28 U.S.C. § 2637 — Exhaustion of administrative remedies

Page 632 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 2637 Section 516 of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsec. (b), is classified to section 1516 of Title 19. Section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsec. (c), is classified to section 1516a of Title 19. Sections 223 and 251 of the Trade Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (d), are classified to sections 2273 and 2341, respectively, of Title 19, Customs Duties. Section 271 of the Trade Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (d), means section 271 of Pub. L. 93–618, title II, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2035, which related to petitions and determinations for trade adjustment assistance for communities and was classified to section 2371 of Title 19, Customs Duties, prior to being omitted from the Code as terminated Sept. 30, 1982, and later being omit- ted in the general revision of part 4 of subchapter II of chapter 12 of Title 19 by Pub. L. 111–5. Section 305(b)(1) of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, referred to in subsec. (e), is classified to section 2515(b)(1) of Title 19. Section 777(c)(2) of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsec. (f), is classified to section 1677f(c)(2) of Title 19. Section 641 of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsec. (g), is classified to section 1641 of Title 19. Section 499(b) of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsec. (h), is classified to section 1499(b) of Title 19. PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 2636, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 981; June 2, 1970, Pub. L. 91–271, title I, § 117, 84 Stat. 280, related to analysis of imported merchandise, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–417. See section 2642 of this title. AMENDMENTS 1993—Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 103–182 added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i). 1984—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–573, § 623(b)(1)(A), amend- ed subsec. (c) generally, striking out ‘‘, other than a determination under section 703(b), 703(c), 733(b), or 733(c) of such Act,’’ and substituting ‘‘within the time specified in such section’’ for ‘‘within thirty days after the date of the publication of such determination in the Federal Register’’. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–573, § 623(b)(1)(B), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d). Former subsec. (d), which provided that civil actions contesting certain determinations by the administering authority under sections 703(b), (c), and 733(b), (c), of the Tariff Act of 1930 were barred un- less commenced in accordance with the rules of the Court of International Trade within 10 days after publi- cation of the determination in the Federal Register, was struck out. Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 98–573, § 623(b)(1)(B), redes- ignated subsecs. (f) to (h) as (e) to (g), respectively. Former subsec. (e) redesignated (d). Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 98–573, § 623(b)(1)(B), redesignated subsec. (i) as (h). Former subsec. (h) redesignated (g). Pub. L. 98–573, § 212(b)(4), amended subsec. (h) gen- erally, substituting ‘‘customs broker’s license or per- mit under subsection (b) or (c) of section 641 of the Tar- iff Act of 1930, or the revocation or suspension of such license or permit or the imposition of a monetary pen- alty in lieu thereof by such Secretary under section 641(d) of such Act,’’ for ‘‘customhouse broker’s license under section 641(a) of the Tariff Act of 1930 or the rev- ocation or suspension by such Secretary of a custom- house broker’s license under section 641(b) of such Act’’. Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 98–573, § 623(b)(1)(B), redesignated subsec. (i) as (h). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 212(b)(4) of Pub. L. 98–573 ef- fective on close of 180th day after Oct. 30, 1984, see sec- tion 214(d) of Pub. L. 98–573, set out as a note under sec- tion 1304 of Title 19, Customs Duties. Amendment by section 623(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98–573 ap- plicable with respect to civil actions pending on, or filed on or after, Oct. 30, 1984, see section 626(b)(2) of Pub. L. 98–573, set out as a note under section 1671 of Title 19. EFFECTIVE DATE Section applicable with respect to civil actions com- menced on or after Nov. 1, 1980, see section 701(b)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 96–417, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 251 of this title. APPLICATION OF 1993 AMENDMENT For purposes of applying amendment by Pub. L. 103–182, any decision or order of Customs Service deny- ing, suspending, or revoking accreditation of a private laboratory on or after Dec. 8, 1993, and before regula- tions to implement 19 U.S.C. 1499(b) are issued to be treated as having been denied, suspended, or revoked under such section 1499(b), see section 684(b) of Pub. L. 103–182, formerly set out as a note under section 1581 of this title. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and li- abilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Sec- retary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of re- lated references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of Novem- ber 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Se- curity, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended gen- erally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6. § 2637. Exhaustion of administrative remedies (a) A civil action contesting the denial of a protest under section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930 may be commenced in the Court of Inter- national Trade only if all liquidated duties, charges, or exactions have been paid at the time the action is commenced, except that a surety’s obligation to pay such liquidated duties, charges, or exactions is limited to the sum of any bond related to each entry included in the denied protest. (b) A civil action contesting the denial of a pe- tition under section 516 of the Tariff Act of 1930 may be commenced in the Court of Inter- national Trade only by a person who has first exhausted the procedures set forth in such sec- tion. (c) A civil action described in section 1581(h) of this title may be commenced in the Court of International Trade prior to the exhaustion of administrative remedies if the person com- mencing the action makes the demonstration required by such section. (d) In any civil action not specified in this sec- tion, the Court of International Trade shall, where appropriate, require the exhaustion of ad- ministrative remedies. (Added Pub. L. 96–417, title III, § 301, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1735.