26 U.S.C. § 7430 — Awarding of costs and certain fees

Page 3889 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 7430 EFFECTIVE DATE Section applicable with respect to action taken under section 6851, 6861, or 6862 of this title where notice and demand takes place after Feb. 28, 1977, see section 1204(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, as amended, set out as a note under section 6851 of this title. § 7430. Awarding of costs and certain fees (a) In general In any administrative or court proceeding which is brought by or against the United States in connection with the determination, collec- tion, or refund of any tax, interest, or penalty under this title, the prevailing party may be awarded a judgment or a settlement for— (1) reasonable administrative costs incurred in connection with such administrative pro- ceeding within the Internal Revenue Service, and (2) reasonable litigation costs incurred in connection with such court proceeding. (b) Limitations (1) Requirement that administrative remedies be exhausted A judgment for reasonable litigation costs shall not be awarded under subsection (a) in any court proceeding unless the court deter- mines that the prevailing party has exhausted the administrative remedies available to such party within the Internal Revenue Service. Any failure to agree to an extension of the time for the assessment of any tax shall not be taken into account for purposes of deter- mining whether the prevailing party meets the requirements of the preceding sentence. (2) Only costs allocable to the United States An award under subsection (a) shall be made only for reasonable litigation and administra- tive costs which are allocable to the United States and not to any other party. (3) Costs denied where party prevailing pro- tracts proceedings No award for reasonable litigation and ad- ministrative costs may be made under sub- section (a) with respect to any portion of the administrative or court proceeding during which the prevailing party has unreasonably protracted such proceeding. (4) Period for applying to IRS for administra- tive costs An award may be made under subsection (a) by the Internal Revenue Service for reason- able administrative costs only if the pre- vailing party files an application with the In- ternal Revenue Service for such costs before the 91st day after the date on which the final decision of the Internal Revenue Service as to the determination of the tax, interest, or pen- alty is mailed to such party. (c) Definitions For purposes of this section— (1) Reasonable litigation costs The term ‘‘reasonable litigation costs’’ in- cludes— (A) reasonable court costs, and (B) based upon prevailing market rates for the kind or quality of services furnished— (i) the reasonable expenses of expert wit- nesses in connection with a court pro- ceeding, except that no expert witness shall be compensated at a rate in excess of the highest rate of compensation for ex- pert witnesses paid by the United States, (ii) the reasonable cost of any study, analysis, engineering report, test, or project which is found by the court to be necessary for the preparation of the par- ty’s case, and (iii) reasonable fees paid or incurred for the services of attorneys in connection with the court proceeding, except that such fees shall not be in excess of $125 per hour unless the court determines that a special factor, such as the limited avail- ability of qualified attorneys for such pro- ceeding, the difficulty of the issues pre- sented in the case, or the local availability of tax expertise, justifies a higher rate. In the case of any calendar year beginning after 1996, the dollar amount referred to in clause (iii) shall be increased by an amount equal to such dollar amount multiplied by the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for such calendar year, by sub- stituting ‘‘calendar year 1995’’ for ‘‘calendar year 2016’’ in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof. If any dollar amount after being increased under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $10, such dollar amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $10. (2) Reasonable administrative costs The term ‘‘reasonable administrative costs’’ means— (A) any administrative fees or similar charges imposed by the Internal Revenue Service, and (B) expenses, costs, and fees described in paragraph (1)(B), except that any determina- tion made by the court under clause (ii) or (iii) thereof shall be made by the Internal Revenue Service in cases where the deter- mination under paragraph (4)(C) of the awarding of reasonable administrative costs is made by the Internal Revenue Service. Such term shall only include costs incurred on or after whichever of the following is the ear- liest: (i) the date of the receipt by the tax- payer of the notice of the decision of the Inter- nal Revenue Service Independent Office of Ap- peals; (ii) the date of the notice of deficiency; or (iii) the date on which the first letter of proposed deficiency which allows the taxpayer an opportunity for administrative review in the Internal Revenue Service Independent Of- fice of Appeals is sent. (3) Attorneys’ fees (A) In general For purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2), fees for the services of an individual (whether or not an attorney) who is authorized to prac- tice before the Tax Court or before the Inter- nal Revenue Service shall be treated as fees for the services of an attorney. (B) Pro bono services The court may award reasonable attor- neys’ fees under subsection (a) in excess of Page 3890 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 7430 the attorneys’ fees paid or incurred if such fees are less than the reasonable attorneys’ fees because an individual is representing the prevailing party for no fee or for a fee which (taking into account all the facts and circumstances) is no more than a nominal fee. This subparagraph shall apply only if such award is paid to such individual or such individual’s employer. (4) Prevailing party (A) In general The term ‘‘prevailing party’’ means any party in any proceeding to which subsection (a) applies (other than the