26 U.S.C. § 146 — Volume cap

Page 686 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 146 (2) such issue is an issue of exempt facility bonds, or qualified redevelopment bonds, to which section 146 applies. (Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XIII, § 1301(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2629; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1013(a)(6)–(8), title V, § 5053(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3538, 3677; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7815(f), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2419; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, § 11813(b)(7), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–551; Pub. L. 105–34, title II, § 222, Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 13402(b)(2), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2134.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT The date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (b)(2)(B)(ii)(I), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 99–514, which was approved Oct. 22, 1986. The date of the enactment of this paragraph, referred to in subsec. (b)(5), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 105–34, which was approved Aug. 5, 1997. PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 145, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 42, made a cross reference to section 36 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 95–30, title I, § 101(d)(1), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 133, applicable to taxable years begin- ning after Dec. 31, 1976. AMENDMENTS 2017—Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 115–97 substituted ‘‘of sec- tion 47(c)(1)(B)’’ for ‘‘of section 47(c)(1)(C)’’ in subpars. (A) and (B) and ‘‘section 47(c)(1)(B)(i)’’ for ‘‘section 47(c)(1)(C)(i)’’ in subpar. (B). 1997—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 105–34 added par. (5). 1990—Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 101–508 substituted ‘‘sec- tion 47(c)(1)(C)’’ for ‘‘section 48(g)(1)(C)’’ wherever ap- pearing and ‘‘section 47(c)(1)(C)(i)’’ for ‘‘section 48(g)(1)(C)(i)’’. 1989—Subsec. (d)(3), (4). Pub. L. 101–239 added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4). 1988—Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(ii)(I). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(6), substituted ‘‘section 103(b)(2)’’ for ‘‘section 103(b)’’. Subsec. (b)(2)(C)(i). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(7), sub- stituted ‘‘subparagraph (B)’’ for ‘‘subparagraph (B)(ii)’’. Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(8), substituted ‘‘subparagraphs (C), (D), and (E)’’ for ‘‘subparagraphs (C) and (D)’’. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 100–647, § 5053(a), added sub- sec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2017 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to amounts paid or incurred after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13402(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 47 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 1990, but not applicable to any transition property (as defined in section 49(e) of this title), any property with respect to which qualified progress expenditures were previously taken into ac- count under section 46(d) of this title, and any property described in section 46(b)(2)(C) of this title, as such sec- tions were in effect on Nov. 4, 1990, see section 11813(c) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1989 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1013(a)(6)–(8) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under sec- tion 1 of this title. Pub. L. 100–647, title V, § 5053(c), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3678, provided that: ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The amendments made by this sec- tion [amending this section and section 148 of this title] shall apply to obligations issued after October 21, 1988. ‘‘(2) EXCEPTION FOR CONSTRUCTION OR BINDING AGREE- MENT.— ‘‘(A) The amendments made by this section shall not apply to bonds (other than refunding bonds) with respect to a facility— ‘‘(i)(I) the original use of which begins with the taxpayer, and the construction, reconstruction, or rehabilitation of which began before July 14, 1988, and was completed on or after such date, or ‘‘(II) the original use of which begins with the taxpayer and with respect to which a binding con- tract to incur significant expenditures for construc- tion, reconstruction, or rehabilitation was entered into before July 14, 1988, and some of such expendi- tures are incurred on or after such date, and ‘‘(ii) described in an inducement resolution or other comparable preliminary approval adopted by an issuing authority (or by a voter referendum) be- fore July 14, 1988. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term ‘sig- nificant expenditures’ means expenditures greater than 10 percent of the reasonably anticipated cost of the construction, reconstruction, or rehabilitation of the facility involved. ‘‘(B) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any bond issued after December 31, 1989, and shall not apply un- less it is reasonably expected (at the time of issuance of the bond) that the facility will be placed in service before January 1, 1990. ‘‘(3) REFUNDINGS.—The amendments made by this sec- tion shall not apply to any bond issued to refund (or which is part of a series of bonds issued to refund) a bond issued before July 15, 1988, if— ‘‘(A) the average maturity date of the issue of which the refunding bond is a part is not later than the average maturity date of the bonds to be refunded by such issue, ‘‘(B) the amount of the refunding bond does not ex- ceed the outstanding amount of the refunded bond, and ‘‘(C) the proceeds of the refunding bond are used to redeem the refunded bond not later than 90 days after the date of the issuance of the refunding bond. For purposes of subparagraph (A), average maturity shall be determined in accordance with section 147(b) of the 1986 Code.’’ SAVINGS PROVISION For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liabil- ity for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see sec- tion 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title. § 146. Volume cap (a) General rule A private activity bond issued as part of an issue meets the requirements of this section if Page 687 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 146 the aggregate face amount of the private activ- ity bonds issued pursuant to such issue, when added to the aggregate face amount of tax-ex- empt private activity bonds previously issued by the issuing authority during the calendar year, does not exceed such authority’s volume cap for such calendar year. (b) Volume cap for State agencies For purposes of this section— (1) In general The volume cap for any agency of the State authorized to issue tax-exempt private activ- ity bonds for any calendar year shall be 50 per- cent of the State ceiling for such calendar year. (2) Special rule where State has more than 1 agency If more than 1 agency of the State is author- ized to issue tax-exempt private activity bonds, all such agencies shall be treated as a single agency. (c) Volume cap for other issuers For purposes of this section— (1) In general The volume cap for any issuing authority (other than a State agency) for any calendar year shall be an amount which bears the same ratio to 50 percent of the State ceiling for such calendar year as— (A) the population of the jurisdiction of such issuing authority, bears to (B) the population of the entire State. (2) Overlapping jurisdictions For purposes of paragraph (1)(A), if an area is within the jurisdiction of 2 or more govern- mental units, such area shall be treated as only within the jurisdiction of the unit having jurisdiction over the smallest geographical area unless such unit agrees to surrender all or part of such jurisdiction for such calendar year to the unit with overlapping jurisdiction which has the next smallest geographical area. (d) State ceiling For purposes of this section— (1) In general The State ceiling applicable to any State for any calendar year shall be the greater of— (A) an amount equal to $75 ($62.50 in the case of calendar year 2001) multiplied by the State population, or (B) $225,000,000 ($187,500,000 in the case of calendar year 2001). (2) Cost-of-living adjustment In the case of a calendar year after 2002, each of the dollar amounts contained in paragraph (1) shall be increased by an amount equal to— (A) such dollar amount, multiplied by (B) the cost-of-living adjustment deter- mined under section 1(f)(3) for such calendar year by substituting ‘‘calendar year 2001’’ for ‘‘calendar year 2016’’ in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof. If any increase determined under the pre- ceding sentence is not a multiple of $5 ($5,000 in the case of the dollar amount in paragraph (1)(B)), such increase shall be rounded to the nearest multiple thereof. (3) Special rule for States with constitutional home rule cities For purposes of this section— (A) In general The volume cap for any constitutional home rule city for any calendar year shall be determined under paragraph (1) of sub- section (c) by substituting ‘‘100 percent’’ for ‘‘50 percent’’. (B) Coordination with other allocations In the case of any State which contains 1 or more constitutional home rule cities, for purposes of applying subsections (b) and (c) with respect to issuing authorities in such State other than constitutional home rule cities, the State ceiling for any calendar year shall be reduced by the aggregate vol- ume caps determined for such year for all constitutional home rule cities in such State. (C) Constitutional home rule city For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘constitutional home rule city’’ means, with respect to any calendar year, any political subdivision of a State which, under a State constitution which was adopted in 1970 and effective on July 1, 1971, had home rule pow- ers on the 1st day of the calendar year. (4) Special rule for possessions with popu- lations of less than the population of the least populous State (A) In general If the population of any possession of the United States for any calendar year is less than the population of the least populous State (other than a possession) for such cal- endar year, the limitation under paragraph (1)(A) shall not be less than the amount de- termined under subparagraph (B) for such calendar year. (B) Limitation The limitation determined under this sub- paragraph, with respect to a possession, for any calendar year is an amount equal to the product of— (i) the fraction— (I) the numerator of which is the amount applicable under paragraph (1)(B) for such calendar year, and (II) the denominator of which is the State population of the least populous State (other than a possession) for such calendar year, and (ii) the population of such possession for such calendar year. (5) Increase and set aside for housing bonds for 2008 (A) Increase for 2008 In the case of calendar year 2008, the State ceiling for each State shall be increased by an amount equal to $11,000,000,000 multiplied by a fraction— (i) the numerator of which is the State ceiling applicable to the State for calendar Page 688 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 146 year 2008, determined without regard to this paragraph, and (ii) the denominator of which is the sum of the State ceilings determined under clause (i) for all States. (B) Set aside (i) In general Any amount of