20 U.S.C. § 1015a — Transparency in college tuition for con-

Page 218 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1015a presented in the STEM Database are not provided or endorsed by the Department or the Federal Government. (C) Compilation of financial assistance infor- mation In carrying out this paragraph, the Sec- retary shall— (i) consult with public and private sources of scholarships, fellowships, and other programs of student financial assist- ance; and (ii) make easily available a process for such entities to provide regular and up- dated information about the scholarships, fellowships, or other programs of student financial assistance. (D) Contract authorized In carrying out the requirements of this paragraph, the Secretary is authorized to enter into a contract with a private entity with demonstrated expertise in creating and maintaining databases such as the one re- quired under this paragraph, under which contract the entity shall furnish, and regu- larly update, all of the information required to be maintained on the STEM Database. (5) Dissemination of information The Secretary shall take such actions, on an ongoing basis, as may be necessary to dissemi- nate information under this subsection and to encourage the use of the information by inter- ested parties, including sending notices to sec- ondary schools and institutions of higher edu- cation. (h) No user fees for Department financial aid websites No fee shall be charged to any individual to access— (1) a database or website of the Department that provides information about higher edu- cation programs or student financial assist- ance, including the College Navigator website (or successor website) and the websites and databases described in this section and section 1015a of this title; or (2) information about higher education pro- grams or student financial assistance avail- able through a database or website of the De- partment. (Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 131, as added Pub. L. 105–244, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1602; amended Pub. L. 110–315, title I, §§ 103(b)(1), 110, Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3088, 3094; Pub. L. 111–39, title I, § 101(b)(3), July 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 1935.) Editorial Notes PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 1015, Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 131, as added Pub. L. 102–325, title I, § 101, July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 465, authorized grants to eligible partnerships for education telecommunications activities, prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 105–244. Another prior section 1015, Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 115, as added Pub. L. 99–498, title I, § 101, Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1285, authorized appropriations for former part A of this subchapter, prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 102–325. Another prior section 1015, Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 115, as added Pub. L. 96–374, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 1380, related to continuing education, prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 99–498. Another prior section 1015, Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 131, as added Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 101(g)(3), Oct. 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 2086, set out the Congressional findings with re- gard to the lifelong learning program, prior to the gen- eral amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 96–374. A prior section 131 of Pub. L. 89–329, title I, as added Pub. L. 99–498, title I, § 101, Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1286, related to National Advisory Council on Continuing Education and was classified to section 1017 of this title, prior to the general amendment of this sub- chapter by Pub. L. 102–325. AMENDMENTS 2009—Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(iii)(I). Pub. L. 111–39 sub- stituted ‘‘section 1078(a)(2)(C)(ii)’’ for ‘‘section 1078(a)(2)(C)(i)’’. 2008—Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 110–315, § 103(b)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘authorizing committees’’ for ‘‘Committee on Labor and Human Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives’’. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 110–315, § 110(a), added sub- secs. (d) and (e) and struck out former subsec. (d), which required the Secretary to survey student aid re- cipients on a regular cycle, but not less than once every 3 years. Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 110–315, § 110(b), added sub- secs. (f) and (g). Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 110–315, § 110(c), added subsec. (h). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries CHANGE OF NAME Committee on Labor and Human Resources of Senate changed to Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of Senate by Senate Resolution No. 20, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Jan. 19, 1999. