31 U.S.C. § 5111 — Minting and issuing coins, medals, and

Page 374 TITLE 31—MONEY AND FINANCE § 5102 set out as notes under sections 5132 and 5134 of this title, amending provisions set out as notes under sec- tion 5112 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 5112 of this title] may be cited as the ‘United States Mint Reauthorization and Reform Act of 1992’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 101–585, § 1, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2874, pro- vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 5132 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Silver Coin Proof Sets Act’.’’ § 5102. Standard weight The standard troy pound of the National Insti- tute of Standards and Technology of the Depart- ment of Commerce shall be the standard used to ensure that the weight of United States coins conforms to specifications in section 5112 of this title. (Pub. L. 97–258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 980; Pub. L. 100–418, title V, § 5115(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1433.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 5102 ......... 31:364. R.S. § 3548; restated Mar. 4, 1911, ch. 268, § 1, 36 Stat. 1354. The words ‘‘National Bureau of Standards of the De- partment of Commerce’’ are substituted for ‘‘Bureau of Standards of the United States’’ because of 15:1511. The words ‘‘troy pound of the mint of the United States, conformably to which the coinage thereof shall be reg- ulated’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the re- statement. The word ‘‘ensure’’ is substituted for ‘‘se- curing’’ as being more precise. The words ‘‘specifica- tions in section 5112 of this title’’ are substituted for ‘‘the provisions of the laws relating to coinage’’ be- cause of the restatement. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1988—Pub. L. 100–418 substituted ‘‘National Institute of Standards and Technology’’ for ‘‘National Bureau of Standards’’. § 5103. Legal tender United States coins and currency (including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal reserve banks and national banks) are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and dues. Foreign gold or silver coins are not legal tender for debts. (Pub. L. 97–258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 980; Pub. L. 97–452, § 1(19), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2477.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES 1982 ACT Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 5103 ......... 31:392. July 23, 1965, Pub. L. 89–81, § 102, 79 Stat. 255. 31:456. R.S. § 3584. The words ‘‘All . . . regardless of when coined or issued’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the re- statement. The word ‘‘debts’’ is substituted for ‘‘debts, public and private’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘public charges, taxes, duties, and dues’’ are omitted as included in ‘‘debts’’. 1983 ACT This restores to 31:5103 the reference to public charges, taxes, and dues because they are not consid- ered to be debts. See, Hagar v. Reclamation District No. 108, 111 U.S. 701, 706 (1884). Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1983—Pub. L. 97–452 inserted ‘‘, public charges, taxes, and dues’’ after ‘‘all debts’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment effective Sept. 13, 1982, see section 2(i) of Pub. L. 97–452, set out as a note under section 3331 of this title. SUBCHAPTER II—GENERAL AUTHORITY § 5111. Minting and issuing coins, medals, and numismatic items (a) The Secretary of the Treasury— (1) shall mint and issue coins described in section 5112 of this title in amounts the Sec- retary decides are necessary to meet the needs of the United States; (2) may prepare national medal dies and strike national and other medals if it does not interfere with regular minting operations but may not prepare private medal dies; (3) may prepare and distribute numismatic items; and (4) may mint coins for a foreign country if the minting does not interfere with regular minting operations, and shall prescribe a charge for minting the foreign coins equal to the cost of the minting (including labor, mate- rials, and the use of machinery). (b) The Department of the Treasury has a coinage metal fund and a coinage profit fund. The Secretary may use the coinage metal fund to buy metal to mint coins. The Secretary shall credit the coinage profit fund with the amount by which the nominal value of the coins minted from the metal exceeds the cost of the metal. The Secretary shall charge the coinage profit fund with waste incurred in minting coins and the cost of distributing the coins, including the cost of coin bags and pallets. The Secretary shall deposit in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts excess amounts in the coinage profit fund. (c) PROCUREMENTS RELATING TO COIN PRODUC- TION.