the State ceiling for any State which is attributable to an increase under this paragraph shall be allocated solely for one or more qualified housing issues. (ii) Qualified housing issue For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘‘qualified housing issue’’ means— (I) an issue described in section 142(a)(7) (relating to qualified residential rental projects), or (II) a qualified mortgage issue (deter- mined by substituting ‘‘12-month period’’ for ‘‘42-month period’’ each place it ap- pears in section 143(a)(2)(D)(i)). (e) State may provide for different allocation For purposes of this section— (1) In general Except as provided in paragraph (3), a State may, by law provide a different formula for al- locating the State ceiling among the govern- mental units (or other authorities) in such State having authority to issue tax-exempt private activity bonds. (2) Interim authority for Governor (A) In general Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3), the Governor of any State may proclaim a different formula for allocating the State ceiling among the governmental units (or other authorities) in such State having au- thority to issue private activity bonds. (B) Termination of authority The authority provided in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to bonds issued after the earlier of— (i) the last day of the 1st calendar year after 1986 during which the legislature of the State met in regular session, or (ii) the effective date of any State legis- lation with respect to the allocation of the State ceiling. (3) State may not alter allocation to constitu- tional home rule cities Except as otherwise provided in a State con- stitutional amendment (or law changing the home rule provision adopted in the manner provided by the State constitution), the au- thority provided in this subsection shall not apply to that portion of the State ceiling which is allocated to any constitutional home rule city in the State unless such city agrees to such different allocation. (f) Elective carryforward of unused limitation for specified purpose (1) In general If— (A) an issuing authority’s volume cap for any calendar year after 1985, exceeds (B) the aggregate amount of tax-exempt private activity bonds issued during such calendar year by such authority, such authority may elect to treat all (or any portion) of such excess as a carryforward for 1 or more carryforward purposes. (2) Election must identify purpose In any election under paragraph (1), the issuing authority shall— (A) identify the purpose for which the carryforward is elected, and (B) specify the portion of the excess de- scribed in paragraph (1) which is to be a carryforward for each such purpose. (3) Use of carryforward (A) In general If any issuing authority elects a carryforward under paragraph (1) with re- spect to any carryforward purpose, any pri- vate activity bonds issued by such authority with respect to such purpose during the 3 calendar years following the calendar year in which the carryforward arose shall not be taken into account under subsection (a) to the extent the amount of such bonds does not exceed the amount of the carryforward elected for such purpose. (B) Order in which carryforward used Carryforwards elected with respect to any purpose shall be used in the order of the cal- endar years in which they arose. (4) Election Any election under this paragraph (and any identification or specification contained therein), once made, shall be irrevocable. (5) Carryforward purpose The term ‘‘carryforward purpose’’ means— (A) the purpose of issuing exempt facility bonds described in 1 of the paragraphs of sec- tion 142(a), (B) the purpose of issuing qualified mort- gage bonds or mortgage credit certificates, (C) the purpose of issuing qualified student loan bonds, and (D) the purpose of issuing qualified rede- velopment bonds. (6) Special rules for increased volume cap under subsection (d)(5) No amount which is attributable to the in- crease under subsection (d)(5) may be used— (A) for any issue other than a qualified housing issue (as defined in subsection (d)(5)), or (B) to issue any bond after calendar year 2010. (g) Exception for certain bonds Only for purposes of this section, the term ‘‘private activity bond’’ shall not include— (1) any qualified veterans’ mortgage bond, (2) any qualified 501(c)(3) bond, (3) any exempt facility bond issued as part of an issue described in paragraph (1), (2), (12), (13), (14), or (15) of section 142(a), (4) 75 percent of any exempt facility bond issued as part of an issue described in para- graph (11) of section 142(a) (relating to high- speed intercity rail facilities), Page 689 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 146 (5) 75 percent of any exempt facility bond issued as part of an issue described in para- graph (16) of section 142(a) (relating to quali- fied broadband projects), and (6) 75 percent of any exempt facility bond issued as part of an issue described in para- graph (17) of section 142(a) (relating to quali- fied carbon dioxide capture facilities). Paragraphs (4) and (5) shall be applied without regard to ‘‘75 percent of’’ if all of the property to be financed by the net proceeds of the issue is to be owned by a governmental unit (within the meaning of section 142(b)(1)). (h) Exception for government-owned solid waste disposal facilities (1) In general Only for purposes of this section, the term ‘‘private activity bond’’ shall not include any exempt facility bond described in section 142(a)(6) which is issued as part of an issue if all of the property to be financed by the net proceeds of such issue is to be owned by a gov- ernmental unit. (2) Safe harbor for determination of govern- ment ownership In determining ownership for purposes of paragraph (1), section 142(b)(1)(B) shall apply, except that a lease term shall