22 U.S.C. § 6324 — Definitions

Page 1794 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 6323 1 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘section;’’. 1 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘subsection (a) of this sec- tion’’. (1) improve the access of the IAEA within nuclear facilities that are capable of pro- ducing, processing, or fabricating special nu- clear material suitable for use in a nuclear ex- plosive device; (2)(A) facilitate the IAEA’s efforts to meet and to maintain its own goals for detecting the diversion of nuclear materials and equip- ment, giving particular attention to facilities in which there are bulk quantities of pluto- nium; and (B) if it is not technically feasible for the IAEA to meet those detection goals in a par- ticular facility, require the IAEA to declare publicly that it is unable to do so; (3) enable the IAEA to issue fines for viola- tions of safeguards procedures, to pay rewards for information on possible safeguards viola- tions, and to establish a ‘‘hot line’’ for the re- porting of such violations and other illicit uses of weapons-grade nuclear material; (4) establish safeguards at facilities engaged in the manufacture of equipment or material that is especially designated or prepared for the processing, use, or production of special fissionable material or, in the case of non-nu- clear-weapon states, of any nuclear explosive device; (5) establish safeguards over nuclear re- search and development activities and facili- ties; (6) implement special inspections of undeclared nuclear facilities, as provided for under existing safeguards procedures, and seek authority for the IAEA to conduct challenge inspections on demand at suspected nuclear sites; (7) expand the scope of safeguards to include tritium, uranium concentrates, and nuclear waste containing special fissionable material, and increase the scope of such safeguards on heavy water; (8) revise downward the IAEA’s official min- imum amounts of nuclear material (‘‘signifi- cant quantity’’) needed to make a nuclear ex- plosive device and establish these amounts as national rather than facility standards; (9) expand the use of full-time resident IAEA inspectors at sensitive fuel cycle facilities; (10) promote the use of near real time mate- rial accountancy in the conduct of safeguards at facilities that use, produce, or store signifi- cant quantities of special fissionable material; (11) develop with other IAEA member na- tions an agreement on procedures to expedite approvals of visa applications by IAEA inspec- tors; (12) provide the IAEA the additional funds, technical assistance, and political support necessary to carry out the goals set forth in this subsection; 1 and (13) make public the annual safeguards im- plementation report of the IAEA, establishing a public registry of commodities in inter- national nuclear commerce, including dual- use goods, and creating a public repository of current nuclear trade control laws, agree- ments, regulations, and enforcement and judi- cial actions by IAEA member nations. (Pub. L. 103–236, title VIII, § 842, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 523.) § 6323. Reporting requirement (a) Report required The President shall, in the report required by section 3281(a) of this title, describe— (1) the steps he has taken to implement sec- tions 6321 and 6322 of this title, and (2) the progress that has been made and the obstacles that have been encountered in seek- ing to meet the objectives set forth in sections 6321 and 6322 of this title. (b) Contents of report Each report under paragraph (1) 1 shall de- scribe— (1) the bilateral and multilateral initiatives that the President has taken during the period since April 30, 1994, in pursuit of each of the objectives set forth in sections 6321 and 6322 of this title; (2) any obstacles that have been encountered in the pursuit of those initiatives; (3) any additional initiatives that have been proposed by other countries or international organizations to strengthen the implementa- tion of IAEA safeguards; (4) all activities of the Federal Government in support of the objectives set forth in sec- tions 6321 and 6322 of this title; (5) any recommendations of the President on additional measures to enhance the effective- ness of IAEA safeguards; and (6) any initiatives that the President plans to take in support of each of the objectives set forth in sections 6321 and 6322 of this title. (Pub. L. 103–236, title VIII, § 843, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 524.) § 6324. Definitions As used in this subchapter— (1) the term ‘‘highly enriched uranium’’ means uranium enriched to 20 percent or more in the isotope U–235; (2) the term ‘‘IAEA’’ means the Inter- national Atomic Energy Agency; (3) the term ‘‘near real time material ac- countancy’’ means a method of accounting for the location, quantity, and disposition of spe- cial fissionable material at facilities that store or process such material, in which verification of peaceful use is continuously achieved by means of frequent physical inven- tories and the use of in-process instrumenta- tion; (4) the term ‘‘special fissionable material’’ has the meaning given that term by Article XX(1) of the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency, done at the Head- quarters of the United Nations on October 26, 1956; (5) the term ‘‘the Treaty’’ means the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, signed at Washington, London, and Moscow on July 1, 1968; and (6) the terms ‘‘IAEA safeguards’’, ‘‘non-nu- clear-weapon state’’, ‘‘nuclear explosive de- Page 1795 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 6401 vice’’, and ‘‘special nuclear material’’ have the meanings given those terms in section 6305 of this title. (Pub. L. 103–236, title VIII, § 844, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 524.) CHAPTER 73—INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Sec. 6401. Findings; policy. 