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsec. (a), is classified to section 1515 of Title 19, Cus- toms Duties. Page 633 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 2640 Section 516 of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsec. (b), is classified to section 1516 of Title 19. PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 2637, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 982; June 2, 1970, Pub. L. 91–271, title I, § 118, 84 Stat. 280; July 26, 1979, Pub. L. 96–39, title X, § 1001(b)(4)(E), 93 Stat. 306, related to witnesses and in- spection of documents, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–417. See section 2641 of this title. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Subsec. (c) of this section applicable with respect to civil actions commenced on or after Nov. 1, 1980, see section 701(b)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 96–417, set out as an Effec- tive Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 251 of this title. § 2638. New grounds in support of a civil action In any civil action under section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930 in which the denial, in whole or in part, of a protest is a precondition to the commencement of a civil action in the Court of International Trade, the court, by rule, may consider any new ground in support of the civil action if such new ground— (1) applies to the same merchandise that was the subject of the protest; and (2) is related to the same administrative de- cision listed in section 514 of the Tariff Act of 1930 that was contested in the protest. (Added Pub. L. 96–417, title III, § 301, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1736.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in text, is classified to section 1515 of Title 19, Customs Duties. Section 514 of the Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in par. (2), is classified to section 1514 of Title 19. PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 2638, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 982; June 2, 1970, Pub. L. 91–271, title I, § 119, 84 Stat. 281, related to decisions, findings of fact and con- clusions of law, and effect of opinions, prior to the gen- eral revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–417. See sec- tion 2645 (a) and (c) of this title. § 2639. Burden of proof; evidence of value (a)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, in any civil action commenced in the Court of International Trade under sec- tion 515, 516, or 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930, the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, the administering authority, or the International Trade Commission is presumed to be correct. The burden of proving otherwise shall rest upon the party challenging such decision. (2) The provisions of paragraph (1) of this sub- section shall not apply to any civil action com- menced in the Court of International Trade under section 1582 of this title. (b) In any civil action described in section 1581(h) of this title, the person commencing the action shall have the burden of making the dem- onstration required by such section by clear and convincing evidence. (c) Where the value of merchandise or any of its components is in issue in any civil action in the Court of International Trade— (1) reports or depositions of consuls, customs officers, and other officers of the United States, and depositions and affidavits of other persons whose attendance cannot reasonably be had, may be admitted into evidence when served upon the opposing party as prescribed by the rules of the court; and (2) price lists and catalogs may be admitted in evidence when duly authenticated, relevant, and material. (Added Pub. L. 96–417, title III, § 301, Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1736.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Sections 515, 516, and 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930, re- ferred to in subsec. (a)(1), are classified to sections 1515, 1516, and 1516a, respectively, of Title 19, Customs Du- ties. PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 2639, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 982; June 2, 1970, Pub. L. 91–271, title I, § 120, 84 Stat. 281, provided for retrial or rehearing, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–417. See section 2646 of this title. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Subsec. (a)(2) of this section applicable with respect to civil actions commenced on or after the 90th day after Nov. 1, 1980, see section 701(c)(1)(A) of Pub. L. 96–417, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 251 of this title. Subsec. (b) of this section applicable with respect to civil actions commenced on or after Nov. 1, 1980, see section 701(b)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 96–417. § 2640. Scope and standard of review (a) The Court of International Trade shall make its determinations upon the basis of the record made before the court in the following categories of civil actions: (1) Civil actions contesting the denial of a protest under section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930. (2) Civil actions commenced under section 516 of the Tariff Act of 1930. (3) Civil actions commenced to review a final determination made under section 305(b)(1) of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979. (4) Civil actions commenced under section 777(c)(2) of the Tariff Act of 1930. (5) Civil actions commenced to review any decision of the Secretary of the Treasury under section 641 of the Tariff Act of 1930, with the exception of decisions under section 641(d)(2)(B), which shall be governed by sub- division (d) of this section. (6) Civil actions commenced under section 1582 of this title. (b) In any civil action commenced in the Court of International Trade under section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930, the court shall review the matter as specified in subsection (b) of such sec- tion. (c) In any civil action commenced in the Court of International Trade to review any final deter-