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may make contracts, on conditions the Secretary decides are appropriate and are in the public interest, to acquire articles, materials, supplies, and services (including equipment, manufacturing facilities, patents, patent rights, technical knowledge, and assistance) necessary to produce the coins referred to in this title. (2) DOMESTIC CONTROL OF COINAGE.—(A) Sub- ject to subparagraph (B), in order to protect the national security through domestic con- trol of the coinage process, the Secretary shall acquire only such articles, materials, supplies, and services (including equipment, manufac- turing facilities, patents, patent rights, tech- Page 375 TITLE 31—MONEY AND FINANCE § 5111 1 See References in Text note below. nical knowledge, and assistance) for the pro- duction of coins as have been produced or manufactured in the United States unless the Secretary determines it to be inconsistent with the public interest, or the cost to be un- reasonable, and publishes in the Federal Reg- ister a written finding stating the basis for the determination. (B) Subparagraph (A) shall apply only in the case of a bid or offer from a supplier the prin- cipal place of business of which is in a foreign country which does not accord to United States companies the same competitive oppor- tunities for procurements in connection with the production of coins as it accords to domes- tic companies. (3) DETERMINATION.— (A) IN GENERAL.—Any determination of the Secretary referred to in paragraph (2) shall not be reviewable in any administrative pro- ceeding or court of the United States. (B) OTHER RIGHTS UNAFFECTED.—This para- graph does not alter or annul any right of re- view that arises under any provision of any law or regulation of the United States other than paragraph (2). (4) Nothing in paragraph (2) of this sub- section in any way affects the procurement by the Secretary of gold and silver for the pro- duction of coins by the United States Mint. (d)(1) The Secretary may prohibit or limit the exportation, melting, or treatment of United States coins when the Secretary decides the pro- hibition or limitation is necessary to protect the coinage of the United States. (2) A person knowingly violating an order or license issued or regulation prescribed under paragraph (1) of this subsection, shall be fined not more than $10,000, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (3) Coins exported, melted, or treated in viola- tion of an order or license issued or regulation prescribed, and metal resulting from the melt- ing or treatment, shall be forfeited to the United States Government. The powers of the Secretary and the remedies available to enforce forfeitures are those provided in part II of sub- chapter C of chapter 75 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 1 (26 U.S.C. 7321 et seq.). (Pub. L. 97–258, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 980; Pub. L. 100–274, § 3, Mar. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 49; Pub. L. 102–390, title II, § 222, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1629.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 5111(a)(1) 31:272. R.S. § 3503. 31:275. R.S. § 3509; Aug. 23, 1912, ch. 350, § 1(last par. words before 7th comma under heading ‘‘Assay Office at Salt Lake City, Utah’’), 37 Stat. 384. 31:322. R.S. § 3516. 31:342. June 4, 1897, ch. 2, § 1(1st par. under heading ‘‘Recoinage, Reissue, and Transportation of Minor Coins’’), 30 Stat. 27. 31:345. R.S. § 3532; Aug. 23, 1912, ch. 350, § 1(last par. words before 7th comma under heading ‘‘Assay Office at Salt Lake City, Utah’’), 37 Stat. 384. HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES—CONTINUED Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 31:353. R.S. § 3540; Aug. 23, 1912, ch. 350, § 1(last par. words before 7th comma under heading ‘‘Assay Office at Salt Lake City, Utah’’), 37 Stat. 384. 