6402. Definitions. SUBCHAPTER I—DEPARTMENT OF STATE ACTIVITIES 6411. Office on International Religious Freedom; Ambassador at Large for International Re- ligious Freedom. 6412. Reports. 6413. Establishment of religious freedom Internet site. 6414. High-level contacts with nongovernmental organizations. 6415. Programs and allocations of funds by United States missions abroad. 6416. Equal access to United States missions abroad for conducting religious activities. 6417. Prisoner lists and issue briefs on religious freedom concerns. SUBCHAPTER II—COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM 6431. Establishment and composition. 6432. Duties of Commission. 6432a. Powers of the Commission. 6432b. Commission personnel matters. 6433. Report of Commission. 6433a. Strategic plan. 6434. Applicability of other laws. 6435. Authorization of appropriations. 6435a. Standards of conduct and disclosure. 6436. Termination. SUBCHAPTER III—PRESIDENTIAL ACTIONS PART A—TARGETED RESPONSES TO VIOLATIONS OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ABROAD 6441. Presidential actions in response to violations of religious freedom. 6442. Presidential actions in response to particu- larly severe violations of religious freedom. 6442a. Non-state actor designations. 6443. Consultations. 6444. Report to Congress. 6445. Description of Presidential actions. 6446. Effects on existing contracts. 6447. Presidential waiver. 6448. Publication in Federal Register. 6449. Termination of Presidential actions. 6450. Preclusion of judicial review. PART B—STRENGTHENING EXISTING LAW 6461. Exports of certain items used in particularly severe violations of religious freedom. SUBCHAPTER IV—REFUGEE, ASYLUM, AND CONSULAR MATTERS 6471. Use of Annual Report. 6472. Reform of refugee policy. 6473. Reform of asylum policy. 6473a. Designated persons list for particularly se- vere violations of religious freedom. 6474. Studies on effect of expedited removal provi- sions on asylum claims. SUBCHAPTER V—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 6481. Business codes of conduct. 6482. Voluntary codes of conduct for United States institutions of higher education outside the United States. Sec. 6483. Sense of Congress regarding national security strategy to promote religious freedom through United States foreign policy. § 6401. Findings; policy (a) Findings Congress makes the following findings: (1) The right to freedom of religion undergirds the very origin and existence of the United States. Many of our Nation’s founders fled religious persecution abroad, cherishing in their hearts and minds the ideal of religious freedom. They established in law, as a funda- mental right and as a pillar of our Nation, the right to freedom of religion. From its birth to this day, the United States has prized this leg- acy of religious freedom and honored this her- itage by standing for religious freedom and of- fering refuge to those suffering religious perse- cution. (2) Freedom of religious belief and practice is a universal human right and fundamental freedom articulated in numerous international instruments, including the Universal Declara- tion of Human Rights, the International Cov- enant on Civil and Political Rights, the Hel- sinki Accords, the Declaration on the Elimi- nation of All Forms of Intolerance and Dis- crimination Based on Religion or Belief, the United Nations Charter, and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. (3) Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes that ‘‘Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. This right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, ei- ther alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and ob- servance.’’. Article 18(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recog- nizes that ‘‘Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to mani- fest his religion or belief in worship, observ- ance, practice, and teaching’’. The freedom of thought, conscience, and religion is under- stood to protect theistic and non-theistic be- liefs and the right not to profess or practice any religion. Governments have the responsi- bility to protect the fundamental rights of their citizens and to pursue justice for all. Re- ligious freedom is a fundamental right of every individual, regardless of race, sex, coun- try, creed, or nationality, and should never be arbitrarily abridged by any government. (4) The right to freedom of religion is under renewed and, in some cases, increasing assault in many countries around the world. More than one-half of the world’s population lives under regimes that severely restrict or pro- hibit the freedom of their citizens to study, believe, observe, and freely practice the reli- gious faith of their choice. Religious believers and communities suffer both government- sponsored and government-tolerated viola-