22 U.S.C. § 2151d — Development of indigenous energy re-

Page 613 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151d Development are authorized to prioritize and ad- vance ongoing efforts to support programs that— (1) provide safe primary and secondary edu- cation for displaced children; (2) build the capacity of institutions in coun- tries hosting displaced people to prevent dis- crimination against displaced children, espe- cially displaced girls, who seek access to such education; and (3) help increase the access of displaced chil- dren, especially displaced girls, to edu- cational, economic, and entrepreneurial oppor- tunities, including through the governmental authorities responsible for educational or youth services in such host countries. (b) Coordination with multilateral organizations The Secretary and the Administrator are au- thorized to coordinate with the World Bank, ap- propriate agencies of the United Nations, and other relevant multilateral organizations to work with governments in other countries to collect relevant data, disaggregated by age and gender, on the ability of displaced people to ac- cess education and participate in economic ac- tivity, in order to improve the targeting, moni- toring, and evaluation of related assistance ef- forts. (c) Coordination with private sector and civil so- ciety organizations The Secretary and the Administrator are au- thorized to work with private sector and civil society organizations to promote safe primary and secondary education for displaced children. (Pub. L. 115–442, § 5, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5591.) Editorial Notes CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Protecting Girls’ Access to Education in Vulnerable Settings Act, and not as part of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries FINDINGS Pub. L. 115–442, § 2, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5590, pro- vided that: ‘‘Congress finds the following: ‘‘(1) As of June 2018, more than 68,000,000 people have been displaced by disasters and conflicts around the world, the highest number recorded since the end of World War II, of which more than 25,000,000 people are refugees. ‘‘(2) More than half of the population of refugees are children and, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, nearly 4,000,000 school-aged refugee children lack access to primary education. ‘‘(3) Education offers socioeconomic opportunities, psychological stability, and physical protection for displaced people, particularly for women and girls, who might otherwise be vulnerable to severe forms of trafficking in persons (as such term is defined in sec- tion 103(9) [now 103(11)] of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7102(9) [now 7102(11)]), child marriage, sexual exploitation, or eco- nomic disenfranchisement. ‘‘(4) Displaced children face considerable barriers to accessing educational services and, because the dura- tion of such displacement is, on average, 26 years, such children may spend the entirety of their child- hood without access to such services. ‘‘(5) Despite the rising need for educational serv- ices, as of 2016, less than two percent of humanitarian aid was directed toward educational services.’’ STATEMENT OF POLICY Pub. L. 115–442, § 4, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5591, pro- vided that: ‘‘It is the policy of the United States to— ‘‘(1) partner with and encourage other countries, public and private multilateral institutions, and non- governmental and civil society organizations, includ- ing faith-based organizations and organizations rep- resenting parents and children, to support efforts to ensure that displaced children have access to safe pri- mary and secondary education; ‘‘(2) work with donors to enhance training and ca- pacity-building for the governments of countries hosting significant numbers of displaced people to de- sign, implement, and monitor programs to effectively address barriers to such education; and ‘‘(3) coordinate with the governments of countries hosting significant numbers of displaced people to— ‘‘(A) promote the inclusion of displaced children into the educational systems of such countries; and ‘‘(B) in circumstances in which such inclusion is difficult, develop innovative approaches to pro- viding safe primary and secondary educational op- portunities, such as encouraging schools to permit children to be educated by extending the hours of schooling or expanding the number of teachers.’’ § 2151d. Development of indigenous energy re- sources (a) Congressional statement of findings (1)(A) The Congress finds that energy develop- ment and production are vital elements in the development process, that energy shortages in developing countries severely limit the develop- ment process in such countries, that two-thirds of the developing countries which import oil de- pend on it for at least 90 percent of the energy which their economies require, and that the dra- matic increase in world oil prices since 1973 has resulted in considerable economic hardship for many developing countries. The Congress is con- cerned that the value and purpose of much of the assistance provided to developing countries under sections 2151a, 2151b, and 2151c of this title are undermined by the inability of many devel- oping countries to satisfy their energy require- ments. Unless the energy deficit of the devel- oping countries can be narrowed by more fully exploiting indigenous sources of energy such as oil, natural gas, and coal, scarce foreign ex- change will increasingly have to be diverted to oil imports, primarily to the detriment of long- term development and economic growth. (B) The Congress recognizes that many devel- oping countries lack access to the financial re- sources and technology necessary to locate, ex- plore, and develop indigenous energy resources. (C) The Congress declares that there is poten- tial for at least a moderate increase by 1990 in the production of energy for commercial use in the developing countries which are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In addition, there is a compelling need for vigorous efforts to improve the avail- able data on the location, scale, and commercial exploitability of potential oil, natural gas, and coal reserves in developing countries, especially those which are not members of the Organiza- tion of Petroleum Exporting Countries. The Congress further declares that there are many Page 614 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151d benefits to be gained by the developing coun- tries and by the United States and other devel- oped countries through expanded