22 U.S.C. § 7002 — United States-China Economic and Secu-

Page 1883 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 7002 Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries CHANGE OF NAME Broadcasting Board of Governors renamed United States Agency for Global Media pursuant to section 6204(a)(21) of this title. The renaming was effectuated by notice to congressional appropriations committees dated May 24, 2018, and became effective Aug. 22, 2018. § 7002. United States-China Economic and Secu- rity Review Commission (a) Purposes The purposes of this section are as follows: (1) To establish the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission to review the national security implications of trade and economic ties between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. (2) To facilitate the assumption by the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission of its duties regarding the review referred to in paragraph (1) by pro- viding for the transfer to that Commission of staff, materials, and infrastructure (including leased premises) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission that are appropriate for the re- view upon the submittal of the final report of the Trade Deficit Review Commission. (b) Establishment of United States-China Eco- nomic and Security Review Commission (1) In general There is hereby established a commission to be known as the United States-China Eco- nomic and Security Review Commission (in this section referred to as the ‘‘Commission’’). (2) Purpose The purpose of the Commission is to mon- itor, investigate, and report to Congress on the national security implications of the bilat- eral trade and economic relationship between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. (3) Membership The Commission shall be composed of 12 members, who shall be appointed in the same manner provided for the appointment of mem- bers of the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(c)(3) of the Trade Deficit Re- view Commission Act (19 U.S.C. 2213 note), ex- cept that— (A) appointment of members by the Speak- er of the House of Representatives shall be made after consultation with the chairman of the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives, in addition to con- sultation with the chairman of the Com- mittee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives provided for under clause (iii) of subparagraph (A) of that section; (B) appointment of members by the Presi- dent pro tempore of the Senate upon the rec- ommendation of the majority leader of the Senate shall be made after consultation with the chairman of the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, in addition to con- sultation with the chairman of the Com- mittee on Finance of the Senate provided for under clause (i) of that subparagraph; (C) appointment of members by the Presi- dent pro tempore of the Senate upon the rec- ommendation of the minority leader of the Senate shall be made after consultation with the ranking minority member of the Com- mittee on Armed Services of the Senate, in addition to consultation with the ranking minority member of the Committee on Fi- nance of the Senate provided for under clause (ii) of that subparagraph; (D) appointment of members by the minor- ity leader of the House of Representatives shall be made after consultation with the ranking minority member of the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Rep- resentatives, in addition to consultation with the ranking minority member of the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives provided for under clause (iv) of that subparagraph; (E) persons appointed to the Commission shall have expertise in national security matters and United States-China relations, in addition to the expertise provided for under subparagraph (B)(i)(I) of that section; (F) each appointing authority referred to under subparagraphs (A) through (D) of this paragraph shall— (i) appoint 3 members to the Commis- sion; (ii) make the appointments on a stag- gered term basis, such that— (I) 1 appointment shall be for a term expiring on December 31, 2003; (II) 1 appointment shall be for a term expiring on December 31, 2004; and (III) 1 appointment shall be for a term expiring on December 31, 2005; (iii) make all subsequent appointments on an approximate 2-year term basis to ex- pire on December 31 of the applicable year; and (iv) make appointments not later than 30 days after the date on which each new Congress convenes; (G) members of the Commission may be re- appointed for additional terms of service as members of the Commission; and (H) members of the Trade Deficit Review Commission as of October 30, 2000, shall serve as members of the Commission until such time as members are first appointed to the Commission under this paragraph. (4) Retention of support The Commission shall retain and make use of such staff, materials, and infrastructure (in- cluding leased premises) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission as the Commission deter- mines, in the judgment of the members of the Commission, are required to facilitate the ready commencement of activities of the Com- mission under subsection (c) or to carry out such activities after the commencement of such activities. (5) Chairman and Vice Chairman The members of the Commission shall select a Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Com- mission from among the members of the Com- mission. Page 1884 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 7002 (6) Meetings (A) Meetings The Commission shall meet at the call of the Chairman of the Commission. (B) Quorum A majority of the members of the Commis- sion shall constitute a quorum for the trans- action of business of the Commission. (7) Voting Each member of the Commission shall be en- titled to one vote, which shall be equal to the vote of every other member of the Commis- sion. (c) Duties (1) Annual report Not later than December 1 each year (begin- ning in 2002), the Commission shall submit to Congress a