31:391(a). July 23, 1965, Pub. L. 89–81, § 101(a), 79 Stat. 254; restated Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–607, § 201, 84 Stat. 1768. 5111(a)(2) 31:368. R.S. § 3551; Aug. 23, 1912, ch. 350, § 1(last par. words before 7th comma under heading ‘‘Assay Office at Salt Lake City, Utah’’), 37 Stat. 384. 5111(a)(3) 31:324h. Oct. 18, 1973, Pub. L. 93–127, § 5, 87 Stat. 456. 5111(a)(4) 31:367. Jan. 29, 1874, ch. 19, 18 Stat. 6. 5111(b) ..... 31:340. R.S. § 3528; Apr. 24, 1906, ch. 1861, 34 Stat. 132; Dec. 2, 1918, ch. 1, 40 Stat. 1051; Aug. 14, 1937, ch. 631, 50 Stat. 647; June 21, 1941, ch. 213, 55 Stat. 255; June 30, 1954, ch. 427, 68 Stat. 336; July 9, 1956, ch. 535, § 1, 70 Stat. 518; restated July 23, 1965, Pub. L. 89–81, § 206(a), 79 Stat. 256. 5111(c) ..... 31:393(a). July 23, 1965, Pub. L. 89–81, §§ 103(a), 105, 106, 79 Stat. 255. 5111(d) ..... 31:395, 396. In subsection (a)(1), the words ‘‘coins described in’’ are substituted for ‘‘coins of the denominations set forth in’’ in 31:391(a) because of the restatement. The text of 31:253, 272, and 345(1st sentence) is omitted as su- perseded by the source provisions restated in section 321(c) of the revised title. The text of 31:275, 322, 342, 345(last sentence), and 353 is omitted as unnecessary be- cause of the restatement. In subsection (a)(2), the words ‘‘Secretary of the Treasury’’ are substituted for ‘‘engraver’’ and ‘‘super- intendent of coining department of the mint at Phila- delphia’’ because of the source provisions restated in section 321(c) of the revised title. The words ‘‘under such regulations as the superintendent, with the ap- proval of the Director of the Mint, may prescribe’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of section 321(b) of the revised title. The words ‘‘national medal dies’’ are sub- stituted for ‘‘Dies of a national character’’ for clarity. The words ‘‘or the machinery or apparatus thereof be used for that purpose’’ are omitted as unnecessary be- cause of the restatement. In subsection (a)(3), the words ‘‘numismatic items’’ are retained and used throughout the revised title to apply to medals, proof coins, uncirculated coins, nu- mismatic accessories, and other numismatic items to eliminate unnecessary words and for consistency. The words ‘‘In connection with the operations of the Bureau of the Mint’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The text of 31:324h(last sentence) is omit- ted as unnecessary because of the source provisions re- stated in section 5132(a) of the revised title. In subsection (a)(4), the words ‘‘may mint’’ are sub- stituted for ‘‘It shall be lawful for coinage to be exe- cuted’’ in 31:367, and the words ‘‘regular minting oper- ations’’ are substituted for ‘‘required coinage of the United States’’, for consistency in the revised section. The words ‘‘at the mints of the United States’’ and ‘‘ac- cording to the legally prescribed standards and devices of such country’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. The words ‘‘The Secretary of the Treasury . . . shall prescribe a charge’’ are substituted for ‘‘the charge . . . to be fixed by the Director of the Mint, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treas- ury’’ because of the source provisions restated in sec- tion 321(c) of the revised title. The words ‘‘minting the foreign coins’’ are substituted for ‘‘the same’’, for clar- ity. The words ‘‘under such regulations as the Sec- retary of the Treasury may prescribe’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of section 321(b) of the revised title. Page 376 TITLE 31—MONEY AND FINANCE § 5111 In subsection (b), the first sentence is added for clar- ity and because of the restatement. The words ‘‘amount by which the nominal value of the coins minted from the metal exceeds the cost of the metal’’ are sub- stituted for ‘‘gain arising from the coinage of metals purchased out of such fund into coin of a nominal value exceeding the cost of such metals’’ to eliminate unnec- essary words. The words ‘‘The Secretary shall deposit in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts excess amounts in the coinage profit fund’’ are substituted for ‘‘such sums as shall from time to time be transferred therefrom to the general fund of the Treasury’’ for