efforts to expe- dite the location, exploration, and development of potential sources of energy in developing countries. These benefits include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) The world’s energy supply would be in- creased and the fear of abrupt depletion would be lessened with new energy production. This could have a positive impact upon energy prices in international markets as well as a positive effect upon the balance of payments problems of many developing countries. (ii) Diversification of the world’s supplies of energy from fossil fuels would make all coun- tries, developing and developed, less suscep- tible to supply interruptions and arbitrary production and pricing policies. (iii) Even a moderate increase in energy pro- duction in the developing countries would im- prove their ability to expand commercial trade, foreign investment, and technology transfer possibilities with the United States and other developed countries. (D) Assistance for the production of energy from indigenous resources, as authorized by sub- section (b) of this section, would be of direct benefit to the poor in developing countries be- cause of the overwhelming impact of imported energy costs upon the lives of the poor and their ability to participate in development. (2) The Congress also finds that energy produc- tion from renewable, decentralized sources and energy conservation are vital elements in the development process. Inadequate access by the poor to energy sources as well as the prospect of depleted fossil fuel reserves and higher energy prices require an enhanced effort to expand the energy resources of developing countries through greater emphasis on renewable sources. Renewable and decentralized energy tech- nologies have particular applicability for the poor, especially in rural areas. (b) General assistance authority; cooperative programs in energy production and con- servation; program goals (1) In order to help developing countries allevi- ate their energy problems by improving their ability to use indigenous energy resources to produce the energy needed by their economies, the President is authorized to furnish assist- ance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, to enable such countries to prepare for and undertake development of their energy resources. Such assistance may include data col- lection and analysis, the training of skilled per- sonnel, research on and development of suitable energy sources, and pilot projects to test new methods of energy production. (2) The President is authorized to furnish as- sistance under this part for cooperative pro- grams with developing countries in energy pro- duction and conservation, through research on and development and use of small-scale, decen- tralized, renewable energy sources for rural areas carried out as integral parts of rural de- velopment efforts in accordance with section 2151a of this title. Such programs shall also be directed toward the earliest practicable develop- ment and use of energy technologies which are environmentally acceptable, require minimum capital investment, are most acceptable to and affordable by the people using them, are simple and inexpensive to use and maintain, and are transferable from one region of the world to an- other. Such programs may include research on and the development, demonstration, and appli- cation of suitable energy technologies (includ- ing use of wood); analysis of energy uses, needs, and resources; training and institutional devel- opment; and scientific interchange. (c) Administrative coordination of planning and implementation of programs The agency primarily responsible for admin- istering subchapter I of this chapter and the De- partment of Energy shall coordinate with one another, to the maximum extent possible, the planning and implementation of energy pro- grams under this part. (d) Assistance for programs of technical coopera- tion and development, research, etc. The President is authorized to furnish assist- ance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for the following activities, to the extent that such activities are not authorized by sections 2151a, 2151b, and 2151c of this title: (1) programs of technical cooperation and development, particularly the development ef- forts of United States private and voluntary agencies and regional and international devel- opment organizations; (2) programs of research into, and evaluation of, the process of economic development in less developed countries and areas, into the factors affecting the relative success and costs of development activities, and into the means, techniques, and such other aspects of develop- ment assistance as the President may deter- mine in order to render such assistance of in- creasing value and benefit; (3) programs of reconstruction following nat- ural or manmade disasters and programs of disaster preparedness, including the prediction of and contingency planning for natural disas- ters abroad; (4) programs designed to help solve special development problems in the poorest countries and to make possible proper utilization of in- frastructure and related projects funded with earlier United States assistance; and (5) programs of urban development, with particular emphasis on small, labor intensive enterprises, marketing systems for small pro- ducers, and financial and other institutions which enable the urban poor to participate in the economic and social development of their country. (e) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated $2,000,000 for fiscal years 2021 through 2023 to fi- nance cooperative projects among the United States, Israel, and developing countries that identify and support local solutions to address sustainability challenges relating to water re- sources, agriculture, and energy storage, includ- ing— (1) establishing public-private partnerships; (2) supporting the identification, research, development testing, and scaling of innova- Page 615 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2151e tions that focus on populations that are vul- nerable to environmental and resource-scar- city crises, such as subsistence farming com- munities; (3) seed or transition-to-scale funding; (4) clear and appropriate branding and mark- ing of United States funded assistance, in ac- cordance with section 2401 of this title; and (5) accelerating demonstrations or applica- tions of local solutions to sustainability chal- lenges, or the further refinement, testing, or implementation of innovations that have pre- viously effectively addressed sustainability challenges. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 106, as added Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 306(2), Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 858; amended Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 105, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 535; Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 106, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 96–53, title I, §§ 104(b), 105, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 360, 362; Pub. L. 96–533, title III, § 304(b)–(f), Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3146; Pub. L. 97–113, title III, § 304, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1533; Pub. L. 99–83, title III, § 307, title XII, § 1211(a)(2), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 215, 279; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1278, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3981.) Editorial Notes PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 2151d, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 106, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(3), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 715, au- thorized additional appropriations of $53,000,000 for fis- cal years 1974, and 1975, for assistance to solve selected development problems in such fields as transportation, power, industry, urban development, and export devel- opment, prior to repeal by section 306(1) of Pub. L. 94–161. AMENDMENTS 2021—Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 116–283 added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsecs. (e) and (f) which related to authorization of appropriations and financing coop- erative projects among United States, Israel, and devel- oping countries, respectively. 1985—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 99–83, § 1211(a)(2), struck out par. (A) designation, and struck out par. (B) which related to use of funds in fiscal year 1981 for geological and geophysical survey work. Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 99–83, § 307(a), amended par. (1) generally, substituting provisions authorizing appro- priations of $207,000,000 for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 for provisions authorizing appropriations of $147,200,000 for fiscal years 1982 and 1983. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–83, § 307(b), added subsec. (f). 1981—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 97–113, § 304(a), authorized assistance for programs of disaster preparedness, in- cluding the prediction of and contingency planning for natural disasters abroad. Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 97–113, § 304(b), substituted ap- propriations of $147,200,000 for fiscal years 1982 and 1983, for appropriations of $140,000,000 for fiscal year 1981. 1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–533, § 304(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (1)(A), substituted sub- par. (B), (C), and (D) for par. (2), (3), and (4) designa- tions, substituted in subpar. (C), cl. (i), (ii), and (iii) for (A), (B), and (C) designations, and added par. (2). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–533, § 304(c), (d), designated ex- isting provisions as subpar. (1)(A), substituted subpar. (B) for par. (2) designation, substituted in subpar. (1)(B) ‘‘fiscal year 1981 shall be used for purposes of subpara- graph (A)’’ for ‘‘fiscal year 1980 shall be used for pur- poses of paragraph (1)’’ and added par. (2). Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 96–533, § 304(d)–(f), added subsec. (c), redesignated former subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e), respectively, and in subsec. (e) designated text as pars. (1) and (2), and in par. (1) as so designated, substituted appropriations authorization of ‘‘$140,000,000 for the fiscal year 1981’’ for such appropria- tion of ‘‘$125,000,000 for the fiscal year 1980’’. 1979—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 96–53, § 104(b)(2), (3), added subsecs. (a) and (b). Former subsecs. (a) and (b) redesignated (c) and (d), respectively. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–53, § 104(b)(1), (2), redesignated former subsec. (a) as (c), struck out par. (2), relating to programs to increase energy production and conserva- tion, and redesignated pars. (3) to (6) as (2) to (5), re- spectively. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–53, §§ 104(b)(2), 105, redesignated former subsec. (b) as (d) and substituted provisions au- thorizing appropriations for fiscal year 1980 of $125,000,000, for provisions authorizing appropriations for fiscal year 1979 of $126,244,000, and setting forth re- quirements for appropriations available to private vol- untary agencies of the United States. 1978—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–424 substituted ‘‘$126,244,000 for the fiscal year 1979, which amount is’’ for ‘‘$104,500,000 for the fiscal year 1977 and $105,000,000 for the fiscal year 1978, which amounts are’’. 1977—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–88 struck out provisions authorizing an appropriation of $99,550,000 for fiscal year 1976 and inserted provisions authorizing an appro- priation of $105,000,000 for fiscal year 1978. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries REFERENCES TO SUBCHAPTER I DEEMED TO INCLUDE CERTAIN PARTS OF SUBCHAPTER II References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include parts IV (§ 2346 et seq.), VI (§ 2348 et seq.), and VIII (§ 2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of Pub. L. 92–226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and sections 2348c and 2349aa–5 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1985 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under sec- tion 2151–1 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1979 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96–53 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 512(a) of Pub. L. 96–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title. Executive Documents DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title. § 2151e. Appropriate technology (a) In carrying out activities under this part, the President shall place special emphasis on the use of relatively smaller, cost-saving, labor- using technologies that are generally most ap- propriate for the small farms, small businesses, and small incomes of the poor. (b) Funds made available to carry out this part should be used to the extent practicable for activities in the field of appropriate technology, including support of an expanded and coordi- nated private effort to promote the development