report, in both unclassified and classified form, regarding the national secu- rity implications and impact of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. The report shall include a full analysis, along with conclusions and recommendations for legislative and administrative actions, if any, of the national security implications for the United States of the trade and current bal- ances with the People’s Republic of China in goods and services, financial transactions, and technology transfers. The Commission shall also take into account patterns of trade and transfers through third countries to the extent practicable. (2) Contents of report Each report under paragraph (1) shall in- clude, at a minimum, a full discussion of the following: (A) The role of the People’s Republic of China in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and other weapon systems (including systems and technologies of a dual use nature), including actions the United States might take to encourage the People’s Republic of China to cease such practices. (B) The qualitative and quantitative na- ture of the transfer of United States produc- tion activities to the People’s Republic of China, including the relocation of manufac- turing, advanced technology and intellectual property, and research and development fa- cilities, the impact of such transfers on the national security of the United States (in- cluding the dependence of the national secu- rity industrial base of the United States on imports from China), the economic security of the United States, and employment in the United States, and the adequacy of United States export control laws in relation to the People’s Republic of China. (C) The effects of the need for energy and natural resources in the People’s Republic of China on the foreign and military policies of the People’s Republic of China, the impact of the large and growing economy of the People’s Republic of China on world energy and natural resource supplies, prices, and the environment, and the role the United States can play (including through joint re- search and development efforts and techno- logical assistance) in influencing the energy and natural resource policies of the People’s Republic of China. (D) Foreign investment by the United States in the People’s Republic of China and by the People’s Republic of China in the United States, including an assessment of its economic and security implications, the challenges to market access confronting po- tential United States investment in the Peo- ple’s Republic of China, and foreign activi- ties by financial institutions in the People’s Republic of China. (E) The military plans, strategy and doc- trine of the People’s Republic of China, the structure and organization of the People’s Republic of China military, the decision- making process of the People’s Republic of China military, the interaction between the civilian and military leadership in the Peo- ple’s Republic of China, the development and promotion process for leaders in the People’s Republic of China military, deployments of the People’s Republic of China military, re- sources available to the People’s Republic of China military (including the development and execution of budgets and the allocation of funds), force modernization objectives and trends for the People’s Republic of China military, and the implications of such objec- tives and trends for the national security of the United States. (F) The strategic economic and security implications of the cyber capabilities and operations of the People’s Republic of China. (G) The national budget, fiscal policy, monetary policy, capital controls, and cur- rency management practices of the People’s Republic of China, their impact on internal stability in the People’s Republic of China, and their implications for the United States. (H) The drivers, nature, and implications of the growing economic, technological, po- litical, cultural, people-to-people, and secu- rity relations of the People’s Republic of China’s with other countries, regions, and international and regional entities (includ- ing multilateral organizations), including the relationship among the United States, Taiwan, and the People’s Republic of China. (I) The compliance of the People’s Repub- lic of China with its commitments to the World Trade Organization, other multilat- eral commitments, bilateral agreements signed with the United States, commitments made to bilateral science and technology programs, and any other commitments and agreements strategic to the United States (including agreements on intellectual prop- erty rights and prison labor imports), and United States enforcement policies with re- spect to such agreements. (J) The implications of restrictions on speech and access to information in the Peo- ple’s Republic of China for its relations with the United States in economic and security policy, as well as any potential impact of media control by the People’s Republic of China on United States economic interests. Page 1885 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 7002 (K) The safety of food, drug, and other products imported from China, the measures used by the People’s Republic of China Gov- ernment and the United States Government to monitor and enforce product safety, and the role the United States can play (includ- ing through technical assistance) to improve product safety in the People’s Republic of China. (3) Recommendations of report Each report under paragraph (1) shall also include recommendations for action by Con- gress or the President, or both, including spe- cific recommendations for the United States to invoke Article XXI (relating to security ex- ceptions) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 with respect to the People’s Re- public of China, as a result of any adverse im- pact on the national security interests of the United States. (d) Hearings (1) In general The Commission or, at its direction, any panel or member of the Commission, may for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this