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15 U.S.C. § 30 — Repealed. Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title IV,
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 43
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 34
AMENDMENTS
1974—Pub. L. 93–528 substituted provisions for appeals
to the court of appeals from civil actions in district
courts where equitable relief is sought, review by the
Supreme Court of judgments of courts of appeals, and
for direct appeals to the Supreme Court of cases involv-
ing general public importance, for provisions that ap-
peals from final judgments of district courts lie to the
Supreme Court only.
1948—Act June 25, 1948, amended section generally to
strike out provisions relating to time for appeal, proce-
dure, etc. See sections 2101 and 2109 of Title 28, Judici-
ary and Judicial Procedure.
1944—Act June 9, 1944, provided for certification of
case to circuit court of appeals when there was no
quorum of Justices of the Supreme Court qualified to
participate in the consideration of the case and for des-
ignation of circuit judges in the event of disqualifica-
tion from hearing the case.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
CHANGE OF NAME
Act Mar. 3, 1911, which transferred the powers and du-
ties of the circuit courts to the district courts, sub-
stituted ‘‘district court’’ for ‘‘circuit court’’.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 93–528, § 7, Dec. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1710, provided
that: ‘‘The amendment made by section 5 of this Act
[amending this section] shall not apply to an action in
which a notice of appeal to the Supreme Court has been
filed on or before the fifteenth day following the date
of enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 1974]. Appeal in any
such action shall be taken pursuant to the provisions of
section 2 of the Act of February 11, 1903 (32 Stat. 823),
as amended (15 U.S.C. 29; [former] 49 U.S.C. 45) which
were in effect on the day preceding the date of enact-
ment of
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Page 43
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 34
AMENDMENTS
1974—Pub. L. 93–528 substituted provisions for appeals
to the court of appeals from civil actions in district
courts where equitable relief is sought, review by the
Supreme Court of judgments of courts of appeals, and
for direct appeals to the Supreme Court of cases involv-
ing general public importance, for provisions that ap-
peals from final judgments of district courts lie to the
Supreme Court only.
1948—Act June 25, 1948, amended section generally to
strike out provisions relating to time for appeal, proce-
dure, etc. See sections 2101 and 2109 of Title 28, Judici-
ary and Judicial Procedure.
1944—Act June 9, 1944, provided for certification of
case to circuit court of appeals when there was no
quorum of Justices of the Supreme Court qualified to
participate in the consideration of the case and for des-
ignation of circuit judges in the event of disqualifica-
tion from hearing the case.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
CHANGE OF NAME
Act Mar. 3, 1911, which transferred the powers and du-
ties of the circuit courts to the district courts, sub-
stituted ‘‘district court’’ for ‘‘circuit court’’.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 93–528, § 7, Dec. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1710, provided
that: ‘‘The amendment made by section 5 of this Act
[amending this section] shall not apply to an action in
which a notice of appeal to the Supreme Court has been
filed on or before the fifteenth day following the date
of enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 1974]. Appeal in any
such action shall be taken pursuant to the provisions of
section 2 of the Act of February 11, 1903 (32 Stat. 823),
as amended (15 U.S.C. 29; [former] 49 U.S.C. 45) which
were in effect on the day preceding the date of enact-
ment of this Act.’’
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1948 AMENDMENT
Section 38 of act June 25, 1948, provided that the
amendment made by that act is effective Sept. 1, 1948.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1944 AMENDMENT
Act June 9, 1944, ch. 239, 58 Stat. 272, provided in part:
‘‘This Act [this section] shall apply to every case pend-
ing before the Supreme Court of the United States on
the date of its enactment [June 9, 1944].’’
SHORT TITLE
Act Feb. 11, 1903, which enacted sections 28 and 29 of
this title, is commonly known as the ‘‘Expediting Act’’.
§ 30. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title IV,
§ 14102(f), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1922
Section, act Mar. 3, 1913, ch. 114, 37 Stat. 731, provided
that depositions for use in suits in equity brought
under sections 1 to 7 of this title would be open to pub-
lic.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL
Repeal effective Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable to cases
pending on or after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 14103 of
Pub. L. 107–273, set out as an Effective Date of 2002
Amendment note under section 3 of this title.
§ 31. Repealed. Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title IV,
§ 14102(a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1921
Section, act Aug. 24, 1912, ch. 390, § 11, 37 Stat. 567, re-
lated to closure of Panama Canal to violators of anti-
trust laws.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL
Repeal effective Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with
respect to cases commenced on or after Nov. 2, 2002, see
section 14103 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under
section 3 of this title.