United States or any creditor of the taxpayer involved)— (i) which— (I) has substantially prevailed with re- spect to the amount in controversy, or (II) has substantially prevailed with respect to the most significant issue or set of issues presented, and (ii) which meets the requirements of the 1st sentence of section 2412(d)(1)(B) of title 28, United States Code (as in effect on Oc- tober 22, 1986) except to the extent dif- fering procedures are established by rule of court and meets the requirements of sec- tion 2412(d)(2)(B) of such title 28 (as so in effect). (B) Exception if United States establishes that its position was substantially justi- fied (i) General rule A party shall not be treated as the pre- vailing party in a proceeding to which sub- section (a) applies if the United States es- tablishes that the position of the United States in the proceeding was substantially justified. (ii) Presumption of no justification if Inter- nal Revenue Service did not follow cer- tain published guidance For purposes of clause (i), the position of the United States shall be presumed not to be substantially justified if the Internal Revenue Service did not follow its applica- ble published guidance in the administra- tive proceeding. Such presumption may be rebutted. (iii) Effect of losing on substantially similar issues In determining for purposes of clause (i) whether the position of the United States was substantially justified, the court shall take into account whether the United States has lost in courts of appeal for other circuits on substantially similar issues. (iv) Applicable published guidance For purposes of clause (ii), the term ‘‘ap- plicable published guidance’’ means— (I) regulations, revenue rulings, rev- enue procedures, information releases, notices, and announcements, and (II) any of the following which are issued to the taxpayer: private letter rul- ings, technical advice memoranda, and determination letters. (C) Determination as to prevailing party Any determination under this paragraph as to whether a party is a prevailing party shall be made by agreement of the parties or— (i) in the case where the final determina- tion with respect to the tax, interest, or penalty is made at the administrative level, by the Internal Revenue Service, or (ii) in the case where such final deter- mination is made by a court, the court. (D) Special rules for applying net worth re- quirement In applying the requirements of section 2412(d)(2)(B) of title 28, United States Code, for purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii) of this paragraph— (i) the net worth limitation in clause (i) of such section shall apply to— (I) an estate but shall be determined as of the date of the decedent’s death, and (II) a trust but shall be determined as of the last day of the taxable year in- volved in the proceeding, and (ii) individuals filing a joint return shall be treated as separate individuals for pur- poses of clause (i) of such section. (E) Special rules where judgment less than taxpayer’s offer (i) In general A party to a court proceeding meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be treated as the prevailing party if the liability of the taxpayer pursuant to the judgment in the proceeding (deter- mined without regard to interest) is equal to or less than the liability of the taxpayer which would have been so determined if the United States had accepted a qualified offer of the party under subsection (g). (ii) Exceptions This subparagraph shall not apply to— (I) any judgment issued pursuant to a settlement; or (II) any proceeding in which the amount of tax liability is not in issue, including any declaratory judgment pro- ceeding, any proceeding to enforce or quash any summons issued pursuant to this title, and any action to restrain dis- closure under section 6110(f). (iii) Special rules If this subparagraph applies to any court proceeding— (I) the determination under clause (i) shall be made by reference to the last qualified offer made with respect to the tax liability at issue in the proceeding; and (II) reasonable administrative and liti- gation costs shall only include costs in- curred on and after the date of such offer. (iv) Coordination This subparagraph shall not apply to a party which is a prevailing party under any other provision of this paragraph. Page 3891 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 7430 (5) Administrative proceedings The term ‘‘administrative proceeding’’ means any procedure or other action before the Internal Revenue Service. (6) Court proceedings The term ‘‘court proceeding’’ means any civil action brought in a court of the United States (including the Tax Court and the United States Court of Federal Claims). (7) Position of United States The term ‘‘position of the United States’’ means— (A) the position taken by the United States in a judicial proceeding to which sub- section (a) applies, and (B) the position taken in an administra- tive proceeding to which subsection (a) ap- plies as of the earlier of— (i) the date of the receipt by the tax- payer of the notice of the decision of the Internal Revenue Service Independent Of- fice of Appeals, or (ii) the date of the notice of deficiency. (d) Special rules for payment of costs (1) Reasonable administrative costs An award for reasonable administrative costs shall be payable out of funds appro- priated under section 1304 of title 31, United States Code. (2) Reasonable litigation costs An award for reasonable litigation costs shall be payable in the case of the Tax Court in the same manner as such an award by a dis- trict court. (e) Multiple actions For purposes of this section, in the case of— (1) multiple actions which could have been joined or consolidated, or (2) a case or cases involving a return or re- turns of the same taxpayer (including joint re- turns of married individuals) which could have been joined in a single court proceeding in the same court, such actions or cases shall be treated as 1 court proceeding regardless of whether such joinder or consolidation actually occurs, unless the court in which such action is brought determines, in its discretion, that it would be