section, hold hearings, sit and act at times and places, take testimony, receive evi- dence, and administer oaths to the extent that the Commission or any panel or member con- siders advisable. (2) Information The Commission may secure directly from the Department of Defense, the Central Intel- ligence Agency, and any other Federal depart- ment or agency information that the Commis- sion considers necessary to enable the Com- mission to carry out its duties under this sec- tion, except the provision of intelligence infor- mation to the Commission shall be made with due regard for the protection from unauthor- ized disclosure of classified information relat- ing to sensitive intelligence sources and meth- ods or other exceptionally sensitive matters, under procedures approved by the Director of Central Intelligence. (3) Security The Office of Senate Security shall— (A) provide classified storage and meeting and hearing spaces, when necessary, for the Commission; and (B) assist members and staff of the Com- mission in obtaining security clearances. (4) Security clearances All members of the Commission and appro- priate staff shall be sworn and hold appro- priate security clearances. (e) Commission personnel matters (1) Compensation of members Members of the Commission shall be com- pensated in the same manner provided for the compensation of members of the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(g)(1) and section 127(g)(6) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act (19 U.S.C. 2213 note). (2) Travel expenses Travel expenses of the Commission shall be allowed in the same manner provided for the allowance of the travel expenses of the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(g)(2) of the Trade Deficit Review Commis- sion Act. (3) Staff An executive director and other additional personnel for the Commission shall be ap- pointed, compensated, and terminated in the same manner provided for the appointment, compensation, and termination of the execu- tive director and other personnel of the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(g)(3) and section 127(g)(6) of the Trade Def- icit Review Commission Act. The executive di- rector and any personnel who are employees of the United States-China Economic and Secu- rity Review Commission shall be employees under section 2105 of title 5 for purposes of chapters 63, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, and 90 of that title. (4) Detail of government employees Federal Government employees may be de- tailed to the Commission in the same manner provided for the detail of Federal Government employees to the Trade Deficit Review Com- mission under section 127(g)(4) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act. (5) Foreign travel for official purposes Foreign travel for official purposes by mem- bers and staff of the Commission may be au- thorized by either the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Commission. (6) Procurement of temporary and intermittent services The Chairman of the Commission may pro- cure temporary and intermittent services for the Commission in the same manner provided for the procurement of temporary and inter- mittent services for the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(g)(5) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act. (f) Authorization of appropriations (1) In general There is authorized to be appropriated to the Commission for fiscal year 2001, and for each fiscal year thereafter, such sums as may be necessary to enable the Commission to carry out its functions under this section. (2) Availability Amounts appropriated to the Commission shall remain available until expended. (g) Applicability of chapter 10 of title 5 The provisions of chapter 10 of title 5 shall apply to the activities of the Commission. (h) Effective date This section shall take effect on the first day of the 107th Congress. (Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [[div. A], title XII, § 1238], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–334; Pub. L. 107–67, title VI, §§ 645(a), 648, Nov. 12, 2001, 115 Stat. 556; Pub. L. 108–7, div. P, § 2(b)(1), (c)(1), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 552; Pub. L. 109–108, title VI, § 635(b), Nov. 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2347; Pub. L. 110–161, div. J, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2285; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, § 1259B(a), Dec. Page 1886 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 7002 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3578; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(173), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4324.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 127 of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3) and (e), is section 127 of Pub. L. 105–277, which is set out in a note under sec- tion 2213 of Title 19, Customs Duties. The first day of the 107th Congress, referred to in sub- sec. (h), was Jan. 3, 2001. CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001, and not as part of the U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000 which comprises this chapter. AMENDMENTS 2022—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted ‘‘chapter 10 of title 5’’ for ‘‘FACA’’ in heading and ‘‘chapter 10 of title 5’’ for ‘‘the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.)’’ in text. 2014—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 113–291 added subpars. (A) to (K) and struck out former subpars. (A) to (J) which described required contents of report. 2007—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–161 substituted ‘‘De- cember’’ for ‘‘June’’. 2005—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–108 amended heading and text of subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘The provisions of the Federal Ad- visory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to the Commission.’’ 2003—Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(b)(1)(A), inserted ‘‘Economic and’’ before ‘‘Security’’ in section catchline. Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(b)(1)(B), inserted ‘‘Economic and’’ before ‘‘Security’’. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(b)(1)(C)(i), inserted ‘‘Eco- nomic and’’ before ‘‘Security’’ in heading. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(b)(1)(C)(ii), inserted ‘‘Economic and’’ before ‘‘Security’’. Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(b)(1)(C)(iii)(I), which directed the amendment of introductory provisions by inserting ‘‘Economic and’’ before ‘‘Security’’, could not be executed because ‘‘Security’’ does not appear. Subsec. (b)(3)(F). Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(c)(1), added subpar. (F) and struck out former subpar. (F) which read as fol- lows: ‘‘members shall be appointed to the Commission not later than 30 days after the date on which each new Congress convenes;’’. Subsecs. (b)(3)(H), (4), (e)(1), (2). Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(b)(1)(C)(iii)(II), (iv), (D)(i), (ii), which directed inser- tion of ‘‘Economic and’’ before ‘‘Security’’, could not be executed because ‘‘Security’’ does not appear. Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(b)(1)(D)(iii)(II), in- serted ‘‘Economic and’’ before ‘‘Security’’ in second sentence. Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(b)(1)(D)(iii)(I), which directed the amendment of first sentence by inserting ‘‘Economic and’’ before ‘‘Security’’, could not be executed because ‘‘Security’’ does not appear. Subsec. (e)(4), (6). Pub. L. 108–7, § 2(b)(1)(D)(iv), (v), which directed the amendment of pars. (4) and (6) by in- serting ‘‘Economic and’’ before ‘‘Security’’, could not be executed because ‘‘Security’’ does not appear. 2001—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 107–67, § 648, substituted ‘‘June’’ for ‘‘March’’. Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 107–67, § 645(a), inserted at end ‘‘The executive director and any personnel who are em- ployees of the United States-China Security Review Commission shall be employees under section 2105 of title 5 for purposes of chapters 63, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, and 90 of that title.’’ Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries CHANGE OF NAME Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director’s capacity as the head of the intelligence com- munity deemed to be a reference to the Director of Na- tional Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Cen- tral Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intel- ligence Agency in the Director’s capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a ref- erence to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agen- cy. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense. Pub. L. 108–7, div. P, § 2(b)(2), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 552, provided that: ‘‘Any reference in any Federal law, Executive order, rule, regulation, or delegation of au- thority, or any document of or relating to the United States-China Security Review Commission shall be deemed to refer to the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2014 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, § 1259B(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3579, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014], and shall apply with respect to annual reports submitted under section 1238(c) of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 [22 U.S.C. 7002(c)] after such date of enact- ment.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2003 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 108–7, div. P, § 2(c)(3), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 554, provided that: ‘‘This section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this sec- tion] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 20, 2003].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 107–67, title VI, § 645(b), Nov. 12, 2001, 115 Stat. 556, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this sec- tion [amending this section] shall take effect on Janu- ary 3, 2001.’’ RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE COMMISSION Pub. L. 108–7, div. P, § 2(c)(2), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 553, provided that: ‘‘The United States-China Commis- sion shall focus, in lieu of any other areas of work or study, on the following: ‘‘(A) PROLIFERATION PRACTICES.—The Commission shall analyze and assess the Chinese role in the pro- liferation of weapons of mass destruction and other weapons (including dual use technologies) to ter- rorist-sponsoring states, and suggest possible steps which the United States might take, including eco- nomic sanctions, to encourage the Chinese to stop such practices. ‘‘(B) ECONOMIC REFORMS AND UNITED STATES ECO- NOMIC TRANSFERS.—The Commission shall analyze and assess the qualitative and quantitative nature of the shift of United States production activities to China, including the relocation of high-technology, manufacturing, and R&D facilities; the impact of these transfers on United States national security, including political influence by the Chinese Govern- ment over American firms, dependence of the United States national security industrial base on Chinese imports, the adequacy of United States export con- trol laws, and the effect of these transfers on United States economic security, employment, and the standard of living of the American people; analyze China’s national budget and assess China’s fiscal strength to address internal instability problems and assess the likelihood of externalization of such prob- lems. ‘‘(C) ENERGY.—The Commission shall evaluate and assess how China’s large and growing economy will impact upon world energy supplies and the role the United States can play, including joint R&D efforts and technological assistance, in influencing China’s energy policy. Page 1887 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 7101 ‘‘(D) UNITED STATES CAPITAL MARKETS.