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2009 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 111–39 effective as if enacted on the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–315 (Aug. 14, 2008), see section 3 of Pub. L. 111–39, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title. STUDENT-RELATED DEBT STUDY REQUIRED Pub. L. 105–244, title VIII, § 803, Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1805, which required the Secretary of Education to con- duct a study to analyze the distribution and increase in student-related debt, submit a report to congressional committees, and include certain information as part of the comparative information provided to families about the costs of higher education, was repealed by Pub. L. 110–315, title IX, § 931(1), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3456. § 1015a. Transparency in college tuition for con- sumers (a) Definitions In this section: (1) College Navigator website The term ‘‘College Navigator website’’ means the College Navigator website operated by the Department and includes any successor website. (2) Cost of attendance The term ‘‘cost of attendance’’ means the average annual cost of tuition and fees, room and board, books, supplies, and transportation for an institution of higher education for a Page 219 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1015a first-time, full-time undergraduate student en- rolled in the institution. (3) Net price The term ‘‘net price’’ means the average yearly price actually charged to first-time, full-time undergraduate students receiving student aid at an institution of higher edu- cation after deducting such aid, which shall be determined by calculating the difference be- tween— (A) the institution’s cost of attendance for the year for which the determination is made; and (B) the quotient of— (i) the total amount of need-based grant aid and merit-based grant aid, from Fed- eral, State, and institutional sources, pro- vided to such students enrolled in the in- stitution for such year; and (ii) the total number of such students re- ceiving such need-based grant aid or merit-based grant aid for such year. (4) Tuition and fees The term ‘‘tuition and fees’’ means the aver- age annual cost of tuition and fees for an insti- tution of higher education for first-time, full- time undergraduate students enrolled in the institution. (b) Calculations for public institutions In making the calculations regarding cost of attendance, net price, and tuition and fees under this section with respect to a public institution of higher education, the Secretary shall cal- culate the cost of attendance, net price, and tui- tion and fees at such institution in the manner described in subsection (a), except that— (1) the cost of attendance, net price, and tui- tion and fees shall be calculated for first-time, full-time undergraduate students enrolled in the institution who are residents of the State in which such institution is located; and (2) in determining the net price, the average need-based grant aid and merit-based grant aid described in subsection (a)(3)(B) shall be calculated based on the average total amount of such aid received by first-time, full-time undergraduate students who are residents of the State in which such institution is located, divided by the total number of such resident students receiving such need-based grant aid or merit-based grant aid at such institution. (c) College affordability and transparency lists (1) Availability of lists Beginning July 1, 2011, the Secretary shall make publicly available on the College Navi- gator website, in a manner that is sortable and searchable by State, the following: (A) A list of the five percent of institu- tions in each category described in sub- section (d) that have the highest tuition and fees for the most recent academic year for which data are available. (B) A list of the five percent of institutions in each such category that have the highest net price for the most recent academic year for which data are available. (C) A list of the five percent of institutions in each such category that have the largest increase, expressed as a percentage change, in tuition and fees over the most recent three academic years for which data are available, using the first academic year of the three-year period as the base year to compute such percentage change. (D) A list of the five percent of institu- tions in each such category that have the largest increase, expressed as a percentage change, in net price over the most recent three academic years for which data are available, using the first academic year of the three-year period as the base year to compute such percentage change. (E) A list of the ten percent of institutions in each such category that have the lowest tuition and fees for the most recent aca- demic year for which data are available. (F) A list of the ten percent of institutions in each such category that have the lowest net price for the most recent academic year for which data are available. (2) Annual updates The Secretary shall annually update the lists described in paragraph (1) on the College Navigator website. (d) Categories of institutions The lists described in subsection (c)(1) shall be compiled according to the following categories of institutions that participate in programs under subchapter IV: (1) Four-year public institutions of higher education. (2) Four-year private, nonprofit institutions of higher education. (3) Four-year private, for-profit institutions of higher education. (4) Two-year public institutions of higher education. (5) Two-year private, nonprofit institutions of higher education. (6) Two-year private, for-profit institutions of higher education. (7) Less than two-year public institutions of higher education. (8) Less than two-year private, nonprofit in- stitutions of higher education. (9) Less