be treated as satisfying clause (ii) thereof if it is not more than 20 years. (i) Treatment of refunding issues For purposes of the volume cap imposed by this section— (1) In general The term ‘‘private activity bond’’ shall not include any bond which is issued to refund an- other bond to the extent that the amount of such bond does not exceed the outstanding amount of the refunded bond. (2) Special rules for student loan bonds In the case of any qualified student loan bond, paragraph (1) shall apply only if the ma- turity date of the refunding bond is not later than the later of— (A) the average maturity date of the quali- fied student loan bonds to be refunded by the issue of which the refunding bond is a part, or (B) the date 17 years after the date on which the refunded bond was issued (or in the case of a series of refundings, the date on which the original bond was issued). (3) Special rules for qualified mortgage bonds In the case of any qualified mortgage bond, paragraph (1) shall apply only if the maturity date of the refunding bond is not later than the later of— (A) the average maturity date of the quali- fied mortgage bonds to be refunded by the issue of which the refunding bond is a part, or (B) the date 32 years after the date on which the refunded bond was issued (or in the case of a series of refundings, the date on which the original bond was issued). (4) Average maturity For purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3), aver- age maturity shall be determined in accord- ance with section 147(b)(2)(A). (5) Exception for advance refunding This subsection shall not apply to any bond issued to advance refund another bond. (6) Treatment of certain residential rental project bonds as refunding bonds irrespec- tive of obligor (A) In general If, during the 6-month period beginning on the date of a repayment of a loan financed by an issue 95 percent or more of the net pro- ceeds of which are used to provide projects described in section 142(d), such repayment is used to provide a new loan for any project so described, any bond which is issued to re- finance such issue shall be treated as a re- funding issue to the extent the principal amount of such refunding issue does not ex- ceed the principal amount of the bonds re- funded. (B) Limitations Subparagraph (A) shall apply to only one refunding of the original issue and only if— (i) the refunding issue is issued not later than 4 years after the date on which the original issue was issued, (ii) the latest maturity date of any bond of the refunding issue is not later than 34 years after the date on which the refunded bond was issued, and (iii) the refunding issue is approved in accordance with section 147(f) before the issuance of the refunding issue. (j) Population For purposes of this section, determinations of the population of any State (or issuing author- ity) shall be made with respect to any calendar year on the basis of the most recent census esti- mate of the resident population of such State (or issuing authority) released by the Bureau of Census before the beginning of such calendar year. (k) Facility must be located within State (1) In general Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), no portion of the State ceiling applicable to any State for any calendar year may be used with respect to financing for a facility located outside such State. (2) Exception for certain facilities where State will get proportionate share of benefits Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any exempt facility bond described in paragraph (4), (5), (6), or (10) of section 142(a) if the issuer estab- lishes that the State’s share of the use of the facility (or its output) will equal or exceed the State’s share of the private activity bonds issued to finance the facility. (3) Treatment of governmental bonds to which volume cap allocated Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any bond to which volume cap is allocated under section 141(b)(5)— Page 690 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 146 (A) for an output facility, or (B) for a facility of a type described in paragraph (4), (5), (6), or (10) of section 142(a), if the issuer establishes that the State’s share of the private business use (as defined by sec- tion 141(b)(6)) of the facility will equal or ex- ceed the State’s share of the volume cap allo- cated with respect to bonds issued to finance the facility. (l) Issuer of qualified scholarship funding bonds In the case of a qualified scholarship funding bond, such bond shall be treated for purposes of this section as issued by a State or local issuing authority (whichever is appropriate). (m) Treatment of amounts allocated to private activity portion of government use bonds (1) In general The volume cap of an issuer shall be reduced by the amount allocated by the issuer to an issue under section 141(b)(5). (2) Advance refundings Except as otherwise provided by the Sec- retary, any advance refunding of any part of an issue to which an amount was allocated under section 141(b)(5) (or would have been al- located if such section applied to such issue) shall be taken into account under this section to the extent of the amount of the volume cap which was (or would have been) so allocated. (n) Reduction for mortgage credit certificates, etc. The volume cap of any issuing authority for any calendar year shall be reduced by the sum of— (1) the amount of qualified mortgage bonds which such authority elects not to issue under section 25(c)(2)(A)(ii) during such year, plus (2) the amount of any reduction in such ceil- ing under section 25(f) applicable to such au- thority for such year. (Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XIII, § 1301(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2630; amended Pub. L. 100–203, title X, § 