inappropriate to treat such actions or cases as joined or consoli- dated. (f) Right of appeal (1) Court proceedings An order granting or denying (in whole or in part) an award for reasonable litigation or ad- ministrative costs under subsection (a) in a court proceeding, may be incorporated as a part of the decision or judgment in the court proceeding and shall be subject to appeal in the same manner as the decision or judgment. (2) Administrative proceedings A decision granting or denying (in whole or in part) an award for reasonable administra- tive costs under subsection (a) by the Internal Revenue Service shall be subject to the filing of a petition for review with the Tax Court under rules similar to the rules under section 7463 (without regard to the amount in dispute). If the Secretary sends by certified or reg- istered mail a notice of such decision to the petitioner, no proceeding in the Tax Court may be initiated under this paragraph unless such petition is filed before the 91st day after the date of such mailing. (3) Appeal of Tax Court decision An order of the Tax Court disposing of a pe- tition under paragraph (2) shall be reviewable in the same manner as a decision of the Tax Court, but only with respect to the matters determined in such order. (g) Qualified offer For purposes of subsection (c)(4)— (1) In general The term ‘‘qualified offer’’ means a written offer which— (A) is made by the taxpayer to the United States during the qualified offer period; (B) specifies the offered amount of the tax- payer’s liability (determined without regard to interest); (C) is designated at the time it is made as a qualified offer for purposes of this section; and (D) remains open during the period begin- ning on the date it is made and ending on the earliest of the date the offer is rejected, the date the trial begins, or the 90th day after the date the offer is made. (2) Qualified offer period For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘‘qualified offer period’’ means the period— (A) beginning on the date on which the first letter of proposed deficiency which al- lows the taxpayer an opportunity for admin- istrative review in the Internal Revenue Service Independent Office of Appeals is sent, and (B) ending on the date which is 30 days be- fore the date the case is first set for trial. (Added Pub. L. 97–248, title II, § 292(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 572; amended Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, § 714(c), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 961; Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1551(a)–(g), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2752, 2753; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1015(i), title VI, § 6239(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3571, 3743; Pub. L. 104–168, title VII, §§ 701(a)–(c)(2), 702(a), 703(a), 704(a), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1463, 1464; Pub. L. 105–34, title XII, § 1285(a)–(c), title XIV, § 1453(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1038, 1055; Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3101(a)–(e), title VI, §§ 6012(h), 6014(e), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 727, 728, 819, 820; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, § 319(25)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–647; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 11002(d)(1)(SS), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2061; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(325)(A), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1199; Pub. L. 116–25, title I, § 1001(b)(1)(H), (2), July 1, 2019, 133 Stat. 985.) INFLATION ADJUSTED ITEMS FOR CERTAIN YEARS For inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Revenue Procedures listed in a table under section 1 of this title. Page 3892 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 7430 Editorial Notes PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 7430 was renumbered section 7437 of this title. AMENDMENTS 2019—Pub. L. 116–25 substituted ‘‘Internal Revenue Service Independent Office of Appeals’’ for ‘‘Internal Revenue Service Office of Appeals’’ wherever appear- ing. 2018—Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted ‘‘United States Court of Federal Claims’’ for ‘‘United States Claims Court’’. 2017—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–97 substituted ‘‘for ‘calendar year 2016’ in subparagraph (A)(ii)’’ for ‘‘for ‘calendar year 1992’ in subparagraph (B)’’ in concluding provisions. 2000—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, § 319(25)(A)], substituted ‘‘Attorneys’ ’’ for ‘‘Attorneys’’ in heading. Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title III, § 319(25)(B)], substituted ‘‘attorneys’ fees’’ for ‘‘attor- neys fees’’ wherever appearing. 1998—Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6012(h), re- designated par. (5) as (4). Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3101(a), sub- stituted ‘‘$125’’ for ‘‘$110’’ and inserted ‘‘the difficulty of the issues presented in the case, or the local avail- ability of tax expertise,’’ before ‘‘justifies a higher rate’’. Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3101(b), added con- cluding provisions and struck out former concluding provisions which read as follows: ‘‘Such term shall only include costs incurred on or after the earlier of (i) the date of the receipt by the taxpayer of the notice of the decision of the Internal Revenue Service Office of Ap- peals, or (ii) the date of the notice of deficiency.’’ Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3101(c), substituted ‘‘attorneys’’ for ‘‘attorney’s’’ in heading and amended text of par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘For purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2), fees for the services of an individual (whether or not an attorney) who is authorized to practice before the Tax Court or before the Internal Revenue Service shall be treated as fees for the services of an attorney.’’ Subsec. (c)(4)(B)(iii), (iv). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3101(d), added cl. (iii) and redesignated former cl. (iii) as (iv). Subsec. (c)(4)(D). