42 U.S.C. § 16313 — Solar Fuels Research Initiative

Page 8863 TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE § 16313 (B) fusion science, technology, theory, ad- vanced computation, modeling, and simula- tion are strengthened; (C) new magnetic and inertial fusion re- search and development facilities are se- lected based on scientific innovation and cost effectiveness, and the potential of the facilities to advance the goal of practical fu- sion energy at the earliest date practicable; (D) facilities that are selected are funded at a cost-effective rate; (E) communication of scientific results and methods between the fusion energy science community and the broader sci- entific and technology communities is im- proved; (F) inertial confinement fusion facilities are used to the extent practicable for the purpose of inertial fusion energy research and development; (G) attractive alternative inertial and magnetic fusion energy approaches are more fully explored; and (H) to the extent practicable, the rec- ommendations of the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee in the report on workforce planning, dated March 2004, are carried out, including periodic reassessment of program needs. (2) Costs and schedules The plan shall also address the status of and, to the extent practicable, costs and schedules for— (A) the design and implementation of international or national facilities for the testing of fusion materials; and (B) the design and implementation of international or national facilities for the testing and development of key fusion tech- nologies. (c) United States participation in ITER (1) In general There is authorized United States participa- tion in the construction and operations of the ITER project, as agreed to under the April 25, 2007 ‘‘Agreement on the Establishment of the ITER International Fusion Energy Organiza- tion for the Joint Implementation of the ITER Project’’. The Director shall coordinate and carry out the responsibilities of the United States with respect to this Agreement. (2) Report Not later than 1 year after the date of enact- ment of this section, the Secretary shall sub- mit to Congress a report providing an assess- ment of the most recent schedule for ITER that has been approved by the ITER Council. (3) Authorization of appropriations Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under section 18645(o) of this title, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the construction of ITER— (A) $374,000,000 for fiscal year 2021; (B) $379,700,000 for fiscal year 2023; (C) $419,250,000 for fiscal year 2024; (D) $415,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; (E) $370,500,000 for fiscal year 2026; and (F) $411,078,000 for fiscal year 2027. (Pub. L. 109–58, title IX, § 972, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 899; Pub. L. 116–260, div. Z, title II, § 2008(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2478; Pub. L. 117–167, div. B, title I, § 10105(b), Aug. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 1445.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 116–260, which enacted subsec. (c) of this section and was approved Dec. 27, 2020. AMENDMENTS 2022—Subsec. (c)(3)(B) to (F). Pub. L. 117–167 added subpars. (B) to (F) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: ‘‘$281,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2025.’’ 2020—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–260 amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) related to United States participation in ITER. § 16313. Solar Fuels Research Initiative (a) Initiative (1) In general The Secretary shall carry out a research ini- tiative, to be known as the ‘‘Solar Fuels Re- search Initiative’’ (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Initiative’’) to expand theoretical and fundamental knowledge of photochemistry, electrochemistry, biochemistry, and materials science useful for the practical development of experimental systems to convert solar energy to chemical energy. (2) Leveraging In carrying out programs and activities under the Initiative, the Secretary shall lever- age expertise and resources from— (A) the Basic Energy Sciences Program and the Biological and Environmental Re- search Program of the Office of Science; and (B) the Office of Energy Efficiency and Re- newable Energy. (3) Teams (A) In general In carrying out the Initiative, the Sec- retary shall organize activities among mul- tidisciplinary teams to leverage, to the max- imum extent practicable, expertise from the National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and the private sector. (B) Goals The multidisciplinary teams described in subparagraph (A) shall pursue aggressive, milestone-driven, basic research goals. (C) Resources The Secretary shall provide sufficient re- sources to the multidisciplinary teams de- scribed in subparagraph (A) to achieve the goals described in subparagraph (B) over a period of time to be determined by the Sec- retary. (4) Additional activities The Secretary may organize additional ac- tivities under this subsection through Energy Frontier Research Centers, Energy Innovation Hubs, or