10631(b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–455; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1013(a)(9), (10), (28), (40), title VI, § 6180(b)(3), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3538, 3543, 3544, 3728; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7816(s)(2), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2423; Pub. L. 102–486, title XIX, § 1921(b)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3028; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13121(a), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 432; Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title II, § 2021(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–903; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title I, § 161(a)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–624; Pub. L. 107–16, title IV, § 422(c), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 66; Pub. L. 108–357, title VII, § 701(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1539; Pub. L. 109–59, title XI, § 11143(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1965; Pub. L. 110–289, div. C, title I, §§ 3007(a), 3021(a), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2886, 2892; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 11002(d)(1)(O), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2060; Pub. L. 117–58, div. H, title IV, §§ 80401(c), 80402(c), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 1331, 1334.) INFLATION ADJUSTED ITEMS FOR CERTAIN YEARS For inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Revenue Procedures listed in a table under section 1 of this title. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 2021—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 117–58, § 80401(c)(2), sub- stituted ‘‘Paragraphs (4) and (5)’’ for ‘‘Paragraph (4)’’ in concluding provisions. Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 117–58, § 80401(c)(1), added par. (5). Subsec. (g)(6). Pub. L. 117–58, § 80402(c), added par. (6). 2017—Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–97 substituted ‘‘for ‘calendar year 2016’ in subparagraph (A)(ii)’’ for ‘‘for ‘calendar year 1992’ in subparagraph (B)’’. 2008—Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 110–289, § 3021(a)(1), added par. (5). Subsec. (f)(6). Pub. L. 110–289, § 3021(a)(2), added par. (6). Subsec. (i)(6). Pub. L. 110–289, § 3007(a), added par. (6). 2005—Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 109–59 substituted ‘‘(14), or (15) of section 142(a), and’’ for ‘‘or (14) of section 142(a) (relating to airports, docks and wharves, environ- mental enhancements of hydroelectric generating fa- cilities, qualified public educational facilities, and qualified green building and sustainable design projects), and’’. 2004—Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 108–357 substituted ‘‘(13), or (14)’’ for ‘‘or (13)’’ and ‘‘qualified public educational facilities, and qualified green building and sustainable design projects’’ for ‘‘and qualified public educational facilities’’. 2001—Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 107–16 substituted ‘‘(12), or (13)’’ for ‘‘or (12)’’ and ‘‘environmental enhancements of hydroelectric generating facilities, and qualified public educational facilities’’ for ‘‘and environmental enhancements of hydroelectric generating facilities’’. 2000—Subsec. (d)(1), (2). Pub. L. 106–554 amended pars. (1) and (2) generally. Prior to amendment, pars. (1) and (2) provided for State ceilings based on the per capita limits and aggregate limits set out in an included table. 1998—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 105–277 added par. (1) and struck out heading and text of former par. (1). Text read as follows: ‘‘The State ceiling applicable to any State for any calendar year shall be the greater of— ‘‘(A) an amount equal to $75 multiplied by the State population, or ‘‘(B) $250,000,000. Subparagraph (B) shall not apply to any possession of the United States.’’ Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 105–277 added par. (2) and struck out heading and text of former par. (2). Text read as follows: ‘‘In the case of calendar years after 1987, paragraph (1) shall be applied by substituting— ‘‘(A) ‘$50’ for ‘$75’, and ‘‘(B) ‘$150,000,000’ for ‘$250,000,000’.’’ 1993—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–66, which directed the amendment of par. (4) by adding at the end thereof the following flush sentence: ‘‘Paragraph (4) shall be ap- plied without regard to ‘75 percent of’ if all of the prop- erty to be financed by the net proceeds of the issue is to be owned by a governmental unit (within the mean- ing of section 142(b)(1)).’’, was executed by inserting the sentence at the end of subsec. (g), to reflect the prob- able intent of Congress. 1992—Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 102–486 substituted ‘‘, (2), or (12)’’ for ‘‘or (2)’’ and ‘‘, docks and wharves, and envi- ronmental enhancements of hydroelectric generating facilities’’ for ‘‘and docks and wharves’’. 1989—Subsec. (g)(3), (4). Pub. L. 101–239 redesignated par. (3), relating to exempt facility bonds issued as part of an issue described in par. (11) of section 142(a), as (4). 1988—Subsec. (d)(4)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(40), substituted ‘‘respect to a’’ for ‘‘respect a’’. Subsec. (f)(5)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(9), amended subpar. (A) generally, as in effect before amendment by Pub. L. 100–203. Before amendment by Pub. L. 100–203, subpar. (A) read as follows: ‘‘the purpose of issuing bonds referred to in one of the clauses of section 141(d)(1)(A),’’. Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6180(b)(3), added par. (3) relating to exempt facility bonds issued as part of an issue described in par. (11) of section 142(a). Page 691 TITLE 26—INTERNAL REVENUE CODE § 147 Subsec. (i)(2)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(28)(A), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: ‘‘the maturity date of the bond to be refunded, or’’. Subsec. (i)(3)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(28)(B), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: ‘‘the maturity date of the bond to be refunded, or’’. Subsec. (i)(4), (5). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(28)(C), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5). Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(10)(A), sub- stituted ‘‘paragraphs (2) and (3)’’ for ‘‘paragraph (2)’’. Subsec. (k)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(10)(B), added par. (3). 1987—Subsec. (f)(5)(A). Pub. L. 100–203 amended sub- par. (A) generally, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, § 1013(a)(9), restating it without change. See 1988 Amendment note above. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2021 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 80401(c) of Pub. L. 117–58 appli- cable to obligations issued in calendar years beginning after Nov. 15, 2021, see section 80401(d) of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as a note under section 142 of this title. Amendment by section 80402(c) of Pub. L. 117–58 appli- cable to obligations issued after Dec. 31, 2021, see sec- tion 80402(f) of Pub. L. 117–58, set out as a note under section 45Q of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2017 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 11002(e) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2008 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 3007(a) of Pub. L. 110–289 ap- plicable to repayments of loans received after July 30, 2008, see section 3007(c) of Pub. L. 110–289, set out as a note under section 42 of this title. Amendment by section 3021(a) of Pub. L. 110–289 ap- plicable to bonds issued after July 30, 2008, see section 3021(c) of Pub. L. 110–289, set out as a note under section 143 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2005 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 109–59 applicable to bonds issued after Aug. 10, 2005, see section 11143(d) of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 142 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2004 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to bonds issued after Dec. 31, 2004, see section 701(e) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 142 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2001 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 107–16 applicable to bonds issued after Dec. 31, 2001, see section 422(f) of Pub. L. 107–16, set out as a note under section 142 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title I, § 161(b)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–624, provided that: ‘‘The amend- ment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to calendar years after 2000.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 105–277, div. J, title II, § 2021(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–903, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to calendar years after 1998.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1993 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13121(b), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 432, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by sub- section (a) [amending this section] shall apply to bonds issued after December 31, 1993.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102–486 applicable to bonds issued after Oct. 24, 1992, see section 1921(c) of Pub. L. 102–486, set out as a note under section 142 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1989 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1013(a)(9), (10), (28), (40) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment re- lates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title. Amendment by section 6180(b)(3) of Pub. L. 100–647 ap- plicable to bonds issued after Nov. 10, 1988, see section 6180(c) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 142 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1987 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 100–203 applicable, with cer- tain exceptions, to bonds issued after Oct. 13, 1987 (other than bonds issued to refund bonds issued on or before such date), see section 10631(c) of Pub. L. 100–203, set out as a note under section 141 of this title. § 147. Other requirements applicable to certain private activity bonds (a) Substantial user requirement (1) In general Except as provided in subsection (h), a pri- vate activity bond shall not be a qualified bond for any period during which it is held by a person who is a substantial user of the facili- ties or by a related person of such a substan- tial user. (2) Related person For purposes of paragraph (1), the following shall be treated as related persons— (A) 2 or more persons if the relationship between such persons would result in a dis- allowance of losses under section 267 or 707(b), (B) 2 or more persons which are members of the same controlled group of corporations (as defined in section 1563(a), except that ‘‘more than 50 percent’’ shall be substituted for ‘‘at least 80 percent’’ each place it ap- pears therein), (C) a partnership and each of its partners (and their spouses and minor children), and (D) an S corporation and each of its share- holders (and their spouses and minor chil- dren). (b) Maturity may not exceed 120 percent of eco- nomic life (1) General rule Except as provided in subsection (h), a pri- vate activity bond shall not be a qualified bond if it is issued as part of an issue and— (A) the average maturity of the bonds issued as part of such issue, exceeds