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18 U.S.C. § 2232 — Destruction or removal of property to prevent seizure
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Destruction or Removal of Property To Prevent Seizure.—** Whoever, before, during, or after any search for or seizure of property by any person authorized to make such search or seizure, knowingly destroys, damages, wastes, disposes of, transfers, or otherwise takes any action, or knowingly attempts to destroy, damage, waste, dispose of, transfer, or otherwise take any action, for the purpose of preventing or impairing the Government’s lawful authority to take such property into its custody or control or to continue holding such property under its lawful custody and control, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
**(b) Impairment of In Rem Jurisdiction.—** Whoever, knowing that property is subject to the in rem jurisdiction of a United States court for purposes of civil forfeiture under Federal law, knowingly and without authority from that court, destroys, damages, wastes, disposes of, transfers, or otherwise takes any action, or knowingly attempts to destroy, damage, waste, dispose of, transfer, or otherwise take any action, for the purpose of impairing or defeating the court’s continuing in rem jurisdiction over the property, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
**(c) Notice of Search or Execution of Seizure Warrant or Warrant of Arrest In Rem.—** Whoever, having knowledge that any person authorized to make searches and seizures, or to execute a seizure warrant or warrant of arrest in rem, in order to prevent the authorized seizing or securing of any person or property, gives notice or attempts to give notice in advance of the search, seizure, or execution of a seizure warrant or warrant of arrest in rem, to any person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-18/section-2232-destruction-or-removal-of-property-to-prevent-seizure--8eed3d7b79.md
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Source location: Title 18, Chapter 109, § 2232; chapter-109-searches-and-seizures.md
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**(a) Destruction or Removal of Property To Prevent Seizure.—** Whoever, before, during, or after any search for or seizure of property by any person authorized to make such search or seizure, knowingly destroys, damages, wastes, disposes of, transfers, or otherwise takes any action, or knowingly attempts to destroy, damage, waste, dispose of, transfer, or otherwise take any action, for the purpose of preventing or impairing the Government’s lawful authority to take such property into its custody or control or to continue holding such property under its lawful custody and control, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
**(b) Impairment of In Rem Jurisdiction.—** Whoever, knowing that property is subject to the in rem jurisdiction of a United States court for purposes of civil forfeiture under Federal law, knowingly and without authority from that court, destroys, damages, wastes, disposes of, transfers, or otherwise takes any action, or knowingly attempts to destroy, damage, waste, dispose of, transfer, or otherwise take any action, for the purpose of impairing or defeating the court’s continuing in rem jurisdiction over the property, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
**(c) Notice of Search or Execution of Seizure Warrant or Warrant of Arrest In Rem.—** Whoever, having knowledge that any person authorized to make searches and seizures, or to execute a seizure warrant or warrant of arrest in rem, in order to prevent the authorized seizing or securing of any person or property, gives notice or attempts to give notice in advance of the search, seizure, or execution of a seizure warrant or warrant of arrest in rem, to any person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
**(d) Notice of Certain Electronic Surveillance.—** Whoever, having knowledge that a Federal investigative or law enforcement officer has been authorized or has applied for authorization under chapter 119 to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication, in order to obstruct, impede, or prevent such interception, gives notice or attempts to give notice of the possible interception to any person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
**(e) Foreign Intelligence Surveillance.—** Whoever, having knowledge that a Federal officer has been authorized or has applied for authorization to conduct electronic surveillance under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ([50 U.S.C. 1801](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section1801&num=0&edition=prelim), et seq.), in order to obstruct, impede, or prevent such activity, gives notice or attempts to give notice of the possible activity to any person shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter—
(1) “wire communication” means any aural transfer made in whole or in part through the use of facilities for the transmission of communications by the aid of wire, cable, or other like connection between the point of origin and the point of reception (including the use of such connection in a switching station) furnished or operated by any person engaged in providing or operating such facilities for the transmission of interstate or foreign communications or communications affecting interstate or foreign commerce;
(2) “oral communication” means any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation, but such term does not include any electronic communication;
(3) “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession of the United States;
(4) “intercept” means the aural or other acquisition of the contents of any wire, electronic, or oral communication through the use of any electronic, mechanical, or other device.11 So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
(5) “electronic, mechanical, or other device” means any device or apparatus which can be used to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication other than— (a) any telephone or telegraph instrument, equipment or facility, or any component thereof, (i) furnished to the subscriber or user by a provider of wire or electronic communication service in the ordinary course of its business and being used by the subscriber or user in the ordinary course of its business or furnished by such subscriber or user for connection to the facilities of such service and used in the ordina
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Criminal penalties**
(1)
(A) Any person who—
(i) knowing that a person is an alien, brings to or attempts to bring to the United States in any manner whatsoever such person at a place other than a designated port of entry or place other than as designated by the Commissioner, regardless of whether such alien has received prior official authorization to come to, enter, or reside in the United States and regardless of any future official action which may be taken with respect to such alien;
(ii) knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that an alien has come to, entered, or remains in the United States in violation of law, transports, or moves or attempts to transport or move such alien within the United States by means of transportation or otherwise, in furtherance of such violation of law;
(iii) knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that an alien has come to, entered, or remains in the United States in violation of law, conceals, harbors, or shields from detection, or attempts to conceal, harbor, or shield from detection, such alien in any place, including any building or any means of transportation;
(iv) encourages or induces an alien to come to, enter, or reside in the United States, knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact that such coming to, entry, or residence is or will be in violation of law; or
(v)
(I) engages in any conspiracy to commit any of the preceding acts, or
(II) aids or abets the commission of any of the preceding acts,
shall be punished as provided in subparagraph (B).