than two-year private, for-profit in- stitutions of higher education. (e) Reports by institutions (1) Report to Secretary If an institution of higher education is in- cluded on a list described in subparagraph (C) or (D) of subsection (c)(1), the institution shall submit to the Secretary a report containing the following information: (A) A description of the major areas in the institution’s budget with the greatest cost increases. (B) An explanation of the cost increases described in subparagraph (A). (C) A description of the steps the institu- tion will take toward the goal of reducing costs in the areas described in subparagraph (A). (D) In the case of an institution that is in- cluded on the same list under subparagraph (C) or (D) of subsection (c)(1) for two or more consecutive years, a description of the Page 220 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1015a progress made on the steps described in sub- paragraph (C) of this paragraph that were in- cluded in the institution’s report for the pre- vious year. (E) If the determination of any cost in- crease described in subparagraph (A) is not within the exclusive control of the institu- tion— (i) an explanation of the extent to which the institution participates in determining such cost increase; (ii) the identification of the agency or instrumentality of State government re- sponsible for determining such cost in- crease; and (iii) any other information the institu- tion considers relevant to the report. (2) Information to the public The Secretary shall— (A) issue an annual report that summa- rizes all of the reports by institutions re- quired under paragraph (1) to the author- izing committees; and (B) publish such report on the College Nav- igator website. (f) Exemptions (1) In general An institution shall not be placed on a list described in subparagraph (C) or (D) of sub- section (c)(1), and shall not be subject to the reporting required under subsection (e), if the dollar amount of the institution’s increase in tuition and fees, or net price, as applicable, is less than $600 for the three-year period de- scribed in such subparagraph. (2) Update Beginning in 2014, and every three years thereafter, the Secretary shall update the dol- lar amount described in paragraph (1) based on annual increases in inflation, using the Con- sumer Price Index for each of the three most recent preceding years. (g) State higher education spending chart The Secretary shall annually report on the College Navigator website, in charts for each State, comparisons of— (1) the percentage change in spending by such State per full-time equivalent student at all public institutions of higher education in such State, for each of the five most recent preceding academic years; (2) the percentage change in tuition and fees for such students for all public institutions of higher education in such State for each of the five most recent preceding academic years; and (3) the percentage change in the total amount of need-based aid and merit-based aid provided by such State to full-time students enrolled in the public institutions of higher education in the State for each of the five most recent preceding academic years. (h) Net price calculator (1) Development of net price calculator Not later than one year after August 14, 2008, the Secretary shall, in consultation with insti- tutions of higher education and other appro- priate experts, develop a net price calculator to help current and prospective students, fam- ilies, and other consumers estimate the indi- vidual net price of an institution of higher education for a student. The calculator shall be developed in a manner that enables current and prospective students, families, and con- sumers to determine an estimate of a current or prospective student’s individual net price at a particular institution. (2) Calculation of individual net price For purposes of this subsection, an indi- vidual net price of an institution of higher education shall be calculated in the same manner as the net price of such institution is calculated under subsection (a)(3), except that the cost of attendance and the amount of need-based and merit-based aid available shall be calculated for the individual student as much as practicable. (3) Use of net price calculator by institutions Not later than two years after the date on which the Secretary makes the calculator de- veloped under paragraph (1) available to insti- tutions of higher education, each institution of higher education that receives Federal funds under subchapter IV shall make publicly available on the institution’s website a net price calculator to help current and prospec- tive students, families, and other consumers estimate a student’s individual net price at such institution of higher education. Such cal- culator may be a net price calculator devel- oped— (A) by the Department pursuant to para- graph (1); or (B) by the institution of higher education, if the institution’s calculator includes, at a minimum, the same data elements included in the calculator developed under paragraph (1). (4) Disclaimer Estimates of an individual net price deter- mined using a net price calculator required under paragraph (3) shall be accompanied by a clear and conspicuous notice— (A) stating that the estimate— (i) does not represent a final determina- tion, or actual award, of financial assist- ance; (ii) shall not be binding on the Sec- retary, the institution of higher education, or the State; and (iii) may change; (B) stating