§§ 32, 33. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–452, title II, §§ 209,
210, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 929
Section 32, act Feb. 25, 1903, ch. 755, § 1, 32 Stat. 904,
granted immunity from prosecution to witnesses testi-
fying or producing evidence, documentary or otherwise,
in any proceeding, suit, or prosecution under section 1
to 11 of this title. See section 6001 et seq. of Title 18,
Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Section 33, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3920, 34 Stat. 798, pro-
vided that, under the immunity provisions of former
section 32 of this title, immunity was to extend only to
a natural person who, in obedience to a subpoena, testi-
fied or produced evidence.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL
Repeal effective on sixtieth day following Oct. 15,
1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91–452, set out as an Ef-
fective Date; Savings Provision note under section 6001
of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
SAVINGS PROVISION
Repeal of sections by Pub. L. 91–452 not to affect any
immunity to which any individual was entitled under
sections by reason of any testimony given before the
sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of
Pub. L. 91–452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings
Provision note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes
and Criminal Procedure.
§ 34. Definitions applicable to sections 34 to 36
For purposes of sections 34 to 36 of this title—
(1) the term ‘‘local government’’ means—
(A) a city, county, parish, town, township,
village, or any other general function gov-
ernmental unit established by State law, or
(B) a school district, sanitary district, or
any other special function governmental
unit established by State law in one or more
States,
(2) the term ‘‘person’’ has the meaning given
it in subsection (a) of the first section of the
Clayton Act [15 U.S.C. 12(a)], but does not in-
clude any local government as defined in para-
graph (1) of this section, and
(3) the term ‘‘State’’ has the meaning given
it in section 4G(2) of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C.
15g(2)).
(Pub. L. 98–544, § 2, Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2750.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE
Pub. L. 98–544, § 6, Oct. 24, 1984, 98 Stat. 2751, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [enacting this section, sections 35 and
36 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under
section 1 of this title] shall take effect thirty days be-
fore the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 24,
1984].’’
Cross-references
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** “Antitrust laws,” as used herein, includes the Act entitled “An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies,” approved July second, eighteen hundred and ninety; sections seventy-three to seventy-six, inclusive, of an Act entitled “An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,” of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four; an Act entitled “An Act to amend sections seventy-three and seventy-six of the Act of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, entitled ‘An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,’ ” approved February twelfth, nineteen hundred and thirteen; and also this Act.“Commerce,” as used herein, means trade or commerce among the several States and with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia or any Territory of the United States and any State, Territory, or foreign nation, or between any insular possessions or other places under the jurisdiction of the United States, or between any such possession or place and any State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia or any foreign nation, or within the District of Columbia or any Territory or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States: Provided, That nothing in this Act contained shall apply to the Philippine Islands. The word “person” or “persons” wherever used in this Act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country.
**(b)** This Act may be cited as the “Clayton Act”.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 19
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 12
(Pub. L. 108–237, title II, § 216, as added Pub. L.
116–257, § 2, Dec. 23, 2020, 134 Stat. 1147.)
§ 8. Trusts in restraint of import trade illegal;
penalty
Every combination, conspiracy, trust, agree-
ment, or contract is declared to be contrary to
public policy, illegal, and void when the same is
made by or between two or more persons or cor-
porations, either of whom, as agent or principal,
is engaged in importing any article from any
foreign country into the United States, and
when
such
combination,
conspiracy,
trust,
agreement, or contract is intended to operate in
restraint of lawful trade, or free competition in
lawful trade or commerce, or to increase the
market price in any part of the United States of
any article or articles imported or intended to
be imported into the United States, or of any
manufacture into which such imported article
enters or is intended to enter. Every person who
shall be engaged in the importation of goods or
any commodity from any foreign country in vio-
lation of this section, or who shall combine or
conspire with another to violate the same, is
guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction
thereof in any court of the United States such
person shall be fined in a sum not less than $100
and not exceeding $5,000, and shall be further
punished by imprisonment, in the discretion of
the court, for a term not less than three months
nor exceeding twelve months.
(Aug. 27, 1894, ch. 349, § 73, 28 Stat. 570; Feb. 12,
1913, ch. 40, 37 Stat. 667.)
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
1913—Act Feb. 12, 1913, inserted ‘‘as agent or prin-
cipal’’.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
SHORT TITLE
Section 77, formerly § 78, of act Aug. 27, 1894, as added
by Pub. L. 94–435, title III,
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 15 U.S.C. § 12
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For the purposes of sections 15c, 15d, 15e, and 15f of this title:
(1) The term “State attorney general” means the chief legal officer of a State, or any other person authorized by State law to bring actions under [section 15c of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section15c&num=0&edition=prelim), and includes the Corporation Counsel of the District of Columbia, except that such term does not include any person employed or retained on—
(A) a contingency fee based on a percentage of the monetary relief awarded under this section; or
(B) any other contingency fee basis, unless the amount of the award of a reasonable attorney’s fee to a prevailing plaintiff is determined by the court under [section 15c(d)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section15c/d/1&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) The term “State” means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any other territory or possession of the United States.