clar- ity and for consistency in the revised title. In subsection (c), the words ‘‘metallic strip’’ are omitted as being included in ‘‘materials’’, and the word ‘‘terms’’ is omitted as being included in ‘‘conditions’’. In subsection (d)(1), the words ‘‘prohibit or limit’’ are substituted for ‘‘prohibit, curtail, or regulate’’ because of the restatement and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘prohibition or limitation’’ are substituted for ‘‘such action’’ because of the restatement. The words ‘‘under such rules and regulations as he may pre- scribe’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of section 321(b) of the revised title. In subsection (d)(2), the word ‘‘person’’ is substituted for ‘‘Whoever’’ for consistency in the revised title. In subsection (d)(3), the words ‘‘and his delegates’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the power of the Secretary to delegate under section 321(b) of the re- vised title. The word ‘‘remedies’’ is substituted for ‘‘ju- dicial and other remedies available to the United States’’ to eliminate unnecessary words. The words ‘‘of property subject to forfeiture pursuant to subsection (a) of this section’’ and ‘‘for the enforcement of forfeit- ures of property subject to forfeiture under any provi- sion of title 26’’ are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement. Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT The Internal Revenue Code of 1954, referred to in sub- sec. (d)(3), was redesignated the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, and is classified generally to Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. AMENDMENTS 1992—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–390 inserted ‘‘, including the cost of coin bags and pallets’’ after ‘‘distributing the coins’’ in fourth sentence. 1988—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–274 inserted heading and amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: ‘‘The Secretary may make contracts on conditions the Secretary decides are ap- propriate and in the public interest to acquire equip- ment, manufacturing facilities, patents, patent rights, technical knowledge and assistance, and materials nec- essary to produce rapidly an adequate supply of coins referred to in section 5112(a)(1)–(4) of this title.’’ Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries TERMINATION OF COINAGE PROFIT FUND AND COINAGE METAL FUND All assets and liabilities of Coinage Profit Fund and Coinage Metal Fund transferred to United States Mint Public Enterprise Fund and both coinage funds to cease to exist as separate funds as their activities and func- tions are subsumed under and subject to United States Mint Public Enterprise Fund, see section 5136 of this title. COMMEMORATIVE MEDALS Provisions authorizing commemorative medals were contained in the following acts: Pub. L. 118–161, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2572, recog- nizing Everett Alvarez, Jr. for distinctive service and sacrifice during the Vietnam war. Pub. L. 118–159, div. E, title LVII, § 5703, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2462, recognizing female telephone operators of the Army Signal Corps, known as the ‘‘Hello Girls’’. Pub. L. 118–150, Dec. 12, 2024, 138 Stat. 1682, recog- nizing Shirley Chisholm, the first African-American woman elected to Congress. Pub. L. 118–149, Dec. 12, 2024, 138 Stat. 1678, recog- nizing 60 diplomats for their brave and vital service of saving Jews during World War II, known as the Forgot- ten Heroes of the Holocaust. Pub. L. 118–88, Sept. 26, 2024, 138 Stat. 1554, recog- nizing Billie Jean King for her contribution to the United States and her leadership advancing equal rights for women. Pub. L. 118–87, Sept. 26, 2024, 138 Stat. 1550, recog- nizing the United States Army Dustoff crews of the Vietnam War, collectively, for their heroic military service. Pub. L. 117–334, Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6140, recognizing Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley for heroic actions in the midst of evil, injustice, and grief that became a catalyst for the civil rights movement. Pub. L. 117–328, div. AA, title VII, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5549, recognizing Benjamin Berell Ferencz for his service to the United States and international commu- nity during the