that the student must complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid described in section 1090 of this title in order to be eligible for, and receive, an ac- tual financial aid award that includes Fed- eral grant, loan, or work-study assistance under subchapter IV; and (C) including a link to the website of the Department that allows students to access the Free Application for Federal Student Aid described in section 1090 of this title. (i) Consumer information (1) Availability of subchapter IV institution in- formation Not later than one year after August 14, 2008, the Secretary shall make publicly available on Page 221 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1015a the College Navigator website, in simple and understandable terms, the following informa- tion about each institution of higher edu- cation that participates in programs under subchapter IV, for the most recent academic year for which satisfactory data are available: (A) A statement of the institution’s mis- sion. (B) The total number of undergraduate students who applied to, were admitted by, and enrolled in the institution. (C) For institutions that require SAT or ACT scores to be submitted, the reading, writing, mathematics, and combined scores on the SAT or ACT, as applicable, for the middle 50 percent range of the institution’s freshman class. (D) The number of first-time, full-time, and part-time students enrolled at the insti- tution, at the undergraduate and (if applica- ble) graduate levels. (E) The number of degree- or certificate- seeking undergraduate students enrolled at the institution who have transferred from another institution. (F) The percentages of male and female undergraduate students enrolled at the insti- tution. (G) Of the first-time, full-time, degree- or certificate-seeking undergraduate students enrolled at the institution— (i) the percentage of such students who are from the State in which the institution is located; (ii) the percentage of such students who are from other States; and (iii) the percentage of such students who are international students. (H) The percentages of first-time, full- time, degree- or certificate-seeking students enrolled at the institution, disaggregated by race and ethnic background. (I) The percentage of undergraduate stu- dents enrolled at the institution who are for- mally registered with the office of disability services of the institution (or the equivalent office) as students with disabilities, except that if such percentage is three percent or less, the institution shall report ‘‘three per- cent or less’’. (J) The percentages of first-time, full- time, degree- or certificate-seeking under- graduate students enrolled at the institution who obtain a degree or certificate within— (i) the normal time for completion of, or graduation from, the student’s program; (ii) 150 percent of the normal time for completion of, or graduation from, the stu- dent’s program; and (iii) 200 percent of the normal time for completion of, or graduation from, the stu- dent’s program; (K) The number of certificates, associate degrees, baccalaureate degrees, master’s de- grees, professional degrees, and doctoral de- grees awarded by the institution. (L) The undergraduate major areas of study at the institution with the highest number of degrees awarded. (M) The student-faculty ratio, the number of full-time and part-time faculty, and the number of graduate assistants with pri- marily instructional responsibilities, at the institution. (N)(i) The cost of attendance for first-time, full-time undergraduate students enrolled in the institution who live on campus; (ii) the cost of attendance for first-time, full-time undergraduate students enrolled in the institution who live off campus; and (iii) in the case of a public institution of higher education and notwithstanding sub- section (b)(1), the costs described in clauses (i) and (ii), for— (I) first-time, full-time students enrolled in the institution who are residents of the State in which the institution is located; and (II) first-time, full-time students en- rolled in the institution who are not resi- dents of such State. (O) The average annual grant amount (in- cluding Federal, State, and institutional aid) awarded to a first-time, full-time under- graduate student enrolled at the institution who receives financial aid. (P) The average annual amount of Federal student loans provided through the institu- tion to undergraduate students enrolled at the institution. (Q) The total annual grant aid awarded to undergraduate students enrolled at the insti- tution, from the Federal Government, a State, the institution, and other sources known by the institution. (R) The percentage of first-time, full-time undergraduate students enrolled at the insti- tution receiving Federal, State, and institu- tional grants, student loans, and any other type of student financial assistance known by the institution, provided publicly or through the institution, such as Federal work-study funds. (S) The number of students enrolled at the institution receiving Federal Pell Grants. (T) The institution’s cohort default rate, as defined under section 1085(m) of this title. (U) The information on campus safety re- quired to be collected under section 1092(i) of this title. (V) A link to the institution’s website that provides, in an easily accessible manner, the following information: (i) Student activities offered by the in- stitution. (ii) Services offered by the institution for individuals