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6014(e), substituted ‘‘subparagraph (A)(ii)’’ for ‘‘subparagraph (A)(iii)’’ in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c)(4)(E). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3101(e)(1), added subpar. (E). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–206, § 3101(e)(2), added subsec. (g). 1997—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1285(b), added par. (5). Subsec. (c)(4)(D). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1453(a), added sub- par. (D). Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1285(c), substituted ‘‘the filing of a petition for review with’’ for ‘‘appeal to’’ and inserted at end ‘‘If the Secretary sends by cer- tified or registered mail a notice of such decision to the petitioner, no proceeding in the Tax Court may be ini- tiated under this paragraph unless such petition is filed before the 91st day after the date of such mailing.’’ Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1285(a), added par. (3). 1996—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–168, § 703(a), inserted at end ‘‘Any failure to agree to an extension of the time for the assessment of any tax shall not be taken into account for purposes of determining whether the prevailing party meets the requirements of the pre- ceding sentence.’’ Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 104–168, § 704(a), redesig- nated par. (4) as (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: ‘‘(3) EXCLUSION OF DECLARATORY JUDGMENT PRO- CEEDINGS.— ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—No award for reasonable litiga- tion costs may be made under subsection (a) with re- spect to any declaratory judgment proceeding. ‘‘(B) EXCEPTION FOR SECTION 501(c)(3) DETERMINATION REVOCATION PROCEEDINGS.—Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any proceeding which involves the rev- ocation of a determination that the organization is described in section 501(c)(3).’’ Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–168, § 702(a)(3), inserted clos- ing provisions ‘‘In the case of any calendar year begin- ning after 1996, the dollar amount referred to in clause (iii) shall be increased by an amount equal to such dol- lar amount multiplied by the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for such calendar year, by substituting ‘calendar year 1995’ for ‘calendar year 1992’ in subparagraph (B) thereof. If any dollar amount after being increased under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $10, such dollar amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $10.’’ Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 104–168, § 702(a)(1), (2), substituted ‘‘$110’’ for ‘‘$75’’ and struck out ‘‘an in- crease in the cost of living or’’ before ‘‘a special fac- tor,’’. Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–168, § 701(c)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘paragraph (4)(C)’’ for ‘‘paragraph (4)(B)’’. Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 104–168, § 701(a), redesignated cls. (ii) and (iii) as (i) and (ii), respectively, and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: ‘‘which estab- lishes that the position of the United States in the pro- ceeding was not substantially justified,’’. Subsec. (c)(4)(B). Pub. L. 104–168, § 701(b), added sub- par. (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C). Subsec. (c)(4)(C). Pub. L. 104–168, § 701(c)(2), sub- stituted ‘‘Any determination under this paragraph’’ for ‘‘Any determination under subparagraph (A)’’. Pub. L. 104–168, § 701(b), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C). 1988—Pub. L. 100–647, § 6239(a), substituted ‘‘costs’’ for ‘‘court costs’’ in section catchline and amended text generally, revising and restating provisions so as to in- clude costs and fees in administrative proceedings. Subsec. (c)(2)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1015(i), amend- ed cl. (iii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (iii) read as follows: ‘‘meets the requirements of section 504(b)(1)(B) of title 5, United States Code (as in effect on the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and applied by taking into account the commence- ment of the proceeding described in subsection (a) in lieu of the initiation of the adjudication referred to in such section).’’ 1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1551(f), inserted ‘‘(payable in the case of the Tax Court in the same manner as such an award by a district court)’’ in con- cluding provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1551(a), (b), redesignated pars. (2) to (4) as (1) to (3), respectively, added par. (4), and struck out former par. (1), maximum dollar amount, which read as follows: ‘‘The amount of reason- able litigation costs which may be awarded under sub- section (a) with respect to any prevailing party in any civil proceeding shall not exceed $25,000.’’ Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1551(c), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: ‘‘The term ‘reasonable litigation costs’ includes— ‘‘(i) reasonable court costs, ‘‘(ii) the reasonable expenses of expert witnesses in connection with the civil proceeding, ‘‘(iii) the reasonable cost of any study, analysis, en- gineering report, test, or project which is found by the court to be necessary for the preparation of the party’s case, and ‘‘(iv) reasonable fees paid or incurred for the serv- ices of attorneys in connection with the civil pro- ceeding.’’ Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1551(d), substituted ‘‘was not substantially justified’’ for ‘‘was unreason- able’’ in cl. (i), and added cl. (iii). Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1551(e), added par. (4). Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1551(g), struck out subsec. (f), termination, which read as follows: ‘‘This section shall not apply to any proceeding commenced after De- cember 31, 1985.’’ Page 3893 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 7431 1984—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–369 inserted reference to United States Claims Court. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2017 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 11002(e) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105–206, title III, § 3101(g), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 729, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 7431 of this title] shall apply to costs incurred (and, in the case of the amendment made by subsection (c) [amending this section], services performed) more than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [July 22, 1998].’’ Amendment by sections 6012(h) and 6014(e) of Pub. L. 105–206 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if in- cluded in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1997 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105–34, title XII, § 1285(d), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1039, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to civil actions or proceedings commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].’’ Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, § 1453(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1055, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to pro- ceedings commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 701(a)–(c)(2) of Pub. L. 104–168 applicable in case of proceedings commenced after July 30, 1996, see section 701(d) of Pub. L. 104–168, set out as a note under section 6404 of this title. Pub. L. 104–168, title VII, § 702(b), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1464, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply in the case of proceedings commenced after the date of the en- actment of this Act [July 30, 1996].’’ Pub. L. 104–168, title VII, § 703(b), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1464, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply in the case of proceedings commenced after the date of the en- actment of this Act [July 30, 1996].’’ Pub. L. 104–168, title VII, § 704(b), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1464, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply in the case of proceedings commenced after the date of the en- actment of this Act [July 30, 1996].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1015(i) of Pub. L. 100–647 effec- tive, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6239(d), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3746, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 504 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] shall apply to proceedings commencing after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 99–514, title XV, § 1551(h), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2753, provided that: ‘‘(1) GENERAL RULE.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to amounts paid after Sep- tember 30, 1986, in civil actions or proceedings, com- menced after December 31, 1985. ‘‘(2) SUBSECTION (f).—The amendment made by sub- section (f) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the amendments made by section 292 of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 [see Effective Date note below]. ‘‘(3) APPLICABILITY OF AMENDMENTS TO CERTAIN PRIOR CASES.—The amendments made by this section shall apply to any case commenced after December 31, 1985, and finally disposed of before the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986], except that in any such case, the 30-day period referred to in section 2412(d)(1)(B) of title 28, United States Code, or Rule 231 of the Tax Court, as the case may be, shall be deemed to com- mence on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986].’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 effective as if included in the provision of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsi- bility Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, to which such amend- ment relates, see section 715 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 31 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE Pub. L. 97–248, title II, § 292(e), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 574, as amended by Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, § 160, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 696, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The amendments made by this sec- tion [enacting this section and amending section 6673 of this title and section 2412 of Title 28, Judiciary and Ju- dicial Procedure] shall apply to civil actions or pro- ceedings commenced after February 28, 1983. ‘‘(2) PENALTY.—The amendments made by subsections (b) and (d)(2) [amending section 6673 of this title] shall apply to any action or proceeding in the United States Tax Court which— ‘‘(A) is commenced after December 31, 1982, or ‘‘(B) is pending in the United States Tax Court on the day which is 120 days after the date of the enact- ment of the Tax Reform Act of 1984 [July 18, 1984].’’ § 7431. Civil damages for unauthorized inspec- tion or disclosure of returns and return in- formation (a) In general (1) Inspection or disclosure by employee of United States If any officer or employee of the United States knowingly, or by reason of negligence, inspects or discloses any return or return in- formation with respect to a taxpayer in viola- tion of any provision of section 6103, such tax- payer may bring a civil action for damages against the United States in a district court of the United States. (2) Inspection or disclosure by a person who is not an employee of United States If any person who is not an officer or em- ployee of the United States knowingly, or by reason of negligence, inspects or discloses any return or return information with respect to a taxpayer in violation of any provision of sec- tion 6103 or in violation of section 6104(c), such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages against such person in a district court of the United States. (b) Exceptions No liability shall arise under this section with respect to any inspection or disclosure— (1) which results from a good faith, but erro- neous, interpretation of section 6103, or