—The Com- mission shall evaluate the extent of Chinese access to, and use of United States capital markets, and whether the existing disclosure and transparency rules are adequate to identify Chinese companies which are active in United States markets and are also engaged in proliferation activities or other ac- tivities harmful to United States security interests. ‘‘(E) CORPORATE REPORTING.—The Commission shall assess United States trade and investment relation- ship with China, including the need for corporate re- porting on United States investments in China and incentives that China may be offering to United States corporations to relocate production and R&D to China. ‘‘(F) REGIONAL ECONOMIC AND SECURITY IMPACTS.— The Commission shall assess the extent of China’s ‘hollowing-out’ of Asian manufacturing economies, and the impact on United States economic and secu- rity interests in the region; review the triangular economic and security relationship among the United States, Taipei and Beijing, including Beijing’s mili- tary modernization and force deployments aimed at Taipei, and the adequacy of United States executive branch coordination and consultation with Congress on United States arms sales and defense relationship with Taipei. ‘‘(G) UNITED STATES-CHINA BILATERAL PROGRAMS.— The Commission shall assess science and technology programs to evaluate if the United States is devel- oping an adequate coordinating mechanism with ap- propriate review by the intelligence community with Congress; assess the degree of non-compliance by China and United States-China agreements on prison labor imports and intellectual property rights; evalu- ate United States enforcement policies; and rec- ommend what new measures the United States Gov- ernment might take to strengthen our laws and en- forcement activities and to encourage compliance by the Chinese. ‘‘(H) WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION COMPLIANCE.—The Commission shall review China’s record of compli- ance to date with its accession agreement to the WTO, and explore what incentives and policy initia- tives should be pursued to promote further compli- ance by China. ‘‘(I) MEDIA CONTROL.—The Commission shall evalu- ate Chinese government efforts to influence and con- trol perceptions of the United States and its policies through the internet, the Chinese print and elec- tronic media, and Chinese internal propaganda.’’ Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation act: Pub. L. 109–108, title VI, § 635(a), Nov. 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2346. CHAPTER 78—TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION Sec. 7101. Purposes and findings. 7102. Definitions. 7103. Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Com- bat Trafficking. 7103a. Creating, building, and strengthening part- nerships against significant trafficking in persons. 7103b. Survivors of Human Trafficking Empower- ment Act. 7104. Prevention of trafficking. 7104a. Compliance plan and certification require- ment. 7104b. Monitoring and investigation of trafficking in persons. 7104c. Notification to Inspectors General and co- operation with government. 7104d. Rules of construction; effective date. 7104e. Preventing future trafficking in the United States through receipt of complaints abroad. Sec. 7105. Protection and assistance for victims of traf- ficking. 7105a. Increasing effectiveness of anti-trafficking programs. 7105b. Improving domestic victim screening proce- dures. 7106. Minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. 7107. Actions against governments failing to meet minimum standards. 7108. Actions against significant traffickers in per- sons. 7109. Strengthening prosecution and punishment of traffickers. 7109a. Research on domestic and international traf- ficking in persons. 7109b. Presidential Award for Extraordinary Efforts To Combat Trafficking in Persons. 7110. Authorizations of appropriations. 7111. Report by Secretary of State. 7112. Additional activities to monitor and combat forced labor and child labor. 7113. Accountability. 7114. Efforts to end modern slavery. 7115. Ensuring protection and confidentiality for survivors of human trafficking. § 7101. Purposes and findings (a) Purposes The purposes of this chapter are to combat trafficking in persons, a contemporary mani- festation of slavery whose victims are predomi- nantly women and children, to ensure just and effective punishment of traffickers, and to pro- tect their victims. (b) Findings Congress finds that: (1) As the 21st century begins, the degrading institution of slavery continues throughout the world. Trafficking in persons is a modern form of slavery, and it is the largest mani- festation of slavery today. At least 700,000 per- sons annually, primarily women and children, are trafficked within or across international borders. Approximately 50,000 women and chil- dren are trafficked into the United States each year. (2) Many of these persons are trafficked into the international sex trade, often by force, fraud, or coercion. The sex industry has rap- idly expanded over the past several decades. It involves sexual exploitation of persons, pre- dominantly women and girls, involving activi- ties related to prostitution, pornography, sex tourism, and other commercial sexual serv- ices. The low status of women in many parts of the world has contributed to a burgeoning of the trafficking industry. (3) Trafficking in persons is not limited to the sex industry. This growing transnational crime also includes forced labor and involves significant violations of labor, public health, and human rights standards worldwide. (4) Traffickers primarily target women and girls, who are disproportionately affected by poverty, the lack of access to education, chronic unemployment, discrimination, and the lack of economic opportunities in coun- tries of origin. Traffickers lure women and girls into their networks through false prom- ises of decent working conditions at relatively good pay as nannies, maids, dancers, factory