with disabilities. (iii) Career and placement services of- fered by the institution to students during and after enrollment. (iv) Policies of the institution related to transfer of credit from other institutions. (W) A link to the appropriate section of the Bureau of Labor Statistics website that provides information on regional data on starting salaries in all major occupations. (X) Information required to be submitted under paragraph (4) and a link to the institu- tion pricing summary page described in paragraph (5). (Y) In the case of an institution that was required to submit a report under subsection (e)(1), a link to such report. Page 222 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1015a (Z) The availability of alternative tuition plans, which may include guaranteed tuition plans. (2) Annual updates The Secretary shall annually update the in- formation described in paragraph (1) on the College Navigator website. (3) Consultation The Secretary shall regularly consult with current and prospective college students, fam- ily members of such students, institutions of higher education, and other experts to im- prove the usefulness and relevance of the Col- lege Navigator website, with respect to the presentation of the consumer information col- lected in paragraph (1). (4) Data collection The Commissioner for Education Statistics shall continue to update and improve the Inte- grated Postsecondary Education Data System (referred to in this section as ‘‘IPEDS’’), in- cluding the reporting of information by insti- tutions and the timeliness of the data col- lected. (5) Institution pricing summary page (A) Availability of list of participating insti- tutions The Secretary shall make publicly avail- able on the College Navigator website in a sortable and searchable format a list of all institutions of higher education that partici- pate in programs under subchapter IV, which list shall, for each institution, include the following: (i) The tuition and fees for each of the three most recent academic years for which data are available. (ii) The net price for each of the three most recent available academic years for which data are available. (iii)(I) During the period beginning July 1, 2010, and ending June 30, 2013, the net price for students receiving Federal stu- dent financial aid under subchapter IV, disaggregated by the income categories de- scribed in paragraph (6), for the most re- cent academic year for which data are available. (II) Beginning July 1, 2013, the net price for students receiving Federal student fi- nancial aid under subchapter IV, disaggregated by the income categories de- scribed in paragraph (6), for each of the three most recent academic years for which data are available. (iv) The average annual percentage change and average annual dollar change in such institution’s tuition and fees for each of the three most recent academic years for which data are available. (v) The average annual percentage change and average annual dollar change in such institution’s net price for each of the three most recent preceding academic years for which data are available. (vi) A link to the webpage on the College Navigator website that provides the infor- mation described in paragraph (1) for the institution. (B) Annual updates The Secretary shall annually update the lists described in subparagraph (A) on the College Navigator website. (6) Income categories (A) In general For purposes of reporting the information required under this subsection, the following income categories shall apply for students who receive Federal student financial aid under subchapter IV: (i) $0–30,000. (ii) $30,001–48,000. (iii) $48,001–75,000. (iv) $75,001–110,000. (v) $110,001 and more. (B) Adjustment The Secretary may adjust the income cat- egories listed in subparagraph (A) using the Consumer Price Index if the Secretary deter- mines such adjustment is necessary. (j) Multi-year tuition calculator (1) Development of multi-year tuition calcu- lator Not later than one year after August 14, 2008, the Secretary shall, in consultation with insti- tutions of higher education, financial plan- ners, and other appropriate experts, develop a multi-year tuition calculator to help current and prospective students, families of such stu- dents, and other consumers estimate the amount of tuition an individual may pay to attend an institution of higher education in future years. (2) Calculation of multi-year tuition The multi-year tuition calculator described in paragraph (1) shall— (A) allow an individual to select an insti- tution of higher education for which the cal- culation shall be made; (B) calculate an estimate of tuition and fees for each year of the normal duration of the program of study at such institution by— (i) using the tuition and fees for such in- stitution, as reported under subsection (i)(5)(A)(i), for the most recent academic year for which such data are reported; and (ii) determining an estimated annual percentage change for each year for which the calculation is made, based on the an- nual percentage change in such institu- tion’s tuition and fees, as reported under subsection (i)(5)(A)(iv), for the most recent three-year period for which such data are reported; (C) calculate an estimate of the total amount of tuition and fees to complete a program of study at such institution, based on the normal duration of such program, using the estimate calculated under sub- paragraph (B) for each year of the program of study; (D) provide the individual with