. The date of enactment of the Fair Chance to Compete for Jobs Act of 2019, referred to in subsec. (i)(5)(A), is the date of enactment of subtitle B of title XI of div. A of Pub. L. 116–92, which was approved Dec. 20, 2019. Section 2(b)(1) of the Fair Chance to Compete for Jobs Act of 2019, referred to in subsec. (i)(5)(B), prob- ably means section 1122(b)(1) of Pub. L. 116–92, which re- lates to regulations and is set out as a note under sec- tion 9201 of Title 5, Government Organization and Em- ployees. AMENDMENTS 2022—Subsec. (a)(24), (25). Pub. L. 117–263 substituted ‘‘the Director’’ for ‘‘him’’ in par. (24), redesignated par. (24) as (25), and added new par. (24). 2019—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 116–92 added subsec. (i). 2011—Subsec. (a)(10)(C). Pub. L. 111–350 substituted ‘‘section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41’’ for ‘‘section 3709 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (41 U.S.C. 5)’’. 2009—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 111–8 substituted ‘‘, United States magistrate judges, bankruptcy judges appointed under chapter 6 of this title, judges of the District Court of Guam, judges of the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands, judges of the District Court of the Virgin Islands, bankruptcy judges and magistrate judges retired under section 377 of this title, and judges retired under section 373 of this title, who are’’ for ‘‘magistrate judges appointed under section 631 of this title,’’. 2008—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 110–177 inserted ‘‘mag- istrate judges appointed under section 631 of this title,’’ after ‘‘hold office during good behavior’’. 2005—Subsec. (g)(4). Pub. L. 109–115 added par. (4). 2002—Subsec. (a)(20)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, § 11043(e)(1)(A), substituted ‘‘358’’ for ‘‘372(c)(11)’’. Subsec. (a)(20)(C). Pub. L. 107–273, § 11043(e)(1)(B), sub- stituted ‘‘360(b)’’ for ‘‘372(c)(15)’’. Subsec. (g)(3)(B). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted ‘‘sections 541–555 of title 40’’ for ‘‘section 203 of the Federal Prop- erty and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 484)’’. Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 107–273, § 11043(e)(2)(A), sub- stituted ‘‘chapter 16’’ for ‘‘section 372’’ in two places. Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 107–273, § 11043(e)(2)(B), sub- stituted ‘‘chapter 16’’ for ‘‘section 372(c)’’. 2000—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 106–518, § 304(d), amended par. (8) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (8) read as follows: ‘‘Disburse, directly or through the several United States marshals, moneys appropriated for the maintenance and operation of the courts;’’. Subsec. (a)(24). Pub. L. 106–518, § 204, struck out the second par. (24) which read as follows: ‘‘Lay before Con- gress, annually, statistical tables that will accurately reflect the business imposed on the Federal courts by the savings and loan crisis.’’ 1999—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 106–113 inserted before semicolon at end ‘‘, and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, pay on behalf of Justices and judges of the United States appointed to hold office during good behavior, aged 65 or over, any increases in the cost of Federal Employees’ Group Life Insurance im- posed after April 24, 1999, including any expenses gen- erated by such payments, as authorized by the Judicial Conference of the United States’’. 1992—Subsec. (a)(7), (23). Pub. L. 102–572, § 902(b)(1), substituted ‘‘United States Court of Federal Claims’’ for ‘‘United States Claims Court’’. Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 102–572, § 503, added par. (3). 1990—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 101–650, § 325(c)(1), amend- ed Pub. L. 100–702, § 1011. See 1988 Amendment note below. Pub. L. 101–650, § 306(e)(1)(B)(i), inserted ‘‘judges of the United States Claims Court,’’ before ‘‘bankruptcy judges’’. Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 101–474, § 5(r), and Pub. L. 101–650, § 306(e)(1)(A), made identical technical amend- ment to directory language of Pub. L. 100–702, § 402(a)(1). See 1988 Amendment note below. Subsec. (a)(23). Pub. L. 101–650, § 306(e)(1)(B)(iii), added par. (23). Former par. (23) redesignated (24). Pub. L. 101–474, § 5(r), and Pub. L. 101–650, § 306(e)(1)(A), made identical technical amendments to directory language of Pub. L. 100–702, § 402(a)(1). See 1988 Amendment note below. Subsec. (a)(24). Pub. L. 101–650, § 306(e)(1)(B)(ii), redes- ignated par. (23), relating to performance of other du- ties, as (24). Pub. L. 101–647 added par. (24) relating to statistical tables. 1988—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–702, § 1020(a)(2), sub- stituted ‘‘semiannually’’ for ‘‘quarterly’’. Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 100–702, § 1011, as amended by Pub. L. 101–650, § 325(c)(1), which directed amendment of par. (7) ‘‘by [sic] at the end the following: ‘without re- gard to the per diem allowances and amounts for reim- bursement of actual and necessary expenses established by the Administrator of General Services under section 5702 of title 5, except that the reimbursement of sub- sistence expenses may not exceed that authorized by the Director for judges of the United States under sec- tion 456 of this title;’ ’’ was executed by inserting the new language after the comma at the end to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Pub. L. 100–659, § 6(a)(1), inserted ‘‘bankruptcy judges, United States magistrates,’’ after ‘‘United States,’’. Subsec. (a)(14), (15). Pub. L. 100–702, § 1008(1), redesig- nated par. (14), relating to provision of special interpre- tation services in courts of United States, as (15). Former par. (15) redesignated (16). Subsec. (a)(16), (17). Pub. L. 100–702, § 1008(1), redesig- nated pars. (15) and (16) as (16) and (17), respectively. Former par. (17) redesignated (18). Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 100–702, § 1008(1), redesignated par. (17) as (18). Former par. (18), as added by Pub. L. 100–659, redesignated (19). Pub. L. 100–659, § 6(a)(3), added par. (18). Former par. (18) redesignated (19). Page 286 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 604 Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 100–702, § 1008(2), redesignated par. (19), as added by Pub. L. 100–702, § 402(a)(2), as (20). Pub. L. 100–702, § 402(a), as amended by Pub. L. 101–474, § 5(r), and Pub. L. 101–650, § 306(e)(1)(A), redesignated par. (19), relating to performance of other duties, as (23) and added par. (19) relating to compilation of rules and orders. Pub. L. 100–659, § 6(a)(2), redesignated par. (18), relat- ing to performance of other duties, as (19). Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 100–702, § 1008(2), redesignated par. (19), as added by Pub. L. 100–702, § 402(a)(2), as (20). Subsec. (a)(21). Pub. L. 100–702, § 1008(2), added par. (21). Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 100–702, § 1010, added par. (22). Subsec. (a)(23). Pub. L. 100–702, § 402(a)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 101–474, § 5(r), and Pub. L. 101–650, § 306(e)(1)(A), redesignated par. (19), relating to perform- ance of other duties, as (23). 1987—Subsec. (a)(17), (18). Pub. L. 100–185 added par. (17) and redesignated former par. (17) as (18). 1986—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–554 struck out subsec. (f) as added by Pub. L. 95–598, § 225(b), which related to the Director naming qualified persons to membership on the panel of trustees, their number, qualifications, re- moval, etc. 1982—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 97–267, § 7(1), struck out ‘‘agencies’’ after ‘‘pretrial services’’. Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 97–267, § 7(2), substituted ‘‘pro- viding pretrial services’’ for ‘‘for pretrial services agen- cies’’. Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 97–267, § 7(3), substituted ‘‘of- fices providing pretrial services’’ for ‘‘pretrial service agencies’’. Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 97–267, § 7(4), substituted ‘‘of- fices providing pretrial services’’ for ‘‘pretrial services agencies’’. 1980—Subsec. (a)(16)(A). Pub. L. 96–523 inserted ‘‘(b)’’ after ‘‘3102’’. Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 96–458 added subsec. (h). 1979—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 96–82 added cls. (A), (B), and (C). 1978—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 95–539, § 3(a), expanded the duties of the Director to include providing or mak- ing available equipment for interpretation of pro- ceedings in accordance with section 1828 of this title and to include entering into and performing contracts necessary to the conduct of the work of the judicial branch and exempted from the provisions of section 5 of title 41 contracts for nonpersonal services for pretrial agencies, for interpretation of proceedings, and for spe- cial interpretation services pursuant to section 1828 of this title. Subsec. (a)(13), (14). Pub. L. 95–598, § 225(a), added par. (13) relating to annual statistical tables reflecting the business of the several bankruptcy courts, and redesig- nated former par. (13), relating to provision of special interpretation services in courts of the United States, as (14). Subsec. (a)(13) to (16). Pub. L. 95–539, § 3(b), (c), added pars. (13) to (16). Former par. (13) redesignated (17). Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 95–539, § 3(b), redesignated former par. (13) as (17). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 95–598, § 225(b), added subsec. (f) re- lating to the naming of qualified persons to member- ship on the panel of trustees. Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 95–539, § 4, added subsecs. (f) and (g). 1975—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 93–619 added par. (9). Former par. (9) redesignated (10). Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 93–619 redesignated former par. (9) as (10) and substituted ‘‘the offices of the United States magistrates and commissioners, and the offices of pretrial services agencies’’ for ‘‘and the Ad- ministrative Office and the offices of the United States magistrates’’. Former par. (10) redesignated (11). Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 93–619 redesignated former par. (10) as (11) and inserted reference to pretrial serv- ice agencies. Former par. (11) redesignated (12). Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 93–619 redesignated former par. (11) as (12) and inserted reference to pretrial serv- ice agencies. Former par. (12) redesignated (13). Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 93–619 redesignated former (12) as (13). 1972—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 92–397 substituted ‘‘chil- dren of justices and judges of the United States’’ for ‘‘children of judges’’. 1968—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 90–578, § 201(a), sub- stituted ‘‘United States magistrates’’ for ‘‘United States Commissioners’’. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 90–578 § 201(b), added subsecs. (d) and (e). 1967—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 90–219, § 203(a), amended par. (7) generally, inserting ‘‘, Directors of the Federal Judicial Center, and Directors of the Administrative Office,’’ after ‘‘judges’’ and ‘‘and the Federal Judicial Center,’’ after ‘‘Administrative Office’’. Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 90–219, § 203(b), inserted ‘‘, the Federal Judicial Center,’’ after ‘‘courts’’. Subsec. (a)(10), (11). Pub. L. 90–219, § 203(c), inserted ‘‘, the Federal Judicial Center,’’ after ‘‘courts’’. 1956—Subsec. (a)(7). Act Aug. 3, 1956, inserted ‘‘annu- ities to widows and surviving dependent children of judges and’’ after ‘‘Regulate and pay’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries CHANGE OF NAME ‘‘United States magistrate judges’’, ‘‘magistrate judge’’, ‘‘magistrate judges’’, and ‘‘Magistrate judges’’ substituted for ‘‘United States magistrates’’, ‘‘mag- istrate’’, ‘‘magistrates’’, and ‘‘Magistrates’’, respec- tively, wherever appearing in text pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of this title. Previously, ‘‘United States magistrates’’ substituted for ‘‘United States Commissioners’’ pursu- ant to section 402(b)(2) of Pub. L. 90–578. See chapter 43 (§ 631 et seq.) of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2009 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 111–8, div. D, title III, § 307(c), Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 649, provided that: ‘‘Subsection (b) [enacting pro- visions set out as a note under section 8701 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] and the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this sec- tion] shall apply with respect to any payment made on or after the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after the date of the enactment of Pub- lic Law 110–177 [Jan. 7, 2008].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2008 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 110–177, title V, § 502(c), Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2542, provided that: ‘‘Subsection (b) [enacting provi- sions set out as a note under section 8701 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] and the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this sec- tion] shall apply with respect to any payment made on or after the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Jan. 7, 2008].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 503 of Pub. L. 102–572 effective Jan. 1, 1993, see section 1101(a) of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 905 of Title 2, The Congress. Amendment by section 902(b)(1) of Pub. L. 102–572 ef- fective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 306(e)(1) of Pub. L. 101–650 ap- plicable to judges of, and senior judges in active service with, the United States Court of Federal Claims on or after Dec. 1, 1990, see section 306(f) of Pub. L. 101–650, as amended, set out as a note under section 8331 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENTS Amendment by section 402(a) of Pub. L. 100–702 effec- tive Dec. 1, 1988, see section 407 of Pub. L. 100–702, set out as a note under section 2071 of this title. Page 287 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 604 Amendment by Pub. L. 100–659 effective Nov. 15, 1988, and applicable to bankruptcy judges and magistrate judges who retire on or after Nov. 15, 1988, with excep- tion for judges and magistrate judges retiring on or after July 31, 1987, see section 9 of Pub. L. 100–659, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note under sec- tion 377 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 99–554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, see