other organizational structures. Page 8864 TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE § 16314 (b) Artificial photosynthesis (1) In general The Secretary shall carry out under the Ini- tiative a program to support research needed to bridge scientific barriers to, and discover knowledge relevant to, artificial photosyn- thetic systems. (2) Activities As part of the program described in para- graph (1)— (A) the Director of the Office of Basic En- ergy Sciences shall support basic research to pursue distinct lines of scientific inquiry, in- cluding— (i) photoinduced production of hydrogen and oxygen from water; and (ii) the sustainable photoinduced reduc- tion of carbon dioxide to fuel products in- cluding hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbon monoxide, and natural gas; and (B) the Assistant Secretary for Energy Ef- ficiency and Renewable Energy shall support translational research, development, and validation of physical concepts developed under the program. (3) Standard of review The Secretary shall review activities carried out under the program described in paragraph (1) to determine the achievement of technical milestones. (4) Funds Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for basic energy sciences in a fiscal year, there is authorized to be appropriated to the Sec- retary to carry out activities under this sub- section $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027. (c) Biochemistry, replication of natural photo- synthesis, and related processes (1) In general The Secretary shall carry out under the Ini- tiative a program to support research needed to replicate natural photosynthetic processes by use of artificial photosynthetic components and materials. (2) Activities As part of the program described in para- graph (1)— (A) the Director of the Office of Basic En- ergy Sciences shall support basic research to expand fundamental knowledge to replicate natural synthesis processes, including— (i) the photoinduced reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia; (ii) the absorption of carbon dioxide from ambient air; (iii) molecular-based charge separation and storage; (iv) photoinitiated electron transfer; and (v) catalysis in biological or biomimetic systems; (B) the Associate Director of Biological and Environmental Research shall support systems biology and genomics approaches to understand genetic and physiological path- ways connected to photosynthetic mecha- nisms; and (C) the Assistant Secretary for Energy Ef- ficiency and Renewable Energy shall support translational research, development, and validation of physical concepts developed under the program. (3) Standard of review The Secretary shall review activities carried out under the program described in paragraph (1) to determine the achievement of technical milestones. (4) Funds Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for basic energy sciences in a fiscal year, there is authorized to be appropriated to the Sec- retary to carry out activities under this sub- section $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027. (Pub. L. 109–58, title IX, § 973, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 902; Pub. L. 115–246, title III, § 303(f)(1), for- merly § 303(d)(1), Sept. 28, 2018, 132 Stat. 3141, re- numbered § 303(f)(1), Pub. L. 117–167, div. B, title I, § 10102(a)(1), Aug. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 1409; Pub. L. 117–167, div. B, title I, § 10102(b), Aug. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 1414.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2022—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 117–167, § 10102(b)(1), added par. (4) and struck out former par. (4). Prior to amend- ment, text read as follows: ‘‘No funds allocated to the program described in paragraph (1) may be obligated or expended for commercial application of energy tech- nology.’’ Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 117–167, § 10102(b)(2), added par. (4) and struck out former par. (4). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘No funds allocated to the pro- gram described in paragraph (1) may be obligated or ex- pended for commercial application of energy tech- nology.’’ 2018—Pub. L. 115–246 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section related to catalysis research program. § 16314. Hydrogen (a) In general The Secretary shall conduct a program of fun- damental research and development in support of programs authorized under subchapter VIII. (b) Methods The program shall include support for meth- ods of generating hydrogen without the use of natural gas. (Pub. L. 109–58, title IX, § 974, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 903.) § 16315. Electricity Storage Research Initiative (a) Initiative (1) In general The Secretary shall carry out a research ini- tiative, to be known as the ‘‘Electricity Stor- age Research Initiative’’ (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Initiative’’)— (A) to expand theoretical and fundamental knowledge to control, store, and convert— (i) electrical energy to chemical energy; and (ii) chemical energy to electrical energy;