the option to replace the estimated annual percentage change described in subparagraph (B)(ii) with an alternative annual percentage Page 223 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1015b change specified by the individual, and cal- culate an estimate of tuition and fees for each year and an estimate of the total amount of tuition and fees using the alter- native percentage change; (E) in the case of an institution that offers a multi-year tuition guarantee program, allow the individual to have the estimates of tuition and fees described in subparagraphs (B) and (C) calculated based on the provi- sions of such guarantee program for the tui- tion and fees charged to a student, or cohort of students, enrolled for the duration of the program of study; and (F) include any other features or informa- tion determined to be appropriate by the Secretary. (3) Availability and comparison The multi-year tuition calculator described in paragraph (1) shall be available on the Col- lege Navigator website and shall allow current and prospective students, families of such stu- dents, and consumers to compare information and estimates under this subsection for mul- tiple institutions of higher education. (4) Disclaimer Each calculation of estimated tuition and fees made using the multi-year tuition calcu- lator described in paragraph (1) shall be ac- companied by a clear and conspicuous notice— (A) stating that the calculation— (i) is only an estimate and not a guar- antee of the actual amount the student may be charged; (ii) is not binding on the Secretary, the institution of higher education, or the State; and (iii) may change, subject to the avail- ability of financial assistance, State ap- propriations, and other factors; (B) stating that the student must complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid described in section 1090 of this title in order to be eligible for, and receive, an ac- tual financial aid award that includes Fed- eral grant, loan, or work-study assistance under subchapter IV; and (C) including a link to the website of the Department that allows students to access the Free Application for Federal Student Aid described in section 1090 of this title. (k) Student aid recipient survey (1) Survey required The Secretary, acting through the Commis- sioner for Education Statistics, shall conduct, on a State-by-State basis, a survey of recipi- ents of Federal student financial aid under subchapter IV— (A) to identify the population of students receiving such Federal student financial aid; (B) to describe the income distribution and other socioeconomic characteristics of re- cipients of such Federal student financial aid; (C) to describe the combinations of aid from Federal, State, and private sources re- ceived by such recipients from all income categories; (D) to describe the— (i) debt burden of such loan recipients, and their capacity to repay their edu- cation debts; and (ii) the impact of such debt burden on the recipients’ course of study and post- graduation plans; (E) to describe the impact of the cost of at- tendance of postsecondary education in the determination by students of what institu- tion of higher education to attend; and (F) to describe how the costs of textbooks and other instructional materials affect the costs of postsecondary education for stu- dents. (2) Frequency The survey shall be conducted on a regular cycle and not less often than once every four years. (3) Survey design The survey shall be representative of stu- dents from all types of institutions, including full-time and part-time students, under- graduate, graduate, and professional students, and current and former students. (4) Dissemination The Commissioner for Education Statistics shall disseminate to the public, in printed and electronic form, the information resulting from the survey. (l) Regulations The Secretary is authorized to issue such reg- ulations as may be necessary to carry out this section. (Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 132, as added Pub. L. 110–315, title I, § 111, Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3098.) Editorial Notes PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 1015a, Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 132, as added Pub. L. 102–325, title I, § 101, July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 465, related to grant applications, prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 105–244. Another prior section 1015a, Pub. L. 89–329, title I, § 132, as added Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 101(g)(3), Oct. 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 2087, set out scope of lifelong learning pro- gram, prior to the general amendment of this sub- chapter by Pub. L. 96–374. § 1015b. Textbook information (a) Purpose and intent The purpose of this section is to ensure that students have access to affordable course mate- rials by decreasing costs to students and en- hancing transparency and disclosure with re- spect to the selection, purchase, sale, and use of course materials. It is the intent of this section to encourage all of the involved parties, includ- ing faculty, students, administrators, institu- tions of higher education, bookstores, distribu- tors, and publishers, to work together to iden- tify ways to decrease the cost of college text- books and supplemental materials for students while supporting the academic freedom of fac- ulty members to select high quality course ma- terials for students.