post-World War II Nuremberg trials and lifelong advocacy for international criminal justice and rule of law. Pub. L. 117–320, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4426, recog- nizing the 53 hostages of the Iran Hostage Crisis of 1979–1981 for their bravery and endurance throughout their captivity. Pub. L. 117–256, Dec. 21, 2022, 136 Stat. 2368, recog- nizing Glen Doherty, J. Christopher Stevens, Sean Smith, and Tyrone Woods, killed in the attack on the United States consulate in Benghazi, Libya, on Sep- tember 11, 2012, for their contributions to the nation. Pub. L. 117–132, June 7, 2022, 136 Stat. 1232, recog- nizing United States Army Rangers Veterans of World War II. Pub. L. 117–97, Mar. 14, 2022, 136 Stat. 36, recognizing the service of the women of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, known as the ‘‘Six Triple Eight’’. Pub. L. 117–85, Feb. 1, 2022, 136 Stat. 11, recognizing the service of the 23d Headquarters Special Troops and the 3133d Signal Services Company, known collectively as the ‘‘Ghost Army’’, during World War II. Pub. L. 117–84, Jan. 31, 2022, 136 Stat. 8, recognizing Willie O’Ree, the first Black player to compete in the National Hockey League. Pub. L. 117–72, Dec. 16, 2021, 135 Stat. 1511, recognizing the 13 United States servicemembers killed at the Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, Afghani- stan, on Aug. 26, 2021. Pub. L. 117–38, Aug. 25, 2021, 135 Stat. 333, recognizing the 369th Infantry Regiment, commonly known as the ‘‘Harlem Hellfighters’’, for service during World War I. Pub. L. 117–32, Aug. 5, 2021, 135 Stat. 322, recognizing the United States Capitol Police and those who pro- tected the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. Pub. L. 116–208, Dec. 4, 2020, 134 Stat. 1008, recognizing Greg LeMond. Pub. L. 116–195, Dec. 3, 2020, 134 Stat. 984, recognizing female individuals who held employment or volun- teered in support of the war efforts during World War II, known as ‘‘Rosie the Riveter’’. Pub. L. 116–170, Oct. 17, 2020, 134 Stat. 775, recognizing Merrill’s Marauders. Pub. L. 116–125, Mar. 13, 2020, 134 Stat. 171, recognizing the United States merchant mariners of World War II. Pub. L. 116–68, Nov. 8, 2019, 133 Stat. 1129; Pub. L. 117–103, div. HH, title IV, § 401, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 1113, recognizing Katherine Johnson, Dr. Christine Dar- den, Dorothy Vaughan, Mary Jackson, and all women who served as computers, mathematicians, and engi- neers at the National Advisory Committee for Aero- nautics and the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration between the 1930s and the 1970s. Pub. L. 115–415, Jan. 3, 2019, 132 Stat. 5433, recognizing Stephen Michael Gleason. Page 377 TITLE 31—MONEY AND FINANCE § 5111 Pub. L. 115–338, Dec. 20, 2018, 132 Stat. 5033, recog- nizing the crew of the USS Indianapolis. Pub. L. 115–337, Dec. 20, 2018, 132 Stat. 5029, recog- nizing Chinese-American Veterans of World War II. Pub. L. 115–322, Dec. 17, 2018, 132 Stat. 4440, recog- nizing Larry Doby. Pub. L. 115–310, Dec. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 4424, recog- nizing Anwar Sadat. Pub. L. 115–60, Sept. 15, 2017, 131 Stat. 1154, recog- nizing Bob Dole. Pub. L. 114–269, Dec. 14, 2016, 130 Stat. 1391, recog- nizing the Office of Strategic Services. Pub. L. 114–265, Dec. 14, 2016, 130 Stat. 1376, recog- nizing Filipino Veterans of World War II. Pub. L. 114–5, Mar. 7, 2015, 129 Stat. 78, recognizing Foot Soldiers who participated in Bloody Sunday, Turnaround Tuesday, or the final Selma to Mont- gomery Voting Rights March in March, 1965. Pub. L. 113–210, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2077, recog- nizing Jack Nicklaus. Pub. L. 113–120, June 10, 2014, 128 Stat. 1187, recog- nizing the 65th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army, known as the ‘‘Borinqueneers’’. Pub. L. 113–116, June 9, 2014, 128 Stat. 1179, recog- nizing the Monuments Men. Pub. L. 113–114, June 9, 2014, 128 Stat. 1175, recog- nizing Shimon Peres. Pub. L. 113–108, May 30, 2014, 128 Stat. 1164, recog- nizing World War II members of the Civil Air Patrol. Pub. L. 113–106, May 23, 2014, 128 Stat. 1160, recog- nizing the World War II members of the 17th Bombard- ment Group (Medium) who became known as the ‘‘Doo- little Tokyo Raiders’’. Pub. L. 113–105, May 23, 2014, 128 Stat. 1157, recog- nizing the American Fighter Aces. Pub. L. 113–16, July 12, 2013, 127 Stat. 477, recognizing the First Special Service Force. Pub. L. 113–11, May 24, 2013, 127 Stat. 446, recognizing Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Carole Robertson, and Cynthia Wesley. Pub. L. 112–148, July 26, 2012, 126 Stat. 1140, recog- nizing Raoul Wallenberg. Pub. L. 112–76, Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1275, recognizing the fallen heroes who perished as a result of the ter- rorist attacks on the United States on Sept. 11, 2001. Pub. L. 112–59, Nov. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 749; Pub. L. 113–118, § 3, June 9, 2014, 128 Stat. 1183, recognizing the Montford Point Marines. Pub. L. 111–254, Oct. 5, 2010, 124 Stat. 2637, recognizing the 100th Infantry Battalion, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and the Military Intelligence Service, United States Army, for service during World War II. Pub. L. 111–253, Oct. 5, 2010, 124 Stat. 2635, recognizing Dr. Muhammad Yunus. Pub. L. 111–221, Aug. 6, 2010, 124 Stat. 2376, recognizing the 10th anniversary of Sept. 11, 2001, and the establish- ment of the National September 11 Memorial & Mu- seum. Pub. L. 111–65, Sept. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 2003, recog- nizing Arnold Palmer. Pub. L. 111–44, Aug. 7, 2009, 123 Stat. 1966, recognizing Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. ‘‘Buzz’’ Aldrin, Jr., Mi- chael Collins, and John Herschel Glenn, Jr. Pub. L. 111–40, July 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 1958, recognizing the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP). Pub. L. 110–420, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4774, recog- nizing Native American code talkers. Pub. L. 110–260, July 1, 2008, 122 Stat. 2433, recognizing Senator Edward William Brooke III. Pub. L. 110–259, July 1, 2008, 122 Stat. 2430, recognizing Constantino Brumidi. Pub. L. 110–209, May 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 721, recognizing Aung San Suu Kyi. Pub. L. 110–95, Oct. 16, 2007, 121 Stat. 1008, recognizing Michael Ellis DeBakey, M.D. Pub. L. 109–395, Dec. 14, 2006, 120 Stat. 2708, recog- nizing Dr. Norman E. Borlaug. Pub. L. 109–357, Oct. 16, 2006, 120 Stat. 2044, recog- nizing Byron Nelson. Pub. L. 109–287, Sept. 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 1231, recog- nizing the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. Pub. L. 109–213, Apr. 11, 2006, 120 Stat. 322, recognizing the Tuskegee Airmen. Pub. L. 108–447, div. B, title I, § 124, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2871; Pub. L. 109–13, div. A, title VI, § 6060, May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 297; Pub. L. 115–276, Nov. 3, 2018, 132 Stat. 4166, recognizing members of public safety organiza- tions who were killed in, or died as a result of, the ter- rorist attacks in the United States on Sept. 11, 2001. Pub. L. 108–368, Oct. 25, 2004, 118 Stat. 1746; Pub. L. 113–118, § 2, June 9, 2014, 128 Stat. 1183, recognizing Rev- erend Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr., and his widow Coretta Scott King. Pub. L. 108–180, Dec. 15, 2003, 117 Stat. 2645, recog- nizing Reverend Joseph A. DeLaine, Harry and Eliza Briggs, and Levi Pearson. Pub. L. 108–162, Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2017, recognizing Dr. Dorothy Irene Height. Pub. L. 108–101, Oct. 29, 2003, 117 Stat. 1195, recog- nizing Jackie Robinson. Pub. L. 108–60, July 17, 2003, 117 Stat. 862, recognizing Prime Minister Tony Blair. Pub. L. 107–127, Jan. 16, 2002, 115 Stat. 2405, recog- nizing General Henry H. Shelton. Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. B, title XI, § 1101], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–311, recognizing the Navajo Code Talkers. Pub. L. 106–251, July 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 624, recognizing Ronald and Nancy Reagan. Pub. L. 106–250, July 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 622, recognizing Pope John Paul II. Pub. L. 106–225, June 20, 2000, 114 Stat. 457, recog- nizing Charles M. Schulz. Pub. L. 106–175, Mar. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 21, recognizing Archbishop John Cardinal O’Connor. Pub. L. 106–153, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1733, recognizing Father Theodore M. Hesburgh. Pub. L. 106–26, May 4, 1999, 113 Stat. 50, recognizing Rosa Parks. Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, § 139(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–597, recognizing the individuals commonly referred to as the ‘‘Little Rock Nine’’. Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, § 139(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–598, recognizing Gerald R. and Betty Ford. Pub. L. 105–215, July 29, 1998, 112 Stat. 895, recognizing Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. Pub. L. 105–51, Oct. 6, 1997, 111 Stat. 1170, recognizing Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew. Pub. L. 105–16, June 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 35, recognizing Mother Teresa of Calcutta. Pub. L. 105–14, May 14, 1997, 111 Stat. 32, recognizing Frank Sinatra. Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title X, § 1066, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2654, recognizing civilians who defended Pearl Harbor. Pub. L. 104–111, Feb. 13, 1996, 110 Stat. 772, recognizing Billy and Ruth Graham. Pub. L. 103–457, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4799, recognizing Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Pub. L. 102–479, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2308, commemo- rating the 250th anniversary of the founding of the American Philosophical Society and of the birth of Thomas Jefferson. Pub. L. 102–406, Oct. 12, 1992, 106 Stat. 1986, commemo- rating Benjamin Franklin’s contributions to American fire services. Pub. L. 102–281, title III, May 13, 1992, 106 Stat. 137; Pub. L. 103–328, title II, § 203, Sept. 29, 1994, 108 Stat. 2369, recognizing members of the United States Armed Forces who served in a combat zone in connection with the Persian Gulf conflict. Pub. L. 102–33, Apr. 23, 1991, 105 Stat. 177, recognizing General Colin L. Powell. Pub. L. 102–32, Apr. 23, 1991, 105 Stat. 175, recognizing General H. Norman Schwarzkopf. Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §§ 1491, 1494, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1720, 1722, recognizing General Matthew B. Ridgway. Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §§ 1492, 1494, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1721, 1722, recognizing veterans of the Armed Forces of the United States who were present in Page 378 TITLE 31—MONEY AND FINANCE § 5112 Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941, and participated in combat oper- ations that day. Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §§ 1493, 1494, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1722, commemorating centennial of Yo- semite National Park. Pub. L. 101–296, May 17, 1990, 104 Stat. 197, recognizing Laurance Spelman Rockefeller. Pub. L. 101–260, Mar. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 122, commemo- rating bicentennial of United States Coast Guard. Pub. L. 100–639, Nov. 9, 1988, 102 Stat. 3331, recognizing Andrew Wyeth. Pub. L. 100–437, §§ 1–3, Sept. 20, 1988, 102 Stat. 1717, rec- ognizing Jesse Owens. Pub. L. 100–210, §§ 1, 2, Dec. 24, 1987, 101 Stat. 1441, rec- ognizing Mary Lasker. Pub. L. 99–418, Sept. 23, 1986, 100 Stat. 952, recognizing Aaron Copland. Pub. L. 99–311, May 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 464, recognizing Harry Chapin. Pub. L. 99–298, May 13, 1986, 100 Stat. 432, recognizing Natan (Anatoly) and Avital Shcharansky. Pub. L. 99–295, May 12, 1986, 100 Stat. 427; Pub. L. 100–210, § 3, Dec. 24, 1987, 101 Stat. 1441; Pub. L. 100–437, § 4, Sept. 20, 1988, 102 Stat. 1717, commemorating the Young Astronaut Program. Pub. L. 95–630, title IV, §§ 401–407, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3679, 3680, recognizing outstanding individuals in the American arts. § 5112. Denominations, specifications, and design of coins (a) The Secretary of the Treasury may mint and issue only the following coins: (1) a dollar coin that is 1.043 inches in diame- ter. (2) a half dollar coin that is 1.205 inches in diameter and weighs 11.34 grams. (3) a quarter dollar coin that is 0.955 inch in diameter and weighs 5.67 grams. (4) a dime coin that is 0.705 inch in diameter and weighs 2.268 grams. (5) a 5-cent coin that is 0.835 inch in diame- ter and weighs 5 grams. (6) except as provided under subsection (c) of this section, a one-cent coin that is 0.75 inch in