(3) The term “natural persons” does not include proprietorships or partnerships.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 25
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 16
§ 15e. Distribution of damages
Monetary relief recovered in an action under
section 15c(a)(1) of this title shall—
(1) be distributed in such manner as the dis-
trict court in its discretion may authorize; or
(2) be deemed a civil penalty by the court
and deposited with the State as general reve-
nues;
subject in either case to the requirement that
any distribution procedure adopted afford each
person a reasonable opportunity to secure his
appropriate portion of the net monetary relief.
(Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, § 4E, as added Pub. L.
94–435, title III, § 301, Sept. 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1395.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE
Injuries sustained prior to Sept. 30, 1976, not covered
by this section, see section 304 of Pub. L. 94–435, set out
as a note under section 15c of this title.
§ 15f. Actions by Attorney General
(a) Notification to State attorney general
Whenever the Attorney General of the United
States has brought an action under the anti-
trust laws, and he has reason to believe that any
State attorney general would be entitled to
bring an action under this Act based substan-
tially on the same alleged violation of the anti-
trust laws, he shall promptly give written noti-
fication thereof to such State attorney general.
(b) Availability of files and other materials
To assist a State attorney general in evalu-
ating the notice or in bringing any action under
this Act, the Attorney General of the United
States shall, upon request by such State attor-
ney general, make available to him, to the ex-
tent permitted by law, any investigative files or
other materials which are or may be relevant or
material to the actual or potential cause of ac-
tion under this Act.
(Oct. 15, 1914, c
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 15 U.S.C. § 15g
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Court of appeals; review by Supreme Court** Except as otherwise expressly provided by this section, in every civil action brought in any district court of the United States under the Act entitled “An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies”, approved July 2, 1890, or any other Acts having like purpose that have been or hereafter may be enacted, in which the United States is the complainant and equitable relief is sought, any appeal from a final judgement entered in any such action shall be taken to the court of appeals pursuant to sections 1291 and 2107 of title 28. Any appeal from an interlocutory order entered in any such action shall be taken to the court of appeals pursuant to sections 1292(a)(1) and 2107 of title 28 but not otherwise. Any judgment entered by the court of appeals in any such action shall be subject to review by the Supreme Court upon a writ of certiorari as provided in [section 1254(1) of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1254/1&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Direct appeals to Supreme Court** An appeal from a final judgment pursuant to subsection (a) shall lie directly to the Supreme Court, if, upon application of a party filed within fifteen days of the filing of a notice of appeal, the district judge who adjudicated the case enters an order stating that immediate consideration of the appeal by the Supreme Court is of general public importance in the administration of justice. Such order shall be filed within thirty days after the filing of a notice of appeal. When such an order is filed, the appeal and any cross appeal shall be docketed in the time and manner prescribed by the rules of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall thereupon either (1) dispos
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 42
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 27
generally to chapter 32 (§ 1291 et seq.) of this title. For
complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Ta-
bles.
CODIFICATION
Another section 27 of act Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, was re-
numbered section 28 and is classified to section 27 of
this title.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
PURPOSE
Pub. L. 105–297, § 2, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2824, pro-
vided that: ‘‘It is the purpose of this legislation to state
that major league baseball players are covered under
the antitrust laws (i.e., that major league baseball
players will have the same rights under the antitrust
laws as do other professional athletes, e.g., football and
basketball players), along with a provision that makes
it clear that the passage of this Act [enacting this sec-
tion and provisions set out as a note under section 1 of
this title] does not change the application of the anti-
trust laws in any other context or with respect to any
other person or entity.’’
§ 27. Effect of partial invalidity
If any clause, sentence, paragraph, or part of
this Act shall, for any reason, be adjudged by
any court of competent jurisdiction to be in-
valid, such judgment shall not affect, impair, or
invalidate the remainder thereof, but shall be
confined in its operation to the clause, sentence,
paragraph, or part thereof directly involved in
the controversy in which such judgment shall
have been rendered.
(Oct. 15, 1914, ch. 323, § 28, formerly § 26, 38 Stat.
740; renumbered § 27, Pub. L. 96–493, § 2, Dec. 2,
1980, 94 Stat. 2568; renumbered § 28, Pub. L.
107–273, div. C, title IV, § 14102(d), Nov. 2, 2002, 116
Stat. 1922.)
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT
This Act, referred to in text, is act Oct. 15, 1914, ch.
323, 38 Stat. 730, know
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, act Mar. 3, 1913, ch. 114, 37 Stat. 731, provided that depositions for use in suits in equity brought under sections 1 to 7 of this title would be open to public.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal effective Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable to cases pending on or after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 14103 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as an Effective Date of 2002 Amendment note under [section 3 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section3&num=0&edition=prelim).
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