(B) A person who violates subparagraph (A) shall, for each alien in respect to whom such a violation occurs—
(i) in the case of a violation of subparagraph (A)(i) or (v)(I) or in the case of a violation of subp
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this subchapter:
**(a)** “Foreign power” means—
(1) a foreign government or any component thereof, whether or not recognized by the United States;
(2) a faction of a foreign nation or nations, not substantially composed of United States persons;
(3) an entity that is openly acknowledged by a foreign government or governments to be directed and controlled by such foreign government or governments;
(4) a group engaged in international terrorism or activities in preparation therefor;
(5) a foreign-based political organization, not substantially composed of United States persons;
(6) an entity that is directed and controlled by a foreign government or governments; or
(7) an entity not substantially composed of United States persons that is engaged in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
**(b)** “Agent of a foreign power” means—
(1) any person other than a United States person, who—
(A) acts in the United States as an officer or employee of a foreign power, or as a member of a foreign power as defined in subsection (a)(4), irrespective of whether the person is inside the United States;
(B) acts for or on behalf of a foreign power which engages in clandestine intelligence activities in the United States contrary to the interests of the United States, when the circumstances indicate that such person may engage in such activities, or when such person knowingly aids or abets any person in the conduct of such activities or knowingly conspires with any person to engage in such activities;
(C) Omitted
(D) engages in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, or activities in preparation therefor; or
(E) engages in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, or activities in prepa
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 510
TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
§ 2231
Sec.
2232.
Destruction or removal of property to prevent
seizure.
2233.
Rescue of seized property.
2234.
Authority exceeded in executing warrant.
2235.
Search warrant procured maliciously.
2236.
Searches without warrant.
2237.
Criminal sanctions for failure to heave to, ob-
struction of boarding, or providing false in-
formation.
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
2006—Pub. L. 109–177, title III, § 303(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120
Stat. 234, added item 2237.
§ 2231. Assault or resistance
(a) Whoever forcibly assaults, resists, opposes,
prevents, impedes, intimidates, or interferes
with any person authorized to serve or execute
search warrants or to make searches and sei-
zures while engaged in the performance of his
duties with regard thereto or on account of the
performance of such duties, shall be fined under
this title or imprisoned not more than three
years, or both; and—
(b) Whoever, in committing any act in viola-
tion of this section, uses any deadly or dan-
gerous weapon, shall be fined under this title or
imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.
(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 802; Pub. L.
103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K), (L), Sept. 13,
1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 121, 253, 254, 628
(Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, § 65, 35 Stat. 1100; June 15, 1917, ch.
30, title XI, § 18, 40 Stat. 230; May 18, 1934, ch. 299, §§ 1,
2, 48 Stat. 780, 781; Feb. 8, 1936, ch. 40, 49 Stat. 1105; June
26, 1936, ch. 830, title I, § 3, 49 Stat. 1940; Reorg. Plan No.
II, § 4(f), eff. July 1, 1939, 4 Fed. Reg. 2731, 53 Stat. 1433;
June 13, 1940, ch. 359, 54 Stat. 391).
Section consolidates section 628 of title 18, U.S.C.,
1940 ed., and the por
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 235
TITLE 50—WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE
§ 1801
Sec.
1809.
Criminal sanctions.
1810.
Civil liability.
1810a.
Reporting requirements for civil actions.
1811.
Authorization during time of war.
1812.
Statement of exclusive means by which elec-
tronic surveillance and interception of cer-
tain communications may be conducted.
1813.
Procedures for the retention of incidentally
acquired communications.
SUBCHAPTER II—PHYSICAL SEARCHES
1821.
Definitions.
1822.
Authorization of physical searches for foreign
intelligence purposes.
1823.
Application for order.
1824.
Issuance of order.
1825.
Use of information.
1826.
Congressional oversight.
1827.
Penalties.
1828.
Civil liability.
1829.
Authorization during time of war.
SUBCHAPTER III—PEN REGISTERS AND TRAP
AND TRACE DEVICES FOR FOREIGN INTEL-
LIGENCE PURPOSES
1841.
Definitions.
1842.
Pen registers and trap and trace devices for
foreign intelligence and international ter-
rorism investigations.
1843.
Authorization during emergencies.
1844.
Authorization during time of war.
1845.
Use of information.
1846.
Congressional oversight.
SUBCHAPTER IV—ACCESS TO CERTAIN BUSINESS
RECORDS FOR FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE PUR-
POSES
1861.
Definitions.
1862.
Access to certain business records for foreign
intelligence and international terrorism in-
vestigations.
1863.
Congressional oversight.
1864.
Notification of changes to retention of call
detail record policies.
SUBCHAPTER V—OVERSIGHT
1871.
Semiannual report of the Attorney General.
1872.
Declassification of significant decisions, or-
ders, and opinions.
1873.
Annual reports.
1874.
Public reporting by persons subject to orders.
SUBCHAPTER VI—ADDITIONAL PROCEDURES RE-
GARDING
CERTAIN
PERSONS
OUTSIDE
THE
UNITED STATES
1881.
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