section 302(a) of Pub. L. 99–554, set out as a note under section 581 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENTS Amendment by Pub. L. 96–523 effective sixty days after Dec. 12, 1980, see section 3 of Pub. L. 96–523, set out as a note under section 3102 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Amendment by Pub. L. 96–458 effective Oct. 1, 1981, see section 7 of Pub. L. 96–458, set out as a note under section 331 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENTS Amendment by Pub. L. 95–598 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402(c) of Pub. L. 95–598, set out as an Effec- tive Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bank- ruptcy. Amendment by Pub. L. 95–539 effective Oct. 28, 1978, see section 10(a) of Pub. L. 95–539, set out as a note under section 602 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1968 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 90–578 effective Oct. 17, 1968, except when a later effective date is applicable, which is the earlier of date when implementation of amend- ment by appointment by magistrates [now United States magistrate judges] and assumption of office takes place or third anniversary of enactment of Pub. L. 90–578 on Oct. 17, 1968, see section 403 of Pub. L. 90–578, set out as a note under section 631 of this title. TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in subsecs. (a)(4), (d)(3), and (h)(2) of this section relat- ing to reporting certain information annually to Con- gress, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and page 12 of House Document No. 103–7. EXPIRATION OF AUTHORITIES Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title IV, § 407(c), Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2471, which provided that the authorities granted in this section (amending this section and sec- tion 612 of this title) were to expire on Sept. 30, 2010, was repealed by Pub. L. 111–8, div. D, title III, § 308, Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 649. REPORTS BY DIRECTOR OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF UNITED STATES COURTS For requirement that Director of Administrative Of- fice of the United States Courts include statistical in- formation about implementation of chapter 44 of this title in annual report under section 604(a)(3) of this title, see section 903(a) of Pub. L. 100–702, set out as a note under section 651 of this title. 1970 INCREASE IN PAY RATES OF JUDICIAL BRANCH EM- PLOYEES WHOSE RATES OF PAY ARE FIXED BY AD- MINISTRATIVE ACTION Adjustment of rates of pay of judicial branch employ- ees whose rates of pay are fixed by administrative ac- tion by not to exceed the amounts of the adjustment for corresponding rates for employees subject to the section 2(a) of Pub. L. 91–231, which raised such cor- responding rates by 6 percent, effective on the first day of the first pay period which begins on or after Dec. 27, 1969, see Pub. L. 91–231, formerly set out as a note under section 5332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. COMPENSATION AND APPOINTMENT OF SECRETARIES AND LAW CLERKS Provisions authorizing the appointment and com- pensation of secretaries and law clerks to circuit and district judges in such number and at such rates of compensation as may be determined by the Judicial Conference of the United States were contained in the following appropriation acts: Dec. 12, 1985, Pub. L. 99–180, title IV, 99 Stat. 1154. Aug. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–411, title IV, 98 Stat. 1571. Nov. 28, 1983, Pub. L. 98–166, title IV, 97 Stat. 1099. Dec. 21, 1982, Pub. L. 97–377, § 101(d) [S. 2956, title IV], 96 Stat. 1866. Dec. 15, 1981, Pub. L. 97–92, § 101(h) [incorporating Pub. L. 96–536, § 101(o); H.R. 7584, title IV], 95 Stat. 1190. Dec. 16, 1980, Pub. L. 96–536, § 101(o) [H.R. 7584, title IV], 94 Stat. 3169. Sept. 24, 1979, Pub. L. 96–68, title IV, 93 Stat. 428. Oct. 10, 1978, Pub. L. 95–431, title IV, 92 Stat. 1037. Aug. 2, 1977, Pub. L. 95–86, title IV, 91 Stat. 435. July 14, 1976, Pub. L. 94–362, title IV, 90 Stat. 953. Oct. 21, 1975, Pub. L. 94–121, title IV, 89 Stat. 630. Oct. 5, 1974, Pub. L. 93–433, title IV, 88 Stat. 1202. Nov. 27, 1973, Pub. L. 93–162, title IV, 87 Stat. 651. Oct. 25, 1972, Pub. L. 92–544, title IV, 86 Stat. 1126. Aug. 10, 1971, Pub. L. 92–77, title IV, 85 Stat. 262. Oct. 21, 1970, Pub. L. 91–472, title IV, 84 Stat. 1056. Dec. 24, 1969, Pub. L. 91–153, title IV, 83 Stat. 419. Aug. 9, 1968, Pub. L. 90–470, title IV, 82 Stat. 685. Nov. 8, 1967, Pub. L. 90–133, title IV, 81 Stat. 427. Nov. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89–797, title IV, 80 Stat. 1499. Sept. 2, 1965, Pub. L. 89–164, title IV, 79 Stat. 638. Aug. 31, 1964, Pub. L. 88–527, title IV, 78 Stat. 729. Dec. 30, 1963, Pub. L. 88–245, title IV, 77 Stat. 795. Oct. 18, 1962, Pub. L. 87–843, title IV, 76 Stat. 1099. Sept. 21, 1961, Pub. L. 87–264, title III, 75 Stat. 555. Aug. 31, 1960, Pub. L. 86–678, title III, 74 Stat. 566. July 13, 1959, Pub. L. 86–84, title III, 73 Stat. 192. June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85–474, title III, 72 Stat. 254. June 11, 1957, Pub. L. 85–40, title III, 70 Stat. 65. June 20, 1956, ch. 414, title III, 70 Stat. 310. July 7, 1955, ch. 279, title III, 69 Stat. 276. July 2, 1954, ch. 455, title II, 68 Stat. 410. Aug. 1, 1953, ch. 304, title II, 67 Stat. 334. July 10, 1952, ch. 651, title IV, 66 Stat. 569. Oct. 22, 1951, ch. 533, title IV, 65 Stat. 596. Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, Ch. III, title IV, 64 Stat. 631. LIMITATION ON AGGREGATE SALARIES OF SECRETARIES AND LAW CLERKS 1967—Pub. L. 90–206, title II, § 213(b), Dec. 16, 1967, 81 Stat. 635, provided that: ‘‘The limitations provided by applicable law on the effective date of this section [see Effective Date of 1967 Amendment Note set out under section 5332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] with respect to the aggregate salaries pay- able to secretaries and law clerks of circuit and district judges are hereby increased by amounts which reflect the respective applicable increases provided by section 202(a) of this title [amending section 5332(a) of Title 5] in corresponding rates of compensation for officers and employees subject to section 5332 of Title 5, United States Code’’. Section 213(b) of Pub. L. 90–206 effective as of the be- ginning of the first pay period which begins on or after Oct. 1, 1967, see section 220(a)(2) of Pub. L. 90–206, set out as a note under section 5332 of Title 5. 1966—Pub. L. 89–504, title II, § 202(b), July 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 294, provided that: ‘‘The limitations provided by applicable law on the effective date of this section with respect to the aggregate salaries payable to secretaries and law clerks of circuit and district judges are hereby increased by amounts which reflect the respective ap- plicable increases provided by section 102(a) of title I of this Act [amending section 1113(b) of former Title 5, Ex- ecutive Departments and Government Officers and Em- ployees] in corresponding rates of compensation for of- ficers and employees subject to the Classification Act of 1949, as amended [chapter 51 and subchapter III of Page 288 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 605 chapter 53 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees].’’ Provision effective first day of first pay period which begins on or after July 1, 1966, see section 203 of Pub. L. 89–504, set out as a note under section 603 of this title. 1965—Pub. L. 89–301, § 12(b), Oct. 29, 1965, 79 Stat. 1122, provided that: ‘‘The limitations provided by applicable law on the effective date of this section with respect to the aggregate salaries payable to secretaries and law clerks of circuit and district judges are hereby in- creased by amounts which reflect the respective appli- cable increases provided by section 2(a) of this Act [amending section 1113(b) of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees] in corresponding rates of compensation for officers and employees subject to the Classification Act of 1949, as amended [chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees].’’ 1964—Pub. L. 88–426, title IV, § 402(b), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 433, provided that: ‘‘The limitation provided by applicable law on the effective date of this section with respect to the aggregate salaries payable to secretaries and law clerks of circuit and district judges are hereby increased by amounts which reflect the respective ap- plicable increases provided by the title I of this Act in corresponding rates of compensation for officers and employees subject to the Classification Act of 1949, as amended [chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees].’’ 1962—Pub. L. 87–793, title VI, § 1004(b), Oct. 11, 1962, 76 Stat. 866, provided that: ‘‘The limitations provided by applicable law on the effective date of this section with respect to the aggregate salaries payable to secretaries and law clerks of circuit and district judges are hereby increased by two amounts, the first amount to be effec- tive for the period beginning as of the first day of the first pay period which begins on or after the date of en- actment of this Act [Oct. 11, 1962], and ending imme- diately prior to the first day of the first pay period which begins on or after January 1, 1964, and the second amount to be effective on the first day of the first pay period which begins on or after January 1, 1964, and thereafter, which reflect the respective applicable in- creases provided by title II of this part in cor- responding rates of compensation for officers and em- ployees subject to the Classification Act of 1949, as amended [chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees].’’ 