diameter and weighs 3.11 grams. (7) A fifty dollar gold coin that is 32.7 milli- meters in diameter, weighs 33.931 grams, and contains one troy ounce of fine gold. (8) A twenty-five dollar gold coin that is 27.0 millimeters in diameter, weighs 16.966 grams, and contains one-half troy ounce of fine gold. (9) A ten dollar gold coin that is 22.0 milli- meters in diameter, weighs 8.483 grams, and contains one-fourth troy ounce of fine gold. (10) A five dollar gold coin that is 16.5 milli- meters in diameter, weighs 3.393 grams, and contains one-tenth troy ounce of fine gold. (11) A $50 gold coin that is of an appropriate size and thickness, as determined by the Sec- retary, weighs 1 ounce, and contains 99.99 per- cent pure gold. (12) A $25 coin of an appropriate size and thickness, as determined by the Secretary, that weighs 1 troy ounce and contains .9995 fine palladium. (b) The half dollar, quarter dollar, and dime coins are clad coins with 3 layers of metal. The 2 identical outer layers are an alloy of 75 per- cent copper and 25 percent nickel. The inner layer is copper. The outer layers are metallurgi- cally bonded to the inner layer and weigh at least 30 percent of the weight of the coin. The dollar coin shall be golden in color, have a dis- tinctive edge, have tactile and visual features that make the denomination of the coin readily discernible, be minted and fabricated in the United States, and have similar metallic, anti- counterfeiting properties as United States coin- age in circulation on the date of enactment of the United States $1 Coin Act of 1997. The 5-cent coin is an alloy of 75 percent copper and 25 per- cent nickel. In minting 5-cent coins, the Sec- retary shall use bars that vary not more than 2.5 percent from the percent of nickel required. Ex- cept as provided under subsection (c) of this sec- tion, the one-cent coin is an alloy of 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc. In minting gold coins, the Secretary shall use alloys that vary not more than 0.1 percent from the percent of gold required. The specifications for alloys are by weight. (c) The Secretary may prescribe the weight and the composition of copper and zinc in the alloy of the one-cent coin that the Secretary de- cides are appropriate when the Secretary de- cides that a different weight and alloy of copper and zinc are necessary to ensure an adequate supply of one-cent coins to meet the needs of the United States. (d)(1) United States coins shall have the in- scription ‘‘In God We Trust’’. The obverse side of each coin shall have the inscription ‘‘Liberty’’. The reverse side of each coin shall have the in- scriptions ‘‘United States of America’’ and ‘‘E Pluribus Unum’’ and a designation of the value of the coin. The design on the reverse side of the dollar, half dollar, and quarter dollar is an eagle. Subject to other provisions of this sub- section, the obverse of any 5-cent coin issued after December 31, 2005, shall bear the likeness of Thomas Jefferson and the reverse of any such 5-cent coin shall bear an image of the home of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Con- gress, shall select appropriate designs for the ob- verse and reverse sides of the dollar coin. The coins have an inscription of the year of minting or issuance. However, to prevent or alleviate a shortage of a denomination, the Secretary may inscribe coins of the denomination with the year that was last inscribed on coins of the denomi- nation. (2) The Secretary shall prepare the devices, models, hubs, and dies for coins, emblems, de- vices, inscriptions, and designs authorized under this chapter. The Secretary may, after con- sulting with the Citizens Coinage Advisory Com- mittee and the Commission of Fine Arts, adopt and prepare new designs or models of emblems or devices that are authorized in the same way as when new coins or devices are authorized. The Secretary may change the design or die of a coin only once within 25 years of the first adoption of the design, model, hub, or die for that coin. The Secretary may procure services under section 3109 of title 5 in carrying out this paragraph. (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall mint and issue, in qualities and quantities that the Secretary de- termines are sufficient to meet public demand, coins which— (1) are 40.6 millimeters in diameter and weigh 31.103 grams;