28 U.S.C. § 1410 — Venue of cases ancillary to foreign pro-

Page 394 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 1410 $25,000, only in the district court for the district in which the defendant resides. (c) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a trustee in a case under title 11 may commence a proceeding arising in or related to such case as statutory successor to the debtor or creditors under section 541 or 544(b) of title 11 in the district court for the district where the State or Federal court sits in which, under ap- plicable nonbankruptcy venue provisions, the debtor or creditors, as the case may be, may have commenced an action on which such pro- ceeding is based if the case under title 11 had not been commenced. (d) A trustee may commence a proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11 based on a claim arising after the commencement of such case from the operation of the business of the debtor only in the district court for the district where a State or Federal court sits in which, under applicable nonbankruptcy venue provisions, an action on such claim may have been brought. (e) A proceeding arising under title 11 or aris- ing in or related to a case under title 11, based on a claim arising after the commencement of such case from the operation of the business of the debtor, may be commenced against the rep- resentative of the estate in such case in the dis- trict court for the district where the State or Federal court sits in which the party com- mencing such proceeding may, under applicable nonbankruptcy venue provisions, have brought an action on such claim, or in the district court in which such case is pending. (Added Pub. L. 98–353, title I, § 102(a), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 334; amended Pub. L. 109–8, title IV, § 410, Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 106; Pub. L. 116–54, § 3(b), Aug. 23, 2019, 133 Stat. 1085.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2019—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–54 substituted ‘‘$25,000’’ for ‘‘$10,000’’. 2005—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–8 substituted ‘‘$15,000, or a debt (excluding a consumer debt) against a noninsider of less than $10,000,’’ for ‘‘$5,000’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2019 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 116–54 effective 180 days after Aug. 23, 2019, see section 5 of Pub. L. 116–54, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2005 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before such ef- fective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11. EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective July 10, 1984, see section 122(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 151 of this title. Court Rules and Judicial Documents ADJUSTMENT OF DOLLAR AMOUNTS The dollar amounts specified in this section were ad- justed by notices of the Judicial Conference of the United States pursuant to section 104 of Title 11, Bank- ruptcy, as follows: By notice dated Jan. 31, 2022, 87 F.R. 6625, effective Apr. 1, 2022, in subsec. (b), dollar amounts ‘‘1,375’’, ‘‘20,450’’, and ‘‘25,000’’ were adjusted to ‘‘1,525’’, ‘‘22,700’’, and ‘‘27,750’’, respectively. See notice of the Judicial Conference of the United States set out as a note under section 104 of Title 11. By notice dated Feb. 5, 2019, 84 F.R. 3488, effective Apr. 1, 2019, in subsec. (b), dollar amounts ‘‘1,300’’, ‘‘19,250’’, and ‘‘12,850’’ were adjusted to ‘‘1,375’’, ‘‘20,450’’, and ‘‘13,650’’, respectively. By notice dated Feb. 16, 2016, 81 F.R. 8748, effective Apr. 1, 2016, in subsec. (b), dollar amounts ‘‘1,250’’, ‘‘18,675’’, and ‘‘12,475’’ were adjusted to ‘‘1,300’’, ‘‘19,250’’, and ‘‘12,850’’, respectively. By notice dated Feb. 12, 2013, 78 F.R. 12089, effective Apr. 1, 2013, in subsec. (b), dollar amounts ‘‘1,175’’, ‘‘17,575’’, and ‘‘11,725’’ were adjusted to ‘‘1,250’’, ‘‘18,675’’, and ‘‘12,475’’, respectively. By notice dated Feb. 19, 2010, 75 F.R. 8747, effective Apr. 1, 2010, in subsec. (b), dollar amounts ‘‘1,100’’, ‘‘16,425’’, and ‘‘10,950’’ were adjusted to ‘‘1,175’’, ‘‘17,575’’, and ‘‘11,725’’, respectively. By notice dated Feb. 7, 2007, 72 F.R. 7082, effective Apr. 1, 2007, in subsec. (b), dollar amounts ‘‘1,000’’, ‘‘15,000’’, and ‘‘10,000’’ were adjusted to ‘‘1,100’’, ‘‘16,425’’, and ‘‘10,950’’, respectively. Pub. L. 116–54 subsequently substituted ‘‘25,000’’ for ‘‘10,000’’, see 2019 Amendment note above. § 1410. Venue of cases ancillary to foreign pro- ceedings A case under chapter 15 of title 11 may be com- menced in the district court of the United States for the district— (1) in which the debtor has its principal place of business or principal assets in the United States; (2) if the debtor does not have a place of business or assets in the United States, in which there is pending against the debtor an action or proceeding in a Federal or State court; or (3) in a case other than those specified in paragraph (1) or (2), in which venue will be consistent with the interests of justice and the convenience of the parties, having regard to the relief sought by the foreign representative. (Added Pub. L. 98–353, title I, § 102(a), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 335; amended Pub. L. 109–8, title VIII, § 802(c)(4), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 146.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2005—Pub. L. 109–8 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to venue of cases com- menced under section 304 of title 11. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2005 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before such ef- fective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11. EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective July 10, 1984, see section 122(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 151 of this title. Page 395 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 1441 1 So in original. Does not conform to section catchline. § 1411. Jury trials (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, this chapter and title 11 do not affect any right to trial by jury that an individual has under applicable nonbankruptcy law with regard to a personal injury or wrongful death tort claim. (b) The district court may order the issues arising under section 303 of title 11 to be tried without a jury. (Added Pub. L. 98–353, title I, § 102(a), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 335.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective July 10, 1984, except that subsec. (a) not applicable with respect to cases under Title 11, Bankruptcy, that are pending on July 10, 1984, or to proceedings arising in or related to such cases, see sec- tion 122(a), (b) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 151 of this title. § 1412. Change of venue A district court may transfer a case or pro- ceeding under title 11 to a district court for an- other district, in the interest of justice or for the convenience of the parties. (Added Pub. L. 98–353, title I, § 102(a), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 335.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective July 10, 1984, see section 122(a) of Pub. L. 98–353, set out as a note under section 151 of this title. § 1413. Venue of cases under chapter 5 of title 3 Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this chapter, a civil action under section 1346(g) may be brought in the United States district court for the district in which the employee is employed or in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. (Added Pub. L. 104–331, § 3(b)(2)(A), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4069.) Editorial Notes CODIFICATION Pub. L. 104–331, § 3(b)(2)(A), which directed the amend- ment of chapter 37 of this title by adding this section at end, was executed by adding this section at the end of chapter 87 of this title to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective Oct. 1, 1997, see section 3(d) of Pub. L. 104–331, set out as a note under section 1296 of this title. CHAPTER 89—DISTRICT COURTS; REMOVAL OF CASES FROM STATE COURTS Sec. 1441. Removal of civil actions. 1442. Federal officers and agencies sued or pros- ecuted.1 1442a. Members of armed forces sued or prosecuted. 1443. Civil rights cases. 1444. Foreclosure action against United States. 1445. Nonremovable actions. 1446. Procedure for removal of civil actions. 1447. Procedure after removal generally. 1448. Process after removal. 1449. State court record supplied. 1450. Attachment or sequestration; securities. 1451. Definitions. 1452. Removal of claims related to bankruptcy cases. 1453. Removal of class actions. 1454. Patent, plant variety protection, and copy- right cases. 1455. Procedure for removal of criminal prosecu- tions. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2011—Pub. L. 112–63, title I, § 103(d)(1), Dec. 7, 2011, 125 Stat. 762, substituted ‘‘Removal of civil actions’’ for ‘‘Actions removable generally’’ in item 1441, inserted ‘‘of civil actions’’ after ‘‘removal’’ in item 1446, and added item 1455. Pub. L. 112–29, § 19(c)(2), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 332, added item 1454. 2005—Pub. L. 109–2, § 5(b), Feb. 18, 2005, 119 Stat. 13, added item 1453. 1996—Pub. L. 104–317, title II, § 206(b), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3850, inserted ‘‘and agencies’’ after ‘‘officers’’ in item 1442. 1984—Pub. L. 98–353, title I, § 103(b), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 335, added item 1452. 1970—Pub. L. 91–358, title I, § 172(d)(2), July 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 591, added item 1451. 1958—Pub. L. 85–554, § 5(b), July 25, 1958, 72 Stat. 416, substituted ‘‘Nonremovable actions’’ for ‘‘Carriers; non-removable actions’’ in item 1445. 1956—Act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, § 19(b), 70A Stat. 627, added item 1442a. § 1441. Removal of civil actions (a) GENERALLY.—Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original juris- diction, may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending. (b) REMOVAL BASED ON DIVERSITY OF CITIZEN- SHIP.—(1) In determining whether a civil action is removable on the basis of the jurisdiction under section 1332(a) of this title, the citizenship of defendants sued under fictitious names shall be disregarded. (2) A civil action otherwise removable solely on the basis of the jurisdiction under section 1332(a) of this title may not be removed if any of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought. (c) JOINDER OF FEDERAL LAW CLAIMS AND STATE LAW CLAIMS.—(1) If a civil action in- cludes— (A) a claim arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States (within the meaning of section 1331 of this title), and (B) a claim not within the original or supple- mental jurisdiction of the district court or a claim that has been made nonremovable by statute, the entire action may be removed if the action would be removable without the inclusion of the claim described in subparagraph (B).