1960—Pub. L. 86–568, title I, § 116(b), July 1, 1960, 74 Stat. 303, provided that: ‘‘The limitations provided by applicable law on the effective date of this section with respect to the aggregate salaries payable to secretaries and law clerks of circuit and district judges are hereby increased by the amounts necessary to pay the addi- tional basic compensation provided by this part.’’ Words ‘‘this part’’, referred to above, means Part B of Pub. L. 86–568, which enacted section 932e of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Offi- cers and Employees, amended section 753 of this title, sections 1113, 2091, 2252 and 3002 of former Title 5, sec- tions 867 and 870 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and former sections 4103, 4107 and 4108 of Title 38, Veterans’ Benefits, and enacted notes set out under sections 603 and 604 of this title, sections 60a and 60f of Title 2, The Congress, sections 1113, and 2252 of former Title 5, section 590h of Title 16, Conservation, and section 867 of Title 22, 1958—Pub. L. 85–462, § 3(b), June 20, 1958, 72 Stat. 207, provided that: ‘‘The limitations of $13,485 and $18,010 with respect to the aggregate salaries payable to secre- taries and law clerks of circuit and district judges, con- tained in the paragraph designated ‘‘Salaries of sup- porting personnel’’ in the Judiciary Appropriation Act, 1958 (71 Stat. 65; Public Law 85–49), or any subsequent appropriation Act, shall be increased by the amounts necessary to pay the additional basic compensation provided by this Act.’’ 1955—Act June 28, 1955, ch. 189, § 3(b), 69 Stat. 175, pro- vided that: ‘‘The limitations of $10,560 and $14,355 with respect to the aggregate salaries payable to secretaries and law clerks of circuit and district judges, contained in the paragraph under the heading ‘SALARIES OF SUP- PORTING PERSONNEL’ in the Judiciary Appropriation Act, 1955 (Public Law 470, Eighty-third Congress), or in any subsequent appropriation Act, shall be increased by the amounts necessary to pay the additional basic compensation provided by this Act.’’ 1951—Act Oct. 24, 1951, ch. 554, § 1(d), 65 Stat. 613, pro- vided that: ‘‘The limitations of $9,600 and $13,050 with respect to the aggregate salaries payable to secretaries and law clerks of circuit and district judges, contained in the sixteenth paragraph under the head ‘Miscella- neous salaries’ in the Judiciary Appropriation Act, 1951 (Public Law 759, Eighty-first Congress), or in any sub- sequent appropriation Act, shall be increased by the amounts necessary to pay the additional basic com- pensation provided by this Act.’’ The particular paragraph of the ‘‘Judiciary Appro- priation Act, 1951 (Public Law 759, Eighty-first Con- gress)’’, referred to above, is act Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, ch. III, title IV, § 401 (part), 64 Stat. 631. The salary lim- itations therein, also referred to above, were identical with those in the Judiciary Appropriation Act, 1952 (act Oct. 22, 1951, ch. 533, title IV, § 401 (part), 65 Stat. 596). INCREASES IN COMPENSATION RATES Increases in rates of basic compensation fixed pursu- ant to subsec. (a)(5) of this section, see notes under sec- tion 603 of this title. TRAVEL AND SUBSISTENCE EXPENSES Pub. L. 87–139, § 6, Aug. 14, 1961, 75 Stat. 340, provided that: ‘‘The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall promulgate, in accordance with section 604(a)(7) and section 456 of title 28 of the United States Code, such regulations as he may deem necessary to effectuate the increases provided by this Act [amending section 553 of this title, former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees, and sections 237o, 287q, and 1471 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse].’’ § 605. Budget estimates The Director, under the supervision of the Ju- dicial Conference of the United States, shall submit to the Office of Management and Budget annual estimates of the expenditures and appro- priations necessary for the maintenance and op- eration of the courts and the Administrative Of- fice and the operation of the judicial survivors annuity fund, and such supplemental and defi- ciency estimates as may be required from time to time for the same purposes, according to law. The Director shall cause periodic examinations of the judicial survivors annuity fund to be made by an actuary, who may be an actuary em- ployed by another department of the Govern- ment temporarily assigned for the purpose, and whose findings and recommendations shall be transmitted by the Director to the Judicial Con- ference. Such estimates shall be approved, before pres- entation to the Office of Management and Budg- et, by the Judicial Conference of the United States, except that the estimate with respect to the Court of International Trade shall be ap- proved by such court and the estimate with re- spect to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit shall be approved by such court. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 915; July 9, 1956, ch. 517, § 1(e), 70 Stat. 497; Aug. 3, 1956, ch. 944, § 4, 70 Stat. 1026; Pub. L. 87–253, § 3, Sept. 19, 1961, 75