26 U.S.C. § 7453 — Rules of practice, procedure, and evi-

Page 3919 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 7454 or his delegate in the same manner before the Tax Court as he has heretofore been represented in proceedings before such Court. The taxpayer shall continue to be represented in accordance with the rules of practice prescribed by the Court. No qualified person shall be denied ad- mission to practice before the Tax Court be- cause of his failure to be a member of any pro- fession or calling. (Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 86–368, § 2(a), Sept. 22, 1959, 73 Stat. 648; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out ‘‘or his delegate’’ after ‘‘Secretary’’. 1959—Pub. L. 86–368 substituted ‘‘Chief Counsel for the Internal Revenue Service or his delegate’’ for ‘‘As- sistant General Counsel of the Treasury Department serving as Chief Counsel of the Internal Revenue Serv- ice, or the delegate of such Chief Counsel,’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 86–368 effective when Chief Counsel for Internal Revenue Service first appointed pursuant to amendment of section 7801 of this title by Pub. L. 86–368 qualifies and takes office, see section 3 of Pub. L. 86–368, set out as a note under section 7801 of this title. § 7453. Rules of practice, procedure, and evi- dence Except in the case of proceedings conducted under section 7436(c) or 7463, the proceedings of the Tax Court and its divisions shall be con- ducted in accordance with such rules of practice and procedure (other than rules of evidence) as the Tax Court may prescribe and in accordance with the Federal Rules of Evidence. (Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 91–172, title IX, § 960(f), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 734; Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, § 1454(b)(3), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1057; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 425(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Rules of Evidence, referred to in text, are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. AMENDMENTS 2015—Pub. L. 114–113 substituted ‘‘the Federal Rules of Evidence’’ for ‘‘the rules of evidence applicable in trials without a jury in the United States District Court of the District of Columbia’’. 1997—Pub. L. 105–34 substituted ‘‘section 7436(c) or 7463’’ for ‘‘section 7463’’. 1969—Pub. L. 91–172 inserted reference to the excep- tion in the case of proceedings conducted under section 7463 of this title. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2015 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title IV, § 425(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3125, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to pro- ceedings commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2015] and, to the extent that it is just and practicable, to all proceedings pending on such date.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1969 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91–172 effective one year after Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(e) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7463 of this title. TAX COURT RULE MAKING NOT AFFECTED Authority of Tax Court to prescribe rules under this section unaffected by amendments of title IV of Pub. L. 100–702, see section 405 of Pub. L. 100–702, set out as a note under section 2071 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judi- cial Procedure. § 7454. Burden of proof in fraud, foundation man- ager, and transferee cases (a) Fraud In any proceeding involving the issue whether the petitioner has been guilty of fraud with in- tent to evade tax, the burden of proof in respect of such issue shall be upon the Secretary. (b) Foundation managers In any proceeding involving the issue whether a foundation manager (as defined in section 4946(b)) has ‘‘knowingly’’ participated in an act of self-dealing (within the meaning of section 4941), participated in an investment which jeop- ardizes the carrying out of exempt purposes (within the meaning of section 4944), or agreed to the making of a taxable expenditure (within the meaning of section 4945), or whether the trustee of a trust described in section 501(c)(21) has ‘‘knowingly’’ participated in an act of self- dealing (within the meaning of section 4951) or agreed to the making of a taxable expenditure (within the meaning of section 4952), or whether an organization manager (as defined in section 4955(f)(2)) has ‘‘knowingly’’ agreed to the mak- ing of a political expenditure (within the mean- ing of section 4955), or whether an organization manager (as defined in section 4912(d)(2)) has ‘‘knowingly’’ agreed to the making of disquali- fying lobbying expenditures within the meaning of section 4912(b), or whether an organization manager (as defined in section 4958(f)(2)) has ‘‘knowingly’’ participated in an excess benefit transaction (as defined in section 4958(c)), the burden of proof in respect of such issue shall be upon the Secretary. (c) Cross reference For provisions relating to burden of proof as to transferee liability, see section 6902(a). (Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 884; Pub. L. 91–172, title I, § 101(j)(57), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 532; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, § 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 95–227, § 4(d)(7), Feb. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 23; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, § 108(b)(3)(B), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 226; Pub. L. 100–203, title X, §§ 10712(c)(6), 10714(b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–467, 1330–471; Pub. L. 104–168, title XIII, § 1311(c)(5), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